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MATERIA MEDICA 



LINDSAY & BLAKISTON 

PTJBLISH 

WARING'S MANUAL OF PRACTICAL THERAPEUTICS. 

Considered chiefly ivith reference to Articles of the Materia Medica. By Edward 
John Waring, F.R.C.S., F.L.S., &c, <fec. From the Second London Edition. 
Royal Octavo. 

Price, in cloth, $6 00 

" in leather, 7 00 

There are many features in Dr. "Waring's Therapeutics which render it especially valu- 
able to the Practitioner and Student of Medicine, much important and reliable informa- 
tion being found in it not contained in similar works ; it also differs from them in its 
completeness, the convenience of its arrangement, and the greater prominence given 
to the medicinal application of the various articles of the Materia Medica in the treat- 
ment of morbid conditions of the Human Body, &c, &c. It is divided into two parts, the 
alphabetical arrangement being adopted throughout the volume. For the further con- 
venience of the reader there is also added an Index of Diseases, with a list of the 
medicines applicable as remedies, and a full Index of the medicines and preparations 
noticed in the work. 

ALSO, 

ik:e^:dl_a.:n":d 

ON THE 

ACTION OF MEDICINES IN THE SYSTEM. 

By F. ~W. Headland, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, &c, &c. 
Sixth American from the Fourth London Edition. Revised and enlarged. One 
Volume, octavo, • $3 00 

Dr. Headland's Work has been out of print in this country nearly two years, awaiting 
the revisions of the author, which now appear in this edition. It gives the only scientific 
and satisfactory view of the action o£ medicine; and this not in the way of idle specula- 
tion, but by demonstration ^and experiments, and inferences almost as indisputable as 
demonstrations. It is truly a great scientific work in a small compass, and deserves to 
be the handbook of every lover of the Profession. It has received the most qualified 
approbation of the Medical Press, both in this country and in Europe, and is pronounced 
by them to be the most original and practically useful work that has been published for 
many years. 



MATERIA MEDIC A, 






FOR 



THE USE OF STUDENTS. 



BY 



JOHN B. BIDDLE, M.D., 

\ ^ 

PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA AND GENERAL THERAPEUTICS IN THE JEFFERSON MEDICAL 

COLLEGE, MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, FELLOW OF 

THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, ETC., ETC. 



THIRD EDITION ENLARGED, 



WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. 




PHILADELPHIA: 
LINDSAY & BLAKISTON 

1868. 



£M 



\ 



-*V 




fj* 



L.1' 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, 

BY LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the 
Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 



H. E. ASHMEAl), PRINTER. 



PREFACE 



TO THE THIRD EDITION. 



The third edition of the Materia Mediea has been 
carefully revised and considerably enlarged, and nume- 
rous articles, not previously noticed, have been added to 
the list of subjects presented. Besides several substances 
of established reputation, which appeared to the author to 
have been overlooked in previous editions, the following, 
of more recent introduction into the Materia Mediea, are 
discussed in the present edition, viz.: Calabar Bean, 
Woorara, Coca, Guanara, Mate, Kbigolene, Bichloride of 
Methylene, Compounds of Amyl, Tetrachloride of Carbon, 
Mtrous Oxide, the Sulphites and Hyposulphites, Carbolic 
Acid, Antimoniated Hydrogen, Iodide of Ammonium, 
Iodide of Sodium, and Iodoform. The late valuable 
addenda to Therapeutics — the hypodermic method of intro- 
ducing medicines into the system, and the atomization or 
pulverization of fluids — are also treated of at length. The 
work is illustrated, as heretofore, by representations of 
most of the important indigenous and naturalized plants, 
to which are also added several diagrams of instruments 
employed in the atomization of liquids. 

The author has aimed to present a succinct account of 



VI PREFACE. 

all the articles of the Materia Medica, in use in this 
country, or alluded to in the courses of lectures delivered 
upon the branch, to which he trusts that the work will be 
found, as heretofore, to furnish a suitable text-book. He 
begs to renew his dedication of it to the gentlemen in 
attendance upon the various medical schools in the United 
States. 

Philadelphia, May, 1868. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Remedies — Definition of, 17 

Division of, 17 

PART I. 

MECHANICAL REMEDIES. 

General Bloodletting, . . . .17 

Leeches and Cups, ... 18 

Setons and Issues, 19 

Bandages, Frictions, Acupuncture, .... 19 

PART II. > 

IMPONDERABLE REMEDIES. 

Light, 20 

Heat, 20 

Cold, 21 

Electricity, 22 



PART III. 




PHARMACOLOGICAL REMEDIES, OR MEDICINES. 




Medicines — Definition of, ........ 


23 


Modus Operandi of, 


24 


Circumstances which modify the Effects of, 


26 


Forms in which they are used, 


26 


Solids, 


27 


Liquids, 


28 


Semi-solids, ....... 


33 


Gases and Vapors, 


34 


Weights and Measures, 


34 


Effect of Age, Sex, Temperament, Idiosyncrasy, Habit, &c. 




upon, 


35 


Parts to which Medicines are applied, . 


36 



Vlll 



CONTENTS. 



To the Skin, ■ . . 

The Hypodermic Method, 

To Mucous Membranes, 

Atomization, .... 

To Serous Membranes, 

To Ulcers, Wounds, Abscesses, &c, 
Classification of Medicines, 
Class I. — Neurotics, . . 
Order I. Narcotics, 
Opium, ' . 
Lactucarium, . 
Belladonna, 
Stramonium, . 
Hyoscyamus (Henbane), 
Tabacum (Tobacco), 
Lobelia, . 
Conium (Hemlock), 
Aconitum (Aconite), 
Extractum Cannabis (Extract of Hemp), 
Humulus (Hops), .... 
Dulcamara (Bittersweet), 
Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum (Diluted Hydrocyanic 

Acid), • . 

Potassii Cyanidum (Cyanide of Potassium), 
Oleum Ainygdalas Amarse (Oil of Bitter Almond) 
Camphora (Camphor), 
Physostigma (Calabar Bean), 
Cocculus (Cocculus Indicus), 
Woorara, .... 
Order II. Ethereal Anoesthetics, 
^Ether (Ether), 
Chloroformum (Chloroform), 
Rhigolene, 

Bichloride of Methylene, . 
Compounds of Amyl, 
Tetrachloride of Carbon, . 
Nitrous Oxide, . 
Order III. Antispasmodics, 

Assafcetida (Assafetida), . 
Galbanum, 
• Ammoniacum (Ammoniac), 
Valeriana (Valerian), 

Ammonite Valerianas (Valerianate of Ammonia) 
Cypripedium, 
Scutellaria (Skullcap), 



CONTENTS. 


IX 




PAGE 


Dracontium (Skunk-Cabbage), . . . 


91 


Thea (Tea), 


92 


Caffea (Coffee), 


92 


Theobroma (Chocolate), 


92 


Erythroxylon Coca (Coca), 


92 


Guanara, .......... 


93 


Mate, 


93 


Moschus (Musk), ....... 


93 


Castoreum (Castor), 


94 


Oletfm Succini (Oil of Amber), 


95 


Oleum JEthereum (Ethereal Oil), 


96 


Spiritus iEtheris Compositus (Compound Spirit of Ether) 


, 96 


Order IV. Tonics, 


. 96 


Vegetable Tonics, 


98 


Simple Bitters, 


. 98 


Quassia, 


98 


Simaruba, ........ 


. 99 


Coptis (Goldthread), 


. 99 


Gentiana (Gentian), . . . . . 


100 


Frasera (American Columbo), 


101 


Sabbat 1 a (American Centaury), 


. 101 


Calumba (Columbo), 


102 


Chiretta, 


103 


Xanthorriza (Yellow-root), . . . 


104 


Aromatic Bitters, . 


104 


Serpentaria (Virginia Snakeroot), 


104 


Anthemis (Chamomile), . 


106 


Cotula (Mayweed), 


106 


Matricaria (German Chamomile), 


106 


Eupatorium (Thoroughwort), ..... 


107 


Absinthium (Wormwood), . . 


108 


Magnolia, .......... 


108 


Liriodendron (Tulip-Tree Bark), . 


109 


Angustura .(Angustura Bark), 


109 


Cascarilla, . , . . 


110 


Canella, ......... 


. 110 


Achillea (Yarrow), . . ' 


111 


Angelica, . . . 


111 


Astringent Bitters, 


111 


Cinchona (Peruvian Bark), 


111 


Cornus Florida (Dogwood), ...... 


119 


Salix (Willow), 


120 


Prunus Virginiana (Wild Cherry Bark), . . . . 


120 


Nectandra, ......... 


122 


Mineral Tonics, 


122 



CONTENTS. 



Ferri Praeparata (Preparations of Iron), . 

Cupri Praeparata (Preparations of Copper), 

Zinci Praeparata (Preparations of Zinc), . 

Argenti Praeparata (Preparations of Silver), 

Bismuthi Subnitras (Subnitrate of Bismuth), 

Cadmii Sulphas (Sulphate of Cadmium), 

Acida Mineralia (Mineral Acids), 
Order V. Astringents, .... 
Vegetable Astringents, 

Acidum Tannicum (Tannic Acid). 

Acidum Gallicum (Gallic Acid), 

Galla (Nutgall), 

Catechu, .... 

Kino, .... 

Krameria (Rhatany), 

Haematoxylon (Logwood), 

Quercus Alba (White Oak Bark), 

Quercus Tinctoria (Black Oak Bark), 

Geranium (Cranesbill), 

Uva Ursi, .... 

Chimaphila (Pipsissewa), 

Granati Fructus Cortex (Pomegranate Rind), 

Rosa Gallica (Red Rose), . 

Rosa Centifolia (Pale Rose), 

Diospyros (Persimmon), . 

Tormentilla (Tormentil), . 

Rubus (Blackberry Root), 

Heuchera (Alum-Root), . 

Creasotum (Creasote), 

Acidum Carbolicum (Carbolic Acid), 
Mineral Astringents, . 

Plumbi Praeparata (Preparations of Lead), 

Alumen (Alum), 

Aluminae Sulphas (Sulphate of Alumina), 
Order VI. Stimulants, 

Diffusible Stimulants, . 

Alcohol, . . 

Vinum (Wine), 

Spiritus Vini Gallici (Brandy), 

Ammoniae Praeparata (Preparations of Ammonia), 

Arnica, .... 

Phosphorus, . 
Aromatics, 

Capsicum (Cayenne Pepper), 

Piper (Black Pepper), 



CONTENTS. 



XI 



Cinnamornum (Cinnamon), .... 

Myristica (Nutmeg), 

Macis (Mace), 

Caryophyllus (Cloves), 

Pimenta (Pimento), ...... 

Oleum Cajuputi (Cajeput Oil), .... 

Oleum Terebinthinae (Oil of Turpentine), . 

Zingiber (Ginger), ...... 

Cardamomum (Cardamom), .... 

Calamus (Sweet Flag), 

Gaultberia (Partridge-Berry), .... 

Aurantii Cortex (Orange Peel), 

Tbose belonging to Nat. Ord. Lamiacese, . 

Those belonging to Nat. Ord. Apiaceae, . 

Vanilla, 

Order VII. Sedatives, 

Digitalis (Foxglove), ..... 

Veratrum Viride (American Hellebore), . 

Veratrum Album (White Hellebore) 

Veratria, 

f Gelsemium (Yellow Jasmine), .... 

Antimonii Praeparata (Preparations of Antimony), 

Potassse Nitras (Nitrate of Potassa), . 
Refrigerants, ........ 

Sodae Boras (Borate of Soda), .... 

Potassae Citras (Citrate of Potassa), 

Liquor Ammoniae Acetatis (Solution of Acetate 
Ammonia), ....... 

Spiritus JEtheris Nitrosi (Spirit of Nitrous Ether), 

Acida Vegetabilia (Vegetable Acids), 
Order VIII. * Spinants, 

Nux Vomica, 

Ignatia, 

Toxicodendron (Poison Oak), 

Ergota (Ergot), 

Gossypii Radix (Cotton Root), 
Class II. — Eccritics, . 

Order I. Emetics, .... 
Vegetable Emetics, 

Ipecacuanha, 

Sanguinaria (Bloodroot), . 

Euphorbia Corollata (Large Flowering Spurge), 

Euphorbia Ipecacuanha (Ipecacuanha Spurge), 

Gillenia, ........ 

Sinapis (Mustard), . 



of 



PAGE 
170 

171 
171 
172 
172 
173 
173 
174 
175 
176 
177 
178 
178 
179 
180 
180 
181 
183 
184 
184 
185 
185 
190 
191 
191 
192 

192 
193 
193 
194 
195 
197 
197 
198 
200 
200 
200 
201 
20] 
203 
205 
205 
205 
206 



Xll 



CONTENTS. 



Mineral Emetics, 

Order II. Cathartics, .... 
Laxatives, ...... 

Manna, . . . . . 

Cassia Fistula (Purging Cassia), 

Oleum Olivae (Olive Oil), . 

Oleum Amygdalae Dulcis (Oil of Sweet Almond), 

Oleum Ricini (Castor Oil), 

Sulphur, . 

Saline Cathartics, ....... 

Magnesia, . . ... 

Magnesias Carbonas (Carbonate of Magnesia), 

Magnesias Sulphas (Sulphate of Magnesia), 

Liquor Magnesias Citratis (Solution of Citrate of Mag 
nesia), ....... 

Sodas Sulphas (Sulphate of Soda), . 

Manganesii Sulphas (Sulphate of Manganese), 

Sodas Phosphas (Phosphate of Soda), 

Potassas Sulphas (Sulphate of Potassa) 

Potasses Bitartras (Bitartrate of Potassa), 

Potassas Tartras (Tartrate of Potassa), 

Potassas et Sodas Tartras (Tartrate ot Potassa and Soda), 
Mild Acrid Cathartics, . 

Rheum (Rhubarb), 

Juglans (Butternut) 

Aloe (Aloes), . 

Leptandra, 

Senna, 

Cassia Marilandica (American Senna 
Drastic Cathartics, 

Jalapa (Jalap), . 

Podophyllum (May Apple), 

Scammonium (Scammony), 

Helleborus Niger (Black Hellebore), 

Colocynthis (Colocynth), . 

Gambogia (Gamboge), 

Elaterium, ..... 

Oleum Tiglii (Croton Oil), 
Mercurial Cathartics, . 
Enemata, 
Order III. Diaphoretics, . 
Alterative Diaphoretics, 

Sarsaparilla, 

Aralia Nudicaulis (False Sarsaparilla), 

Guaiaci Lignum et Resina (Guaiacum Wood and Guaiac) 



PAGE 

206 
207 
208 
209 
210 
210 
210 
" 210 
212 
213 
213 
214 
214 

215 
215 

216 

216 

217 

217. 

218 

218 

219 

219 

222 

222 

224 

225 

226 

227 

227 

228 

230 

231 

231 

232 

233 

234 

235 

236 

237 

238 

238 

240 

240 



CONTENTS. 



Xlll 











PA8E 




Mezereum (Mezereon), 241 




Sassafras Radicis Cortex (Bark of Sassafras Root), 




242 


Order IV. 


Diuretics, . . . 




243 




Scilla (Squill), 

Colchicum, ....... 

Erigeron (Fleabane), ..... 

Apocynum Cannabinum (Indian Hemp), . 
Taraxacum (Dandelion), .... 

Juniperus (Juniper), .... 

Carota (Carrot Seed), .... 

Cantharis (Cantharides), .... 

Hydrastis Canadensis (Yellow Root), 
Delphinium Consolida (Larkspur), . 
Cytisus Scoparius (Broom), 
Petroselinum Sativum (Parsley), 
Cochlearia Armoracia (Horse-Radish), 






245 
246 
249 

. 249 
250 
251 
252 
252 
253 
253 
253 

. 253 
253 


Order V. 


Blennorrhetics, 

Senega (Seneka), ..... 
Cimicifuga (Black Snakeroot), .... 
Allium (Garlic), . . . . . 

Scilla (Squill), 

Terebinthina (Turpentine), 

Copaiba, . 

Cubeba (Cubeb), 

Matico, ........ 

Pareira (Pareira Brava), .... 

Buchu, ........ 

Myrrha (Myrrh), 

Benzoinum (Benzoin), .... 
Balsamum Peruvianum (Balsam of Peru), 
Balsamum Tolutanum (Balsam of Tolu), . 




• 


. 254 
254 
256 
258 
259 
259 
262 
264 
265 
266 
266 
267 
268 
269 
270 


Order VI. 


Emmenagogues, ..... 
Sabina (Savine), ...... 

Ruta (Rue), 

Rubia (Madder), 






. 271 

272 

272 

. 273 


Class III. — 


HEMATICS, . 






273 


Order I. 


Hsematinics, 






• 273 


Order II. 


Alteratives, ...... 

Hydrargyri Prseparata (Preparations of Mercurj 
Iodinium (Iodine), . . . . . 

Potassii Iodidum (Iodide of Potassium), . 
Ammonii Iodidum (Iodide of Ammonium), 
Sodii Iodidum (Iodide of Sodium), . . 
Iodoformum ^Iodoform), .... 

Brominium (Bromine), .... 


0, 




. 273 

. 274 

. 289 

. 292 

293 

293 

293 

293 



XIV CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Potassii Bromidum (Bromide of Potassium), . . . 294 

Oleum Morrhuas (Cod-liver Oil), 294 

Arsenici Praeparata (Preparations of Arsenic), . . 297 
Calcis Phosphas Praecipitata (Precipitated Phosphate of 

Lime), 302 

Ammonias Murias (Muriate of Ammonia), . . . 302 

Potassae Chloras (Chlorate of Potassa), .... 303 

Potassas Bichromas (Bichromate of Potassa), . . . 304 

Potassse Permanganas (Permanganate of Potassa), . . 304 

Aqua Chlorinii (Chlorine Water), 305 

Calx Chlorinata (Chlorinated Lime), .... 306 

Liquor Sodas Chlorinatas (Solution of Chlorinated Soda), 306 

Order III. Antacids, 306 

Potassae Praeparata (Preparations of Potassa), . . 308 

Sodas Praeparata (Preparations of Soda), .... 310 

Lithiae Praeparata (Preparations of Lithia), . . . 312 

Ammonias Praeparata (Preparations of Ammonia), . . 313 

Magnesias Praeparata (Preparations of Magnesia), . . 313 

Calcis Praeparata (Preparations of Lime), . . . 314 

Class IV. — Topical Medicines, 316 

Order I. Irritants, 316 

Rubefacients, 316 

Sinapis (Mustard), .317 

Capsicum (Cayenne Pepper), ...... 319 

Oleum Terebinthinas (Oil of Turpentine), . . . 319 

Linimentum Ammonias (Liniment of Ammonia), . . 319 

Pix Burgundica (Burgundy Pitch), 319 

Pix Canadensis (Canada Pitch), 320 

Epispastics, 321 

Cantharis (Cantharides), 322 

Cantharis Vittata (Potato Flies), 326 

Aqua Ammonias (Water of Ammonia), .... 327 

Suppurants, 327 

Oleum Tiglii (Croton Oil), 327 

Unguentum Antimonii (Antimonial Ointment), . .327 

Escharotics, . . ........ 328 

Argenti Nitras (Nitrate of Silver), . 328 

Potassa, 329 

Potassa cum Calce (Potassa with Lime), .... 329 

Acidum Chromicum (Chromic Acid), .... 330 

Acidum Arseniosum (Arsenious Acid), . . . • 330 

Zinci Chloridum (Chloride of Zinc), .... 330 

Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis (Solution of Nitrate of Mercury), 331 
Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum (Corrosive Chloride of 

Mercury), . . .331 



CONTENTS. 


XV 




PAGE 


Potassse Bichromas (Bichromate of Potassa), . 


. 331 


Acida Mineralia (Mineral Acids), . 


. 331 






Acacia (Gum Arabic), ...... 


. 333 


Tragacantha (Tragacanth), . 


. 335 


Linum (Flaxseed), 


. 336 


Ulmus Fulva (Slippery Elm Bark), . . . . 


. 337 


Sassafras Medulla (Sassafras Pith), . 


. 338 


Althaea (Marshmallow), ...... 


. 338 


Sesami Folium (Benne Leaf), . 


. 338 


Glycyrrhiza (Liquorice Root), 


. 339 


Extractum Glycyrrhizas (Liquorice), 


. 340 


Cetraria (Iceland Moss), 


. 340 


Chondrus (Irish Moss), . 


. 341 


Maranta (Arrow-Root), ...... 


. 342 














Hordeum (Barley), ...... 


. 344 


Avena Farinas (Oatmeal), . 


. 345 


Oryza (Rice), .....*.. 


. 346 






Amylum (Starch), 


. 346 


Gelatina (Gelatin), ...... 


. 346 










Cetaceum (Spermaceti), . . . 


. 347 


Cera (Wax), 


. 347 


Oleum Theobromae (Oil of Theobroma), . 


. 348 


Glycerina (Glycerin), ..... 


. 348 


Collodium (Collodion),- 


. 349 


Liquor Guttse Perchae (Solution of Gutta Percha), 


. 350 


Fermentum (Yeast), 


. 350 






Order III. Coloring Agents, 


' . 351 


Crocus (Saffron), • . 


• 351 


Santalum (Red Saunders), .... 


. 352 


Coccus (Cochineal), 


. 352 


Order IV. Anthelmintics, 


. 353 


Spigelia (Pinkroot), 


. 353 


Chenopodium (Wormseed), .... 


. 355 










Mucuna (Cowhage), 


. 357 




. 357 



XVI 



CONTENTS. 



Granati Radicis Cortex (Bark of the Pomegranate Root), 
Oleum Terebinthinae (Oil of Turpentine), 
Calomel, ....... 

Brayera (Koosso), 

Rottlera (Kameela), ..... 
Pepo (Pumpkin Seed), . . 



PAGE 

358 
358 
358 
358 
359 
359 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



The agents employed in the treatment of diseases are 
denominated Remedies, and the branch of medicine which 
is devoted to their consideration is termed Materia Me- 
dica. Remedies may be divided into Hygienic, Mechanical, 
Imponderable, and Pharmacological agents. 

Hygienic Remedies are usually treated of in works spe- 
cially devoted to the subject. 



PART' I. 

MECHANICAL REMEDIES. 

Mechanical Remedies belong chiefly to Surgery. A 
few agents of this class are, however, employed in the 
practice of medicine, and are included in the Materia Me- 
dica. They are bloodletting (general and local), setons, issues, 
bandages, friction, and acupuncture. 

• 1. General Bloodletting is performed principally by 
venesection or phlebotomy, which is usually practised on the 
median-cephalic or basilic veins of the arm — sometimes 
also on the external jugular and other veins. Arteriotomy 
is occasionally resorted to, on the temporal artery, in cere- 
bral affections. 



18 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Bloodletting is employed, to moderate vascular excite- 
ment, reduce inflammatory action, relieve congestion, allay 
spasm and pain, relax the muscular system, promote ab- 
sorption, and arrest hemorrhage; and for these purposes 
it is a most available therapeutical resource. So power- 
ful and exhausting an agent is, however, always to be 
resorted to with caution and discrimination ; is not to be 
unduly repeated, even in inflammatory cases; and is sel- 
dom or never proper in diseases of a typhoid tendency, or 
where a tubercular diathesis is suspected, or in extreme 
infancy and old age. 

2. The Local Abstraction op Blood is practised by 
means of leeches and cups. The leech (Jiirudo) is an aquatic 
worm, common throughout Europe, America, and India. 
The European leech (h. medicinalis), is of a blackish or 
grayish green color on the back, from two to three or four 
inches in length, and is characterized by six longitudinal 
dorsal ferruginous stripes, the four lateral ones being 
interrupted or tessellated with black spots. The Ameri- 
can leech (h. decora), is usually from two to three inches 
long, and is of a deep green color, with three longitudinal 
dorsal rows of square spots. Both the imported and indi- 
genous leech are employed in this country, but the latter 
makes a smaller incision, and is preferable in infantile 
cases. When the discharge of blood from leech-bites is 
excessive, it may be arrested by pressure, by compresses 
of lint, the application of alum, creasote, solution of sub- 
sulphate of iron, and other styptics, or by touching the 
wounds with nitrate of silver; and if these means fail, 
the wounds may be sewed. 

In the operation of cupping, cupping-glasses and a scari- ' 
ficator are employed. The removal of atmospheric pres- 
sure, by the application of glasses partially exhausted ot 
air, produces a determination of blood to the capillaries of 
a part, and it is afterwards readily drawn by scarification. 
When blood is not abstracted, the operation is termed dry 



MECHANICAL REMEDIES. 19 

cupping, and is a valuable revulsive agent. The topical ab- 
straction of blood by leeches and cut "cups combines the 
advantages of depletion and revulsion. Leeches are em- 
ployed in external inflammation s, in situations where cups 
are inadmissible, and in infantile cases. Cups are gener- 
ally preferable in internal inflammations, from their more 
decided revulsive influence. When blood is drawn by 
leeches, its continued flow may be promoted by the appli- 
cation of warm fomentations to the wounds. 

3. Setons (Setacea) and Issues (Fonticuli), are employed 
when a permanent counter-irritant effect is desired. A 
seton is established by passing through the integument a 
seton-needle, armed with a skein of silk ; or, apiece of tape, 
or a strip of sheet lead may be used for the purpose. An 
issue is made with a cauterant, usually potassa ; and after 
the slough has separated, a discharge is maintained by the 
introduction of an issue-pea, for which purpose a common 
dried pea is used, or a dried unripe Curagoa orange, or a 
small round ball, made of Florentine orris-root. 



4. Bandages are employed, in the practice of medicine, 
to promote the absorption of dropsical effusions. For the 
same purpose, strips of adhesive plaster may be applied to 
the chest, in chronic pleurisy and empyema, in the man- 
ner in which they are employed in the treatment of frac- 
tured ribs. 

5. Frictions are useful as revellents, and as local stimu- 
lants. They may be employed either with the dry hand, 
or with horse-hair gloves, or with liniments. 

6. Acupuncture consists in the introduction into the 
body of fine, well-polished, sharp-pointed needles. It is a 
useful remedy in rheumatism, neuralgia, local paralysis, 
&c, and is sometimes conjoined with electricity, when the 
operation is known as Electro-puncture. 



20 MATERIA MEDICA. 



PART II. 

IMPOKDEEABLE EEMEDIES. 

Under this head are included,. Light, Heat, Cold, and Elec- 
tricity. 

1. Light (Lux), exercises an important influence in the 
organized world as a vivifying stimulus. It is useful as a 
therapeutic agent, in diseases dependent on imperfect nu- 
trition and sanguification; and the exposure of the surface 
of the hody to its action, as far as nudity is compatible with 
proper warmth, promotes the regular development and 
strength of the organs. On the other hand, in many dis- 
eases the stimulus of light is injurious, and darkness is re- 
sorted to as a sedative and tranquilizing agent. 

2. Heat (Calor), applied to the human system in mode- 
rate amounts, acts, both locally and generally, as an excitant ; 
in intense degree, it destroys vitality and organization. It 
is employed as a local excitant and revulsive, by means of 
hot bottles, hot bricks, the hot foot-bath, &c, and as an 
application to painful and inflamed parts, in the form of 
poultices and fomentations. As & general application, heat 
is chiefly resorted to in the form of the water-bath and 
vapor-bath. The warm bath, at a temperature from 92° to 
98° F., is used as a relaxant in dislocations, hernise, spasm, 
infantile convulsions, croup, &c, and also for its action on 
the skin in rheumatic and chronic cutaneous affections. 
The hot bath has a temperature of from 98° to 112°, and is 
a powerful excitant in cases of exhaustion, asphyxia, or suf- 
focation, and is employed also in old paralytic and rheu- 
matic cases. The hot air-bath, at a temperature of from 98° 



IMPONDERABLE REMEDIES. 21 

to 130°, is useful as an excitant and revellent, and is em- 
ployed in cases of internal congestion, and in rheumatic, 
neuralgic, and cutaneous affections. The hot vapor-bath is 
adapted to the same class of cases as the hot air-hath, and 
exerts also a diaphoretic and relaxing influence. 

The destructive agency of heat is resorted to for the pur- 
pose of vesication, as hy the application to the skin of a 
metallic plate heated to 212° hy immersion in hoiling 
water ; and of cauterization, by the employment of red-hot 
iron, or of moxa. Hot iron (known as the actual cautery), 
is used chiefly as a stj^ptic. The term moxa is applied to 
small masses of combustible matter, which are burnt 
slowly in contact with the skin, with a view to a revulsive 
effect in deep-seated inflammations, nervous affections, &c. 

3. Cold (Frigus). — The application of cold to living 
bodies produces a reduction of the temperature and vol- 
ume of the part, with contraction of the bloodvessels and 
other tissues, and suspension of the secretions and exhala- 
tions. The application of excessive or prolonged cold is 
followed by the torpor and death of the part. When it is 
applied in moderation and for a short period, reaction 
generally takes place, with a return and even increase of 
temperature, volume, color and sensibility. 

Cold is employed therapeutically, with a view to both its 
primary and secondary effects. The primary action of 
cold is used, 1. To lessen vascular and nervous excitement 
and preternatural heat, as by the use of cold lotions and 
spongings in fevers, the ice- cap in cerebral affections, the 
shower-bath in insanity, the bladder filled with ice to the 
spine in epilepsy, the ether spray to the spine in chorea, 
&c. 2. To constringe the tissues, promote the coagulation 
of the blood, and lessen the volume of parts ; hence the 
local application of ice or cold water to abate inflamma- 
tion, check hemorrhage, cure aneurism, and reduce stran- 
gulated hernia. 3. To produce local anaesthesia in surgical 
operations, by means of a freezing mixture topically applied. 



22 MATERIA MEDICA. 

The secondary effects of cold are obtained by the employ- 
ment of a less intense degree of cold. They are resorted 
to, 1. To invigorate the system, as with the cold shower- 
bath and plunge-bath. 2. To rouse the system, as by cold 
affusions in coma and asphyxia. 3. To recall the vital 
properties to frost-bitten parts. 4. To effect local excita- 
tion, as by the application of the cold douche to rheuma- 
tic and paralyzed limbs. 

Cold liquids and ice are taken into the stomach as re- 
frigerants in fevers. They are introduced into the rectum 
and vagina, to check hemorrhage and allay irritation ; and 
cold water, injected into the impregnated uterus, is among 
the most certain means of inducing premature delivery. 

4. Electricity (Electricitas). — The electric current acts 
as an excitant to the nerves both of sensation and motion. 
It influences to some extent, also, the secretions, through 
its action on the nerves distributed to the secreting or- 
gans ; it may promote the function of absorption, through 
an effect on the absorbents ; and it affects the circulation, 
by inducing contractions of the heart. A powerful 
charge of electricity produces violent and frequently fatal 
effects on the central nervous system. 

The various forms of electricity are resorted to for their 
stimulant effect in a number of nervous affections. It is 
chiefly used in cases of local and functional paralysis, 
which are independent of lesion of the nervous centres. It 
has also been employed with occasional good effect in 
amaurosis, nervous deafness, neuralgia, photophobia, 
chronic rheumatism, chorea, hysteria, and other neuroses, 
and to excite uterine contractions. From its influence on 
the secretions, it has been prescribed as an emmenagogue, 
to overcome constipation, to promote the biliary secretion, 
and to heal ulcers. It has been also resorted to with suc- 
cess to promote the absorption of tumors and'indurations. 
In the form of electro-magnetism, it is a powerful excitant 
in the coma resulting from narcotic poisons, and in as- 



PHARMACOLOGICAL REMEDIES. 23 

phyxia generally, and is probably the most active remedy 
that can be exhibited in these cases. 

For medicinal purposes, electricity is obtained from 
three sources : 

1. Friction, as in the common electrical machine. 

2. Chemical action, as in the voltaic battery. 

3. Magnetism, either of temporary magnets, as in the 
coil machines, or of permanent magnets, as in the electro- 
magnetic machines. 



PART III. 

PHARMACOLOGICAL REMEDIES. 

Pharmacological Remedies, or Medicines, are sub- 
stances, not essentially alimentary, which, when applied 
to the body, so alter or modify its vital functions, as to be 
rendered applicable to the treatment of diseases. 

The designation, Materia Medica, is, strictly speaking, 
limited to the consideration of medicines. The application 
of medicines to the treatment of diseases is termed Thera- 
peutics. Pharmacy is the department of Materia Medica 
which treats of the collection, preparation, preservation, 
and dispensation of medicines. 

To the student of medicine, the objects of examination 
in relation to medicines are, — the sources from which they 
are derived; the mode in which they are prepared and 
brought to market ; their sensible qualities, and also their 
chemical composition and relations ; their physiological 
eifects, or the effects which they are capable of producing 
in healthy individuals ; their therapeutical effects, or those 
which they produce in morbid states of the system ; and 
lastly, the doses, modes of administration, and preparations 



24 MATERIA MEDICA. 

(extemporaneous and officinal), under which they are ad- 
ministered. 

To facilitate a uniform nomenclature and dispensation 
of medicines, authoritative works have been issued in dif- 
ferent countries, termed Pharmacopoeias. The Pharma- 
copoeia of the United States was first promulgated by the 
authority of a convention held at Washington, in 1820 ; 
and it has been since revised decennially. It furnishes a 
list of articles which are in general use, sets forth the 
weights and measures, which are employed in dispensing 
and preparing them, and supplies formulse for such pre- 
parations as should be kept in the shops, and which are 
thence termed officinal, from the Latin word officina. a shop. 

The effects of medicines take place either in the parts to 
which they are applied, or in distant parts of the system. 
The former are termed local or topical effects; the latter, 
remote or constitutional effects. 



MODUS OPERANDI OF MEDICINES. 

The medium through which the influence of medicines 
is exerted on remote parts of the body, or their modus 
operandi (as it is usually termed), was long a contested 
point. Until within a comparatively recent period, it was 
maintained that medicines and poisons transmitted their 
impressions from the parts receiving them to distant parts, 
by means of a communication through the nerves. But it is 
now generally admitted, that the absorption or passage of 
the medicinal or poisonous molecules into the blood is 
necessary to their action on parts remote from the seat of 
impression. 

While, however, it is well established, that the character- 
istic action of medicines is transmitted to the parts influ- 
enced, exclusively through the medium of the circulation, 
it is undeniable that the functions of the nervous system 
may be secondarily excited by a local medicinal impression. 



MODUS OPERANDI OF MEDICINES. 25 

The number of agents which, operate in this manner is, 
however, very limited. 

The action of medicines by absorption is proved by a 
variety of facts. 

They are detected in many parts of the system, remote 
from that to which they have been applied, having been 
found in the blood, the solids, and the excretions, after 
being taken into the stomach. If the circulation be inter- 
rupted, the influence of a poison cannot be transmitted ; 
while its effects have been obtained, when applied to a 
wound in the foot of an animal, after all parts of the ex- 
tremity have been severed, except the artery and vein. In 
confirmation of the doctrine of absorption may be cited 
also the admitted facts, that the remote effects of medi- 
cines or poisons are promoted or retarded by circum- 
stances which promote or retard absorption : that the blood 
of poisoned animals is found to possess poisonous proper- 
ties ; that the fluids and solids acquire medicinal proper- 
ties after the use of medicines (as the milk of nurses) ; that 
the specific effects of medicines are produced by their 
injection into the blood; and that medicines disappear 
from closed cavities into which they are introduced. 

After their absorption into the blood, medicines circulate 
with it, penetrate through the capillaries to the various or- 
gans, and are afterwards thrown out of the system with 
the excretions. Some medicines produce changes in the 
condition of the circulating fluid. Others have a specific 
action upon some one or other of the organs of the body. 
And in passing out of the system, most medicines act as 
stimulants to the organs by which they are thrown out. 

The absorption of medicines is effected principally by 
the veins, and in some degree also by the lymphatics and 
lacteals. The medicinal particles penetrate or soak 
through the interstices of the tissue with which they are 
placed in contact, and are thence diffused through the 
circulation. To a limited extent, medicinal substances 
probably penetrate all the tissues of the part to which they 



'26 MATERIA MEDICA. 

are applied, and in this way the activity of medicines is 
most decided upon the organs contiguous to the seat of 
application. 

The absorption of insoluble substances cannot take 
place until they are previously rendered soluble. In the 
stomach, this is accomplished chiefly by the agency of the 
acids of digestion, lactic and muriatic. 

It is objected to the theory of the operation of medicines 
by absorption, that certain poisons act with a rapidity 
incompatible with their previous introduction into the 
circulation. This is, however, not the fact, as the action 
of the most violent poisons (hydrocyanic acid, for example), 
is never wholly instantaneous ; and careful experiments 
have shown that the velocity of the circulation is sufficient 
to diffuse a poison through the blood in a shorter space of 
time than its effects are ever observed on the system. 

CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH MODIFY THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES. 

The circumstances which modify the effects of medicines 
relate both to the medicines and to the human system. 

1. The properties of medicines are modified by the soil 
in which they grow, by climate, cultivation, age, and the 
season of the year at which they are gathered. 

2. Medicines are more active, because more readily ab- 
sorbed, in a state of solution than in a solid state. 

3. Soluble medicines are often rendered inert by a che- 
mical reaction which converts them into insolubles : in 
this way antidotes modify the effects of poisons. 

4. Differences in dose greatly modify the effects of medi- 
cines. 

5. Pharmaceutical modifications have an important in- 
fluence on the efficacy of medicines. They may be ex- 
hibited in the solid, semi-solid, liquid, and aeriform states : 

In the solid state they are administered in the shape of 
powders, pills, lozenges, and confections. 

In the liquid state, they are administered in the shape 



FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES AEE USED. 27 

of mixtures, solutions, medicated waters, infusions, decoc- 
tions, tinctures, spirits, w T ines, vinegars, syrups, honeys, 
and oxymels. 

In the semi-solid, or soft state, they are applied exter- 
nally, in the form of liniments, ointments, cerates, plasters, 
and cataplasms. 

In the form of gases and vapors, medicines are used for 
purposes of inhalation. 

solids. , 

Powders (Pulveres). The form of powder is usually 
selected for the administration of medicines, which are not 
very bulky, nor of very disagreeable taste, which have no 
corrosive property, and which do not deliquesce rapidly on 
exposure. Deliquescent substances, and such as contain a 
large proportion of fixed oil, should always be recently 
pulverized, as they are liable to spoil when kept. Most 
substances, employed in the form of powder, are usually 
pulverized on a large scale. For the purpose of pulver- 
izing drugs in small quantity, the physician makes use of 
a pestle and mortar, of iron, brass, glass, Wedgwood ware, 
or marble. Various means are resorted to, to facilitate 
the operation of powdering, and care should be taken to 
separate the inert portions and impurities. 

The lighter powders may be administered in water or 
other thin liquid. The heavier powders require a more 
consistent vehicle, as syrup, treacle, or honey. 

Pills (Pilulse), are small globular masses, of a size that 
can be conveniently swallowed. The form of pill is suit- 
able for the exhibition of medicines which are not bulky, 
and are of disagreeable taste or smell, or insoluble in 
water. Deliquescent substances should not be made into 
pills, and those which are efflorescent should be previously 
deprived of their water of crystallization. 

Some substances are readily made into pills, with the 



28 MATERIA MEDICA. 

addition of a little water or spirit. Very soft or liquid 
substances require the addition of some dry inert powder, 
as bread-crumb, or powdered gum Arabic, to reduce them 
to a proper consistence. 

Heavy powders are mixed with some soft solid, as con- 
serve of roses, or with a tenacious liquid, as treacle, or 
syrup. When the pilular mass is properly prepared, it is 
rolled with a spatula into a cylinder of uniform thickness, 
and is then divided into the required number of pills, with 
the hand, or more accurately, with a pill-tile, or with a pill- 
machine. The pills are rolled into spherical form between 
the fingers ; and, to prevent adhesion, are dusted with some 
dry powder, as powdered liquorice root or carbonate of 
magnesia. To conceal the taste and smell of pills, they 
are sometimes coated with gelatin, collodion, mucilage, 
sogar, &c. Pills, which have been long kept, may pass 
unchanged through the stomach and bowels, and are 
therefore objectionable. 

Troches or Lozenges (TrocJiisci), are small, dry, solid 
masses, made of powders with sugar and mucilage, and 
intended to be held in the mouth and allowed to dissolve 
slowly. Mucilage of tragacanth is usually employed in 
preparing lozenges. 

Confections (Confectioned), are soft solid preparations, 
made with some saccharine matter. They are subdivided 
into Conserves and Electuaries : the former consist of com- 
binations' of recent vegetable substances and refined sugar, 
beat into a uniform mass ; the latter are extemporaneous 
mixtures of medicines, usually dry powders, with syrup, 
honey, or treacle. 

LIQUIDS. 

Mixtures (Misturse), are preparations of insoluble sub- 
stances, suspended in water by means of gum Arabic, 



FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES ARE USED. 29 

sugar, the yolk of eggs, or other viscid matter. When the 
suspended substance is oleaginous, the mixture is termed 
an emulsion. 

Solutions (Liquores), are solutions (chiefly aqueous) of 
non-volatile substances, which are wholly soluble in the 
menstruum employed. In making solutions, and all other 
aqueous preparations, the water used should be fresh river, 
rain, or distilled water, and free from saline impurities. 

Medicated Waters (Aquae), are preparations consisting 
of water holding volatile or gaseous substances in solution. 
Many of them, having been made by distilling water from 
plants containing volatile oil, were formerly termed distilled 
waters. In place of distillation, trituration with carbonate 
of magnesia (afterwards separated by filtration) is now 
employed to impregnate water with volatile oils. 

Infusions (Infusa), are partial solutions of vegetable sub- 
stances in water, obtained without the aid of ebullition. 
They are made with both hot and cold water : the former 
extracts the soluble principle more rapidly and in larger 
proportion ; the latter is preferred, when the active princi- 
ple would be injured by heat, or when it is desirable not to 
take up some matter, insoluble at a low temperature. In- 
fusions have been usually made by pouring water upon the 
substances to be infused, and allowing it to remain upon 
them for some time : when the process takes place at a heat 
of from 60° to 90°, it is termed maceration ; when at a heat 
of from 90° to 100°, digestion. Of late years, a more effi- 
cient mode of extracting the medicinal virtues of plants 
has been introduced, termed percolation. In this operation, 
the medicinal substance is coarsely powdered, and placed 
in an instrument called a percolator, in the lower part of 
which is fitted a porous or colander-like partition or dia- 
phragm. The powder is then saturated with water or other 
menstruum, till it will absorb no more ; and, after they 



SO MATERIA MEDICA. 

have remained some time in contact, fresh portions of the 
menstruum are added, till the required quantity is employed. 
The fresh liquid, as it is successively added, percolates the 
solid particles of the medicinal substance, driving the pre- 
viously saturated liquid before it; and in this way com- 
pletely exhausts the substance to be dissolved. An ordinary 
glass funnel answers very well for percolation; and a cir- 
cular piece of muslin or lint, pressed into the neck by 
means of a cork with notched sides, forms a good dia- 
phragm, — care being taken to interpose a similar piece of 
muslin, moistened slightly with the menstruum, between 
the diaphragm and powder. 

Decoctions (Decocta), are partial solutions of vegetable 
substances in water, in which the active principles are ob- 
tained by ebullition. This is a more rapid and active mode 
of extracting the virtues of plants than by infusion. But 
it is objectionable, when the proximate principles are vola- 
tile at a boiling heat, or undergo decomposition by ebulli- 
tion. In making decoctions, ebullition should be continued 
for a few minutes only, and the liquid should be allowed 
to cool slowly in a close vessel. As they are apt to spoil, 
they should be prepared only when wanted for use. 

Tinctures (Tincturw), are solutions of medicinal sub- 
stances in alcohol or diluted alcohol. Ammonia and ethe- 
real spirit are also sometimes employed as solvents; and 
solutions in these menstrua are called ammoniated tinctures 
and ethereal tinctures. Alcohol or rectified spirit (of a sp. 
gr. 0.835, according to the U. S. Pharmacopoeia), is em- 
ployed in making tinctures of substances nearly or quite 
insoluble in water, as the resins, essential oils, camphor, 
&c. Diluted alcohol or proof spirit (consisting of equal 
measures of officinal alcohol and water) is preferred, when 
the substance is soluble both in alcohol and water, or when 
some of its ingredients are soluble in the one menstruum 
and some in the other. Tinctures have been usually pre- 



FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES ARE USED. 31 

pared by maceration or digestion, more commonly by the 
former process, and a period of two weeks is recommended 
for its duration. It should be conducted in well-closed 
glass vessels, which should be frequently shaken ; and when 
the maceration is completed, the tincture should be sepa- 
rated from the dregs by nitration. The U. S. Pharmaco- 
poeia now recommends percolation in making most tinctures, 
and, in the hands of skilful pharmaceutists, this process is 
preferable, as the most thorough mode of exhausting medi- 
cinal substances; but where the operator cannot trust him- 
self, it is better to recur to the old process of maceration. 
Tinctures should be kept in bottles accurately stopped, to 
prevent evaporation, which might seriously increase their 
strength. 

The form of tincture is adapted to the exhibition of me- 
dicines, which are to be given in small quantity, and it 
affords a convenient mode of graduating doses. In pre- 
scribing large and continued doses of tinctures, the stimu- 
lating effects of the alcohol which they contain must be 
borne in mind. 

Spirits (Spiritus), are alcoholic solutions of volatile prin- 
ciples, properly speaking procured by distillation, but now 
usually prepared by dissolving the volatile principles in 
alcohol or diluted alcohol. The spirits of the aromatic 
vegetable oils are used to give a pleasant odor and taste to 
mixtures, to correct the nauseating and griping effects of 
cathartics, and also as carminatives and stomachics. 

Wines ( Vina), are solutions of medicinal substances in 
Sherry or other white wines. They are more liable to de- 
composition than tinctures, and are of variable strength ; 
but they are in some cases preferred from the less stimu- 
lating character of the menstruum, which has also some- 
times an increase of solvent power from the acid which it 
contains. 



32 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Vinegars (Aceta), are infusions or solutions of medicinal 
substances in vinegar or acetic acid, which is a particularly 
good solvent of many vegetable principles, as the organic 
alkalies. 

Honeys (Mellita), are preparations of medicinal sub- 
stances in honey. In oxymels, a combination -of honey and 
vinegar is employed. The latter preparations are not now 
much used. 

Syrups (Syrupi), are preparations of medicinal sub- 
stances in concentrated solutions of sugar. The term syrup 
(syrupus), or simple syrup, is applied to a solution of sugar 
(thirty-six troyounces) in water (Oij f5xij), dissolved with 
the aid of heat. Medicated syrups are usually made by in- 
corporating sugar with vegetable infusions, decoctions, ex- 
pressed juices, fermented liquors, or simple aqueous solu- 
tions. They may also be prepared by adding a tincture to 
simple syrup, and afterwards evaporating the alcohol ; or, 
by mixing the tincture with sugar in coarse powder, and 
dissolving the impregnated sugar, after evaporation, in 
the necessary proportion of water. Syrups are apt to be 
spoiled by heat, and should be made in small quantities at 
a time. 

By the evaporation of the solutions of vegetable princi- 
ples, a very useful class of preparations termed Extracts 
(Extracta), is obtained. They are prepared from infusions, 
decoctions, tinctures, and vinegars ; and sometimes, in the 
case of recent vegetables, from the expressed juices of 
plants, usually diluted with water. Extracts prepared by 
the agency of water, are termed watery extracts ; those by 
means of alcohol, alcoholic extracts ; those by means of acetic 
acid, acetic extracts. The evaporation of extracts is gen- 
erally continued, till they have a pilular consistence. 
"Within a few years, however, these preparations have been 
employed in the liquid form, under the name of Fluid Ex- 
tracts (Extracta Fluida), which have the advantage of con- 



FORMS IN WHICH MEDICINES ARE USED. 33 

venience of administration, and of being prepared at a less 
degree of heat. They are more liable than the solid ex- 
tracts to spontaneous decomposition ; and this difficulty is 
usually counteracted by means of sugar. In making the 
fluid extracts, alcohol, diluted alcohol, and acetic acid are 
the menstrua resorted to. The portion of the solvent, which 
remains after evaporation, contributes in some degree to 
the preservation of the preparation. Under the name of 
Juices {Sued), the expressed juices of fresh plants, preserved 
by one-third of their bulk of alcohol, are occasionally used. 
Although officinal in the British Pharmacopoeia, these are 
not, however, recognized by that of the United States. 

The Oleoresins (Oleoresinw), are extracts obtained by 
the agency of ether, which consist of fixed or volatile oils, 
holding resins and sometimes other active matters in solu- 
tion. They retain a liquid or semi-liquid state, upon the 
evaporation of the liquid employed in their preparation, 
and have the property of self-preservation. 

SEMI-SOLIDS. 

Liniments (Linimenta), are oily preparations designed 
for external use, usually thicker than water, but always 
liquid at the temperature of the body. 

Ointments ( Unguenta), are preparations of a consistence 
like that of butter, made with lard or some other fatty 
substance. They are fitted for application to the skin by 
friction or inunction. Most of the ointments become ran- 
cid, when long kept, and it is therefore best to prepare 
them only as wanted for use. Simple Ointment, or Oint- 
ment of Lard (Unguentum Adtpis), consists of one part of 
white wax and four parts of lard. 

Cerates (Cerata), are made of oil or lard, mixed with 
wax, spermaceti, or resin, with the addition of various 

3 



* 
34 MATERIA MEDICA. 

medicinal substances. They are of harder consistence 
than ointments, and do not melt when applied to the skin. 
Simple Cerate, or Cerate of Lard (Ceratum Adipis), consists 
of one part of white wax and two parts of lard. 

Plasters (Lmplastra), are adhesive at the temperature 
of the body, and must generally be heated to be spread. 
Some substances have sufficient consistence and adhe- 
siveness to be made into plasters. Usually, however, 
medicinal substances, when employed in this form, are 
mixed with Lead Plaster or Litharge Plaster (Emplastrum 
Plumbi), a compound of olive oil and litharge. Plasters 
are prepared for use by spreading them upon sheepskin, 
linen, or muslin, with a margin a quarter or half inch 
broad. 

Cataplasms, or Poultices (Cataplasm ata), are soft, moist 
substances, intended for external use. The common 
emollient poultice, employed to relieve inflammation and 
promote suppuration, is made by mixing bread-crumbs 
with boiling milk, or powdered flaxseed with boiling 
water. 



gases and vapors. 

When employed in this form, medicines are administered 
by inhalation. This may be effected either by diffusing the 
gas or vapor through the air to be respired by the patient ; 
or by inclosing it in a bag or bottle with a suitable tube, 
through which the patient may breathe ; or, when ethereal 
vapors are employed, by saturating a sponge or handker- 
chief with the ether, and applying it to the mouth and nos- 
trils of the patient ; or the fumes of burning medicinal 
substances may be inhaled, by means of cigarettes or pipes, 
variously contrived. 



CIKCUMSTANCES MODIFYING THE EFFECTS OF MEDICINES. 35 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

In prescribing and dispensing medicines, the following 
are the weights and rueasures employed in the United States, 
with their signs annexed. 



TROY WEIGHT. 



The pound, ft) "] 

The ounce 

The drachm contamS 

The scruple 



Twelve ounces,^. 
Eight drachms, 3» 
Three scruples, ^. 
Twenty grains, gr. 



The term pound should be avoided in formulas, owing to 
the danger of mistakes from confounding the troy pound 
with the heavier avoirdupois pound, and large weights 
should be expressed in troyounces. 

WINE MEASURE. 

The gallon, C ^ f Eight pints, 0. 

The pint , Sixteen fluidounces, f3j. 

The fluidounce j j Eight fluidrachms, f£. 

The fluidrachm J [ Sixty minims, TT\,. 

Liquid measures are sometimes prescribed by drops, 
which, however, vary in quantity according to the nature 
of the liquid, and the shape and size of the vessel from 
which it is dropped. Approximate measurements are also 
frequently employed in prescribing the less powerful li- 
quids : thus a teacup is used for fSiv, or a gill ; a wineglass 
for f§ij ; a tablespoon for f§ss ; a teaspoon for f5j. 

A variety of circumstances, relating to the human or- 
ganism, modify the effects of medicines. 

Age exerts a most important influence in this particular. 
Children are more susceptible than adults ; and, in ad- 
vanced age, also, smaller doses are required than in the 
prime of life. No general rule can be laid down for the 
adaptation of the doses of medicines to different ages, as 
the different susceptibilities to the influence of different 



36 MATERIA MEDICA. 

medicines are unequal at the same age. Thus, infants are 
peculiarly alive to impressions from opium, while, in the 
cases of calomel and castor oil, they will bear much larger 
proportional doses. 

Dr. Young's scheme for graduating the doses of medi- 
cines to different ages answers very well in prescribing : 
"For children under 12 years, the doses of most medicines 
must be diminished in the proportion of the age to the age 

2 

increased by 12 ; thus, at two years to y> viz- • 2+I2 = i' 
At 21, the full dose may be given." 

Sex, temperament, and idiosyncrasy, all modify the effects 
of medicines. Women require somewhat smaller doses 
than men ; and during menstruation, pregnancy, and lac- 
tation, all active treatment, which is not imperatively 
demanded, should be avoided. To persons of a sanguine 
temperament, stimulants are to be administered with cau- 
tion, while in cases of nervous temperament, the same 
care is to be observed in the employment of evacuants. 
Mercurials are called for where the bilious temperament 
exists, but on the other hand they are generally injurious 
where the lymphatic temperament is strongly marked. 
Idiosyncrasy renders many individuals peculiarly suscep- 
tible or insusceptible to the action of particular medicines, 
as mercury, opium, &c. 

Habit diminishes the influences of many medicines, espe- 
cially narcotics ; and not a few diseases produce a remarka- 
ble insusceptibility to medicinal action. 

The influence of race, climate, occupation, and the imagi- 
nation upon the effects of medicines is often decided, and 
deserves attention in prescribing. 



PARTS TO WHICH MEDICINES ARE APPLIED. 

Medicines are applied to the skin, to mucous membranes, 
to serous membranes, to wounds, ulcers, cysts, and abs- 
cesses, and they are injected into the veins. 



PARTS TO WHICH MEDICINES ARE APPLIED. 37 

1. To the Shin. — Medicines are applied to the skin for 
both a local and a general effect. As their influence on 
distant organs is the result of their absorption, this 
function is usually assisted by friction, or by removal of 
the cuticle, when medicines are applied to the skin to 
affect remote parts of the system. 

The application of medicines to the skin by friction is 
occasionally resorted to, but its results are slow and uncer- 
tain ; and when we wish to affect the system through the 
agency of the skin, the preferable method is to apply the 
medicine to the dermis denuded of the cuticle. 

This is termed the endermic method, and the cuticle is 
usually removed by means of a blister. The medicine is 
applied to the denuded dermis in the form of a powder, 
or, if very irritating, it may be incorporated with gelatine, 
lard, or cerate. This method is useful in case of irri- 
tability of the stomach, of inability to swallow, or where 
we desire to influence the system rapidly, and by every 
possible avenue, or where it is of importance to apply the 
medicine near the seat of disease. The dose is to be 
two or three times the amount which is administered by 
the stomach. 

Another method of applying medicines through the skin, 
is by injection into the subcutaneous cellular tissue. This 
method is termed the hypodermic method, and is of recent 
introduction into therapeutics. Medicines are injected 
hypodermically, for both a local and a general effect. A 
constitutional impression can be produced by this means 
much more rapidly and efficiently than by the introduction 
of medicines into the stomach. It is particularly adapted 
to the speedy relief of pain, to the treatment of diseases, 
(such as the pernicious types of miasmatic fever, and 
narcotic poisoning), in which it is desirable to influ- 
ence the system with the greatest possible rapidity and 
effect, and also to cases where the internal administration 
of medicines is interfered with. The substances proper 
for hypodermic injection, are those which are small in 



38 MATERIA MEDICA. 

bulk and are of ready solubility, such as the vegetable alka- 
loids. The dose, particularly in first injections, should be 
one half the ordinary dose by the stomach, and for females 
about a third. The instrument used for injection is a 
small syringe, armed with a small, sharp lancet, and for 
the better regulation of the dose, it is desirable that the 
syringe should be graduated. When a constitutional 
effect only is aimed at, a good spot for injection is at the 
insertion of the deltoid muscle in the arm, and where re- 
peated operations are practiced, it is well to vary the point 
of injection. 

2. To Mucous Membranes. — Medicines are applied to all 
the gastro-pulmonary and genito-urinary mucous surfaces. 

a. To the conjunctiva, they are applied for local effects 
only, and are termed collyria, or eye-washes. 

b. To the nasal or pituitary membrane, they are applied 
usually for local purposes; sometimes, however, to irritate, 
and excite a discharge, when they are termed errhines; 
sometimes, also, to produce sneezing, with a view to the 
expulsion of foreign bodies from the nasal cavities, when 
they are termed sternutatories. 

c. To the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat, medi- 
cines are applied almost exclusively for local purposes. 
When in solution, they are termed gargarismata or gargles. 
Powders are introduced by insufflation. 

d. To the Eustachian tubes, washes are applied in local 
affections. 

e. On the aerial or tracheo-bronchial membrane, medicines 
produce a very decided influence, both local and general. 
Liquid substances are introduced into the air passages by 
means of a sponge or syringe, in the treatment of chronic 
inflammations of the larynx. Various substances are in- 
haled with advantage in phthisis, chronic bronchitis and 
laryngitis, asthma, &c, while the most powerful effects are 
produced on the system by the absorption of ethereal 
vapors and gases through the pulmonary surface. 

Within the last few years, liquids have been introduced 



PARTS TO WHICH MEDICINES ARE APPLIED. 



39 



into the air-passages, for the treatment of diseases of the 
respiratory organs, in the form of a, fine spray. This mode 
of application, termed the pulverization, nebulization, or 
atomization of fluids, has proved very valuable, particularly 
in the relief of throat affections. Various instruments 
have been resorted to in the atomization of liquids. The 
hand-ball atomizer, which is usually employed, consists of 
two glass tubes, with capillary openings, placed at right 

Fig. 1. 




angles to each other, the vertical tube being dipped in a 
bottle containing the fluid to be atomized, while at the 
other end it is close to and about opposite to the centre of 
a capillary opening in the horizontal tube. This connects 
with an elastic tube, intercepted by two elastic balls, one 
in the middle, the other, which is furnished with the 
valves, at the end of the tube. The upper ball acts as a 
reservoir, into which a current of air is forced from the 
lower ball by pressure with the hand. The air in the 
vertical glass tube being rarified, the liquid rises to the 
capillary opening, and is there pulverized by the current 
of air from the horizontal tube. The atomizer is used also 
to produce local anaesthesia, and as a deodorizer. 

As modified by Winterich, the spray can be readily 



40 



MATERIA MEDICA. 
Fisr. 2. 




Fig. 3. 




generated within various parts of the body, as the back of 
the throat, nostril, meatus of the ear, &c. Instead of air, 
steam has been substituted as the forcing power, in the 
apparatus known as Single's. In this instrument, as 
modified by Da Costa, inhalation can be practiced without 
fatigue or assistance, and the warmth of the spray is also 
an advantage in many diseases of the respiratory organs. 

■/. The g astro-intestinal mucous membrane, of all parts of 
the body, is most employed for the exhibition of medi- 
cines. The stomach, from its great susceptibility, its 
active absorbing power, and the numerous relations which 
it has with almost every part of the body, is the chief 
recipient of medicinal agents. The rectum is, however, 
also frequently employed for various purposes, as to relieve 
disease of this or of neighboring organs, to occasion revul- 
sion, to produce alvine evacuations, to destroy ascarides, 
and when for any reason it is desirable to spare the 
stomach. 

It is usually recommended, that the dose of medicines, 
introduced into the rectum for constitutional effects, should 
be two or three times greater than when taken into the 
stomach. In the case of active, soluble medicines, how- 



PARTS TO WHICH MEDICINES ARE APPLIED. 41 

ever, especially narcotics, it is most prudent to give the 
same amount by the rectum as by the mouth. 

Solid substances introduced into the rectum are termed 
suppositories; they are best made with cocoa butter. 
Liquids introduced into the rectum are termed clysters, 
lavements, injections, and enemata. Soluble substances, 
when thus applied, are usually dissolved in water ; insolu- 
ble substances are suspended in some mucilaginous 
vehicle. When the enema is to be retained, it should be 
from one to four fluidrachms in quantity. When it is 
introduced to act upon the bowels, its bulk may be from 
twelve to sixteen fluidounces for an adult, six to eight 
fluidounces for a youth of twelve, three to four fluidounces 
for a child of one to five years, and a fluidounce for a 
newly-born infant. Various instruments are used for the 
administration of enemata, as the pipe and bladder, the 
ordinary syringe, the self-injecting apparatus, and the 
elastic bottle and tube. Gaseous matters have also been 
thrown into the rectum — tobacco-smoke, for example, — 
to relieve obstruction of the bowels. 

g. To the urino-genital and vagino-uterine membranes, 
applications are made exclusively for local purposes. 

3. To Serous Membranes. Irritating solutions are in- 
jected into the cavity of the tunica vaginalis testis, in 
hydrocele, into the hernial sac, in hernia, and even into 
the pleural cavity, in pleurisy, for the purpose of producing 
adhesion of the sides of the sacs. 

4. To Ulcers, Wounds, and Abscesses, medicines are ap- 
plied chiefly for their local effects. The absorbing power 
of these surfaces is to be kept in mind in such applica- 
tions. Cysts are sometimes cured by injections, as of 
iodine into cysts of the thyroid gland. 

5. The injection of medicines into the Veins has been occa- 
sionally practiced. The operation is, however, objection- 
able, from the danger of introducing air into the circula- 
tion; and it is seldom resorted to, except in the case of 
transfusion of blood after uterine hemorrhage. 



42 MATERIA MEDICA. 

THE CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES. 

Ill treating the articles of the Materia Medica, some 
writers have classified them according to their natural 
properties, others according to their action on the human 
system. To the student of medicine, a classification based 
upon the sensible qualities or natural affinities of medi- 
cines can be of little value, since it associates articles of 
the most opposite remedial properties. A classification of 
medicines founded on a similarity of action on the animal 
economy is more desirable and useful, and various arrange- 
ments of the Materia Medica have been attempted on this 
basis. They are all, to some extent, necessarily imperfect, 
owing partly to the diversified effects of medicines, and 
partly to our ignorance of the real nature of many of the 
modifications which they produce upon the tissues. Still, 
the advantages of some arrangement of this kind are so 
numerous, that it caonot well be dispensed with. 

The following classification will be found to include the 
more ordinary and generally received divisions of the 
Materia Medica, and to present the articles in convenient 
groups for therapeutic application. 

Medicines may be divided into — 

' Narcotics, 
Anaesthetics, 

I. Those which have a special action on the Antispasmodics, 
nervous system, or Neurotics (from vevpov, -| * onics > 

a nerve). Astringents, 

' Stimulants, 

Sedatives, 
. Spinants. 

|' Emetics, 

II. Those which have a special action on the j T)i at) horetics 
secretions, or Eccritics (from e^piais. secre- ■{ Diur e +: cs ' 

tion )' Blennorrheas, 

I Emmenagogues. 

III. Those which modify the blood, or Hce- J Alteratives ' 
matics (from ai/xa, the blood). j Antacids ' 



IV. Those which act topically. 



Irritants, 
Demulcents, 
Coloring Agents, 
Anthelmintics. 



opium. 43 

CLASS I.— NEUROTICS. 
ORDER I. — NARCOTICS. 

Narcotics (from vapneo, to stupefy), are medicines which 
impair or destroy nervous action. The primary effect of 
narcotics is, however, of a stimulant character, and their 
therapeutic efficacy is in a great degree due to this action. 
They are often administered, too, for a true narcotic or 
sedative influence on the motor T sensor, and intellectual 
functions. In diseased conditions, a marked tolerance of 
this class of medicines is established, and they can be 
exhibited in large doses without inducing narcosis. They 
are employed, chiefly, to remove muscular spasm, relieve 
pain, allay cerebral or spinal irritability, and procure 
sleep. 

When employed to relieve pain, they are termed ano- 
dynes; when employed to procure sleep, hypnotics or sopo- 
rifics. 

When this class of medicines is resorted to for any 
length of time, with a view to a narcotic effect, their in- 
fluence upon the system is much diminished, and con- 
stantly increased amounts are called for, to maintain the 
same effect. 

OPIUM. 

Opium (from okoq, juice), is the concrete juice of the 
unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum (Nat. Ord. Papa- 
veracese). The opium poppy is a native of Persia, but is 
cultivated in various parts of Asia, in Europe, and in the 
United States. It is an annual plant, with a round, leafy 
stem, from two to four feet or more in height, and large 
four-petaled flowers. There are two prominent varieties 
of this species : the black poppy, with violet-colored or red 
flowers, brown or blackish seeds, and globular capsules ; 
and the white poppy, with white flowers and seeds, and 



44 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ovate capsules ; but these varieties run into each other 
under cultivation. 

The ripe capsules (papaver) are from an inch and a half 
to two inches or more in diameter, and contain a good deal 
of opium. They are sometimes given to children in the 
form of syrup, and are applied externally as an anodyne 
emollient, in the form of decoction. The seeds are desti- 
tute of narcotic properties, and are used in Europe as an 
article of diet, and for the manufacture of an oil. 

Opium is obtained from incisions in the half-ripe cap- 
sules. The juice, which exudes from the incisions, is 
scraped off after drying, generally with more or less of the 
epidermis, and is sometimes sent into market unmixed, as 
a choice variety. The opium of commerce is, however, 
commonly made by adding the dried juice, obtained by 
incision, to an extract prepared from a decoction of the 
leaves, the whole being kneaded together, formed into 
cakes, and wrapped in fresh poppy leaves. 

The commerce of the United States is supplied with 
opium almost exclusively from Asiatic Turkey. This is 
known in the market as Smyrna or Turkey opium, and 
comes in irregular rounded or flattened cakes, covered with 
the capsules of a species of Rumex. 

A large amount of opium is produced in British India, 
for consumption in India and China, but it is not found in 
our markets. The Persian opium is another variety, but 
it does not reach the United States. Much opium was 
formerly obtained from Upper Egypt, in the neighborhood 
of Thebes, but its production was for a long time aban- 
doned, though within the last thirty years again intro- 
duced. Successful attempts have been made with the cul- 
tivation of the poppy in England and other parts of Europe, 
which have resulted in the production of opium. During 
the civil war in the United States, a good deal of opium was 
made in the Southern States, from poppies of almost every 
variety ; samples of this opium have yielded about the 
same amount of morphia as that obtained from good 



opium. 45 

Turkey opium. The great source of our supply of opium 
has, however, long been, and still is, the Turkish domin- 
ions. 

The best opium should have a fine chestnut color, an 
aromatic, strong, peculiar smell, and a dense consistence — 
becoming, however, harder and darker by being kept. It 
should be moderately ductile, break with a deeply notched 
fracture, and, when drawn across white paper, should leave 
an interrupted stain. The taste is very bitter, and some- 
what acrid, and when chewed it excites irritation in the 
mouth and throat. It is inflammable, and imparts its vir- 
tues to water, alcohol, and diluted acids — but not to ether. 

Chemical Constituents. — Opium contains a great variety of 
chemical constituents, the most important of which is the 
alkaloid Morphia, which exists chiefly in combination with 
an acid called meconic. Other principles found in opium 
are the alkaloids, narcotina, codeia, narceia, — paramorphia, 
papaverina, opiania, cryptopia (lately discovered), meconin, 
thebolactic acid, porphyroxin, gum, extractive, resin, oil, 
&c. Morphia is the principle upon which the narcotic 
effects of opium essentially depend, and, with its salts, is 
officinal in all the pharmacopoeias. 

Narcotina (C 46 H 25 N0 14 ) exists in opium, chiefly in the free 
state, and, being insoluble in water, is left behind when 
the drug is macerated in this menstruum. It occurs in 
white, tasteless, inodorous, needle-like crystals, which are 
soluble in ether. At one time it was thought to possess a 
portion of the narcotic properties of opium, but it is now 
admitted to be inert in this respect. Its salts have been 
used in India as febrifuge tonics, in the treatment of 
intermittent fevers. 

Codeia (C 35 H 20 !N'O 5 ) exists in opium combined like mor- 
phia with meconic acid, and is extracted in the process for 
obtaining the latter alkaloid, from which it may be separ- 
ated by an alkaline solution, which dissolves the morphia 
and leaves the codeia. It has been found to possess nar- 
cotic powers, with an especial direction to the great sym- 



46 MATERIA MEDIC A. 

pathetic nerve, and has been used in gastrodynia and dys- 
pepsia, in the dose of half a grain or more. It is however, 
too expensive an article for general use. 

Narceia is obtained from the mother liquor left after crys- 
tallizing out the salts of morphia. It has lately been said 
to possess valuable medicinal properties, but experience in 
the United States has not confirmed the statements made 
in Europe as to its efficacy. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies, and astringent infusions con- 
taining tannic acid, are incompatible with opium ; the for- 
mer precipitate morphia from its soluble combination, 
while the latter form with it an insoluble compound. 

Tests. — T. of the chloride of iron strikes a red color with 
meconic acid ; nitric acid colors morphia red ; sesquichloride 
of iron colors it dark blue ; iodic acid colors it reddish brown, 
and if starch is added, forms a blue compound ; ammonia 
precipitates it from solution ; and tannic acid forms with it 
an insoluble precipitate. 

Physiological Effects. — When taken in a medicinal dose, 
opium at first moderately excites the circulation, increases 
the temperature of the skin, and agreeably exhilarates the 
intellectual functions. The stage of excitement is, how- 
ever, of short duration. The pulse soon sinks below the 
normal standard, susceptibility to external impressions is 
diminished, the faculties of the mind become confused, and 
consciousness is finally lost in sleep. All the secretions 
are diminished, except that of perspiration, which is height- 
ened ; muscular contraction is lessened ; and in some per- 
sons nausea and vomiting are produced ; occasionally an 
itching and miliary eruption of the skin occurs. 

When a poisonous dose is taken, the stage of excite- 
ment is wanting ; giddiness and stupor rapidly come od, 
with diminution in the frequency, though not in the ful- 
ness of the pulse ; and these symptoms are soon followed 
by an irresistible tendency to sleep, and finally by coma. 
The breathing is heavy and stertorous, the pulse slow and 
oppressed, and the pwpils are contracted. If relief is not 



opium. 47 

afforded, the pulse sinks, the muscular system becomes 
relaxed, and death ensues, preceded sometimes, especially 
in children, by violent convulsions. 

. In cases of poisoning from opium or its preparations, the 
stomach should be immediately evacuated by the stomach- 
pump, if possible, or by emetics. The direct emetics are 
best for this purpose, as the sulphate of zinc (20 to 30 
grains), or the sulphate of copper (5 to 10 grains). A large 
teaspoonful of mustard-flour, or atablespoonful of powdered 
alum, answers very well as an emetic. Every means should 
be taken to arouse the patient from his lethargy; cold 
affusions, counter-irritation to the nape of the neck and 
extremities, flagellation to the palms of the hands and 
soles of the feet, and, best of all, when the coma is pro- 
found, the electro-magnetic battery, constitute our chief re- 
sources in this emergency. Artificial inflation of the lungs 
is also to be practised. The use of strong coffee has 
proved efficacious ; and stimuli may be used to support the 
system. Of late years, it has been found that belladonna 
exercises a powerful influence as a physiological antidote 
against narcotism from opium, and the administration of this 
substance by the stomach, or, still better, the hypodermic 
injection of a solution of atropia, is one of the most avail- 
able remedies that can be employed in poisoning from 
opium. The poisonous action of opium appears to be en- 
tirely directed to the nervous system, no local lesions being 
found after death. 

Opium is largely used as an habitual narcotic in Orien- 
tal countries, and to some extent in Europe and the United 
States. The effects of indulgence in this species of intoxi- 
cation are of the most destructive character upon both the 
physical and mental faculties. 

Medicinal Uses. — Of all the articles of the Materia Me- 
dica, opium enjoys the widest range of therapeutic appli- 
cation. From its properties of assuaging pain and inducing 
sleep, it is useful in almost all diseases ; and it is positively 
contraindicated only where there is a tendency to apoplexy 



48 MATERIA MEDICA. 

or coma, or where there exists an idiosyncrasy with respect 
to its effects. As an anodyne in painful malignant ulcers 
and severe injuries, we have no substitute for opium ; and, 
as an hypnotic in mania-a-potu, and in the wakefulness and 
cerebral irritability of fever, it is equally invaluable. From 
its power of relaxing muscular spasm, it is our most effi- 
cient resource in tetanus, colic, and spasm of the stomach, 
bowels, biliary ducts, ureters, neck of the bladder, &c. In 
dysentery and cholera it forms the basis of every variety of 
treatment, partly for its diaphoretic effects, but principally 
for its action in arresting both the secretions and peristal- 
tic motion of the bowels. For the relief of the cough of 
pulmonary affections, opium has no equal in the Materia 
Medica. In cerebro-spinal meningitis and in puerperal 
fever, it has been found more successful than any other 
remedy. In gastric irritability, colica pictonum, peritoni- 
tis, rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, typhus, gangrene, convul- 
sive diseases, diabetes, &c, it is also constantly employed. 

Administration. — The ordinary dose of opium as an ano- 
dyne and hypnotic is one grain. Much larger doses are, 
however, called for in many diseases ; and when it is ad- 
ministered for a length of time, as a narcotic, the dose must 
be gradually increased. To infants and very old persons, 
it is to be given with great caution. 

Opium is administered in the form of powder or pill. It 
is easily powdered when thoroughly dried, and the pills 
should always be made from the powder. The powder is 
sometimes, used endermically, and is sprinkled on irri- 
table ulcers. In the form of suppositories it is also applied 
to the rectum. 

The following are the officinal preparations of opium : 

Pilule Opii (Pills of Opium). Sixty grains of opium, 
made into sixty pills, with twelve grains of soap. Each pill 
contains a grain of opium. They are kept in the shops, as 
hard old opium pills are sometimes preferred in cases of 
irritable stomach. 

Pilule Saponis Composite (Compound Pills of Soap). 



opium. 49 

Sixty grains of opium made into a pilular mass, with half a 
troyounce of soap. Useful for the administration of small 
doses. One grain of opium is contained in live of the 
mass. 

Confectio Opii {Confection of Opium). Opium beaten up 
with honey and spices (opium, 270 grains, aromatic pow- 
der, 6 troy ounces, and clarified honey, 14 troyounces). Dose, 
gr. xxxvj. 

Extractum Opii {Extract of Opium). Made by evapora- 
ting the aqueous solution. Dose, gr. J. 

Trochisct Glycyrrhiza et Opii {Troches, of Liquorice 
and Opium). Much used in Philadelphia under the name 
of Wistars cough lozenges. Made with opium, half a troy- 
ounce, liquorice, gum arabic, and sugar, each 10 troyounces, 
and .oil of anise, a fluidrachm. The mass is to be divided 
into troches, each weighing six grains. Each troche con- 
tains about one-tenth of a grain of opium. 

Emplastrum Opii ( Opium Plaster). Made by mixing extr. 
opium, a troyounce, with three fluidounces of water, and 
evaporating to a fluidounce and a half; and adding this to 
Burgundy pitch, 3 troyounces, and plaster of lead, 12 troy- 
ounces, previously melted together. 

Pulvis Ipecacuanha Compositus {Compound Powder of 
Ipecacuanha). This powder, well known under the name 
of Dover's Powder, is made by rubbing up sixty grains of 
opium and ipecacuanha each, with a troyounce of sulphate 
of potassa ; the salt being employed to promote the minute 
division and thorough intermingling of the opium and ipe- 
cacuanha. Dover's powder is a most valuable anodyne 
diaphoretic, extensively prescribed in diarrhoea, dysentery, 
rheumatism, bronchitis, pneumonia, &c. Dose, gr. x, con- 
taining gr. j of opium and ipecacuanha each. 

Tinctura Opii {Tincture of Opium). Laudanum. Pre- 
pared by macerating two troyounces and a half of powdered 
opium for three days in a pint of water, then adding a pint 
of alcohol, and after three days of further maceration, in- 
troducing the whole into a percolator, and adding diluted* 

4 



50 MATERIA MEDICA. 

alcohol until two pints of tincture are obtained. This is 
the most commonly employed of all the officinal prepara- 
tions of opium. When long kept, particularly if exposed 
to the air, it becomes thick from evaporation of the alcohol, 
and its strength is much increased. Dose, TTJxiij ? or 25 
drops, equivalent to a grain of opium. There are 120 drops 
in f5j. Laudanum is much used in the form of enema. 

Tinctura Opii Camphorata {Camphorated Tincture of 
Opium). Paregoric Elixir. Prepared by macerating sixty 
grains of opium in diluted alcohol Oij, with benzoic acid, 
sixty grains, oil of anise, a fluidrachm, clarified honey, two 
troy ounces, and camphor, forty grains. Dose : fSss, or a 
tablespoonful, containing rather less than a grain of opium. 
A favorite preparation for children. 5 to 20 drops may be 
given to an infant. 

Tinctura Opii Deodorata (Deodorized Tincture of Opium) 
contains the same proportion of opium as laudanum. In 
preparing it, a liquid watery extract of opium is first made, 
which is then washed with ether. The ether is afterwards 
separated, the residue dissolved in water, and mixed with 
enough alcohol to preserve it. The narcotina as well as 
the odorous and many other injurious ingredients of opium 
are thus got rid of. A new but valuable preparation. 
Dose, the same as that of laudanum. 

Tinctura Opii Acetata (Acetated Tincture of Opium). 
Prepared by macerating two troy ounces of opium, in vinegar 
fjxij, and alcohol Oss. Dose, TT|x, or 20 drops. 

Acetum Opii {Vinegar of Opium). Black Drop. Pre- 
pared by macerating powdered opium, five troyounces, nut- 
meg, a troyounce, saffron, one hundred and fifty grains, 
sugar, eight troyounces, in a pint of diluted acetic acid, and 
afterwards percolating with the same menstruum, till two 
pints are obtained. Black drop is twice the strength of 
laudanum, and is to be given in half the dose of that pre- 
paration. 

Vinum Opii ( Wine of Opium). Sydenham* s Laudanum. 
Prepared by macerating two troyounces of opium in Sherry 



OPIUM. 51 

wine Oj, with cinnamon and cloves. Dose, the same as 
that of laudanum. 

Morphia and its Preparations. — Morphia exists in 
opium chiefly in combination with meconic acid. The 
meconate of morphia is separated from the other constitu- 
ents of the drug by successive macerations in water. Al- 
cohol and solution of ammonia are then added to the 
watery solution, by which the salt is decomposed, the 
ammonia precipitating the morphia, and the alcohol seiz- 
ing the coloring matter as soon as it is separated from the 
alkali. The crystals of morphia, which are formed, are 
afterwards boiled in alcohol, and the solution is filtered 
through animal charcoal. 

Morphia (C 34 H 19 N0 6 ) occurs in colorless crystals, which 
are inflammable and dissipated by heat. It is without 
smell, but very bitter ; scarcely soluble in water, ether, or 
chloroform, but is soluble in boiling alcohol. From its 
insolubility, it is not employed medicinally, except in com- 
bination with acids. 

Morphia Sulphas [Sulphate of Morphia), Morphle Ace- 
tas (Acetate of Morphia), Morphle Murias (Muriate of 
Morphia), are the officinal salts of morphia, made by satu- 
rating the alkali with sulphuric, acetic, and muriatic acids. 
They are all freely soluble in water, and produce analogous 
medicinal effects, the sulphate being, however, most em- 
ployed in this country. The salts of morphia possess the 
anodyne, hypnotic, antispasmodic, and diaphoretic proper- 
ties of opium, and are considered less apt to produce head- 
ache and nausea, or other unpleasant effect. They are 
peculiarly adapted to the hypodermic and endermic methods 
of application. Dose, one-sixth to one-fourth of a grain. 
A Solution of the Sulphate of Morphia is officinal, and is 
much prescribed (Liquor Morphias Sulphatis). It contains 
one grain to foj of water. Dose, f5j-ij. 



52 MATERIA MEDICA. 

LACTUCARIUM. 

Lactucarium is the concrete juice of Lactuca sativa, 
tlie Garden Lettuce (Nat. Ord. Cichoraeese), and is ob- 
tained from incisions in the plant, before the flower-stem 
shoots. Another and inferior mode of procuring it is by 
expression and evaporation of the expressed juice. It is 
found in the shops in roundish, hard masses of a reddish- 
brown color, with an opiate smell, and a bitter, unplea- 
sant taste. An active principle termed lactucin is said to 
have been isolated. 

Effects and Uses. — Lactucarium possesses the anodyne 
and hypnotic qualities of opium, with a slight sedative ac- 
tion on the circulation, but it is an uncertain preparation. 
It may be given where opium disagrees from idiosyncrasy 
in the patient. Dose, gr. x. The syrup is the most eligi- 
ble form of administration. It is made by rubbing lactu- 
carium with sufficient diluted alcohol, to bring it to a sy- 
rupy consistence, then percolating with diluted alcohol 
till half a pint of tincture has passed, afterwards evapor- 
ating to two fluidounces, and finally mixing the tincture 
with fourteen fluidounces of syrup. Dose, two or three 
fluid rachms. 

BELLADONNA. 
Belladonnae Folium, Belladonna Leaf; Belladonnae Radix, Belladonna Root. 

Atropa Belladonna, or Deadly Nightshade (Nat. Ord. 
Solanaceae), is a European perennial plant, with herbace- 
ous, branched, downy stems, about three or four feet high, 
large ovate leaves, of a dull-green color, and drooping, 
bell-shaped, purple flowers. The whole plant possesses 
narcotic properties, but the leaves and root only are offi- 
cinal. When fresh, the leaves have an unpleasant smell, 
and a sweetish, subacrid, slightly nauseous taste. When 
dried they retain this taste, but have scarcely any odor. 



BELLADONNA. 53 

The dried root is long, round, from one to several inches 
in thickness, branched, of a reddish-brown color, of little 
odor, and a feeble, sweetish taste. 

The narcotic properties of belladonna depend on the pre- 
sence of an alkaloid termed atropia, which is found in all 
parts of the plant. It is officinal, and is prepared from the 
root, by exhaustion with alcohol, afterwards adding sul- 
phuric acid, precipitating with potassa, dissolving the atro- 
pia in chloroform, and then evaporating the chloroform. 
Atropia (C 34 H 23 N0 6 ) is a white, crystalline, odorless sub- 
stance with a bitter, acrid taste, soluble in alcohol and 
ether, more so in chloroform, and partially soluble in water. 
It is a most energetic poison, producing analogous effects 
to those of belladonna, but much more powerful. Latterly, 
atropia has been a good deal employed medicinally as a 
substitute for belladonna, on account of its greater cer- 
tainty. The dose to begin with for internal use is about 
one-thirtieth of a grain in solution. As a collyrium, to 
dilate the pupil, a solution of a grain in four fl. uidrachms of 
water, with a few drops of acetic acid, may be employed, 
and a drop of the solution applied to the eye. A tincture 
(atropia gr. j, diluted alcohol L5ss) is used for the same pur- 
pose — dose, for internal use, 8 drops, A sulphate of atropia 
and an ointment are also employed. 

Physiological Effects of Belladonna. — In small doses, the 
effects of belladonna are those of an anodyne narcotic, with 
little or no action on the circulation, or on any of the secre- 
tions, except a peculiar dryness of the mouth and throat. 
In larger doses it causes dilatation of the pupils, loss of vision, 
giddiness, constriction of the throat, difficulty of degluti- 
tion and articulation, nausea, with occasionally vomiting 
and purging, and sometimes a red eruption. When ex- 
cessive doses are taken, these symptoms are aggravated, 
and terminate in maniacal delirium, coma, syncope, and 
death, often preceded by convulsions. Dissections show 
that the action of the poison is not confined to the cerebro- 
spinal system, but that it is attended by inflammation of 



54 MATERIA MEDICA. 

the digestive organs. Cases of poisoning from belladonna 
are to be treated by evacuation of the stomach, cathartics, 
and, if coma occurs, by the electro-magnetic battery. Opium 
may be given as a physiological antidote, or hypodermic 
injections of solutions of the salts of morphia may be ad- 
ministered. Lime-water and the alkaline solutions have 
been found useful. Applied to the eyebrow, belladonna 
causes dilatation of the pupil. 

Medicinal Uses. — Belladonna is one of our most highly- 
esteemed anodyne and antispasmodic remedies. It is des- 
titute of hypnotic effect, and, on the contrary, has a ten- 
dency to occasion wakefulness. In the treatment of 
neuralgia it ranks at the head of the narcotics, and is 
extensively employed both alone and in combination with 
the sulphate of quinia. It should be given until dryness 
of the throat, dilatation of the pupil, and some disorder of 
vision are produced. Its powers of allaying spasm have 
been found very efficacious in the treatment of whooping- 
cough and asthma. As a discutient of cancerous indura- 
tions, it has enjoyed some reputation, but any good effects 
in these cases have probably been owing to an anodyne 
and not a resolvent influence. In mania, and many dis- 
eases of the cerebro-spinal system, especially epilepsy, it 
has been occasionally employed with advantage. In con- 
stipation, iritis, and as a prophylactic against scarlatina, it 
is also resorted to. As a preventive of scarlatina, it was 
originally proposed from its power of affecting the throat 
and skin, and respectable authority is not wanting in con- 
firmation of its efficacy in this particular. It is used, too, 
in cases of poisoning by opium. 

As a topical remedy, belladonna is employed principally 
to produce dilatation of the pupil in operations for cataract, 
iritis, and prolapsus iridis. It is applied in the form of 
extract or ointment to the eyebrows, temple, or conjunc- 
tiva, and produces dilatation in a few minutes. The topi- 
cal application of belladonna has been suggested in France 
to relieve rigidity of the os uteri in labor, but the practice 
has not found favor in Great Britain or the United States. 



STRAMONIUM. 



55 



Administration. — The dose of the powder of the root or 
leaves is gr. j, to be repeated and increased till dryness of 
the throat, dilatation of the pupil, and dimness of vision 
are produced. It is most frequently exhibited in the form 
of extract (or inspissated juice) of the leaves. Dose, J to J 
a grain, to be repeated and increased. The tincture (four 
troyounces of the leaves to diluted alcohol Oij — dose, 15 to 
30 drops) and the alcoholic extract are also officinal. For ex- 
ternal use, a plaster (Umplastrum Belladonna), made by mix- 
ing a troyounce of the extract and two troyounces of melted 
resin plaster, and an ointment ( Unguentum Belladonnse), 
made by rubbing sixty grains of the extract first with 
water half a fluidrachm, and then with lard, a troyounce, are 
employed. 

STRAMONIUM. 



Stramonii Folium, Stramonium Leaf; Stramonii Semen, Stramonium 

Seed. 

Fig. 4. 




Datura Stramonium, or Thorn Apple, sometimes called 
Jamestown weed {Nat. Ord. Solanacese), is an annual in- 
digenous plant, which grows very abundantly in waste 
grounds in all parts of the world. It has a forked, branch- 



56 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ing stem, from three to six feet high, ovate, toothed leaves, 
large funnel-shaped white or purplish flowers, which ap- 
pear in midsummer, and ovate capsules, filled with nume- 
rous kidney-shaped, brownish-black seeds. The odor of 
the plant is strong and disagreeable, and its taste bitter and 
nauseous. It loses these properties very much when dried, 
but the process does not appear to weaken its narcotic 
qualities. The leaves and seeds are officinal, but the 
seeds are most powerful from containing most daturia. 

The active principle of Stramonium is an alkaloid termed 
daturia, which possesses properties analogous to those of 
atropia. 

The 'physiological effects of stramonium are closely allied 
to those of belladonna, with a more marked action on the 
secretions. From its common occurrence in every part of 
the country, cases of poisoning from this weed are very 
frequent, particularly with children, who are fond of swal- 
lowing the seeds. The treatment laid down for the relief 
of poisoning from belladonna is applicable to these cases. 

The medicinal uses of stramonium are similar to those of 
belladonna. It is prescribed internally in neuralgia, whoop- 
ing-cough, mania, and epilepsy ; and in spasmodic asthma 
the leaves have been smoked with great relief. The prac- 
tice is, however, dangerous in aged or apoplectic persons. 
Topically, stramonium is used by oculists to dilate the pu- 
pils and diminish the sensibility of the retina to light ; and 
it is an excellent anodyne application, in the form of cata- 
plasm and ointment, to inflammatory tumors, irritable 
ulcers, bed sores, and hemorrhoids. 

Administration. — The dose of the powdered leaves is gr. ij, 
of the seeds, a grain, to be repeated and gradually increased 
till narcotic effects are produced. Dose of the extract of 
the leaves (an inspissated juice), and of the alcoholic extract, 
gr. j, to commence with. The tincture (four troy ounces of 
the seeds to diluted alcohol Oij ; dose 20 to 40 drops), and 
the ointment, made by mixing the extract with lard (accord- 
ing to the formula for ointment of belladonna), are also 
officinal. 



HENBANE. 



57 



HYOSCYAMUS — HENBANE. 
Hyoscyami Folium, Henbane Leaf; Hyoscyami Semen, Henbane Seed. 

Hyoscyamus niger, or Henbane (Nat. Ord. Solanacese), 
is a native of Europe, and is naturalized in the northern 

Fig. 5. 




parts of the United States. It grows to the height of about 
two feet, with large, sinuated, pale-green leaves, and flow- 
ers of a straw-yellow color. The whole plant has narcotic 
properties ; but the leaves and seeds are only officinal. 
Henbane should be gathered when in flower ; and, when 
fresh, has a strong, offensive narcotic odor, and a mucila- 
ginous, unpleasant, slightly acrid taste ; but it loses most 
of these qualities in drying. The seeds are of a yellowish- 
gray color, with something of the odor of the plant, and 
have an oleaginous, bitter taste. The active properties of 



58 MATERIA MEDICA. 

the plant depend upon a peculiar alkaloid principle, termed 
hyoscyamia, nearly identical in its action with atropia, but 
more soluble in water. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of henbane on the system 
much resemble those of belladonna. They differ from 
those of opium in their comparatively feeble hypnotic 
effect, and in their relaxing influence on the bowels. In 
large doses, it causes dilatation of the pupil, delirium, loss 
of vision, &c. In cases of poisoning, the same treatment 
is to be pursued as for belladonna and stramonium. Hen- 
bane may be used remedially, in the same diseases, as bel- 
ladonna and stramonium, than which it is, however, less 
active. It has been administered also from the earliest days 
to palliate cough, where opium is objectionable from its 
constipating or nauseating influence. Externally, it is 
employed in the form of cataplasm or fomentation to pain- 
ful swellings and ulcers ; and it may be used to dilate the 
pupil, in the same manner as belladonna. 

Dose of the powdered leaves, gr. v to gr. x ; of the seeds, 
somewhat less. The extract (an inspissated juice of the 
leaves) is the preferable form of administration ; it is of a 
dark olive color, and extremely variable quality. Dose, 
gr. v to gr. x. Tincture (four troyounces to diluted alcohol 
Oij), dose f5j. An alcoholic extract and a fluid extract (dose 
10-20 drops), are also officinal. 



TAB A CUM — TOBACCO. 

Nicotiana Tabacum, or Virginian tobacco {Nat. Ord. Sola- 
nacese), is a native of the warm countries of America, but 
is now extensively cultivated in most parts of the world. 
It is an annual plant, growing to the height of from three 
to six feet, with large, oblong, pointed, hairy, pale-green 
leaves, and light-greenish, funnel-shaped flowers, expand- 
ing above into rose-colored segments. The dried leaves 
are the portion used. They have a yellowish-brown color, 



TOBACCO. 59 

a strong, peculiar, narcotic odor, and a bitter, nauseous 
taste. The darker colored leaves are the strongest. 

The virtues of tobacco are imparted to alcohol and wa- 
ter, and depend on the presence of an alkaloid called nicotia 
(C 10 H ir N"), which is found in all parts of the plant. It is a 
colorless, oily, volatilizable, alkaline liquid, highly soluble 
in water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform, of a feeble odor, 
when cold, but irritant, when heated, of an acrid, burning 
taste, and is a most energetic poison. From the dried leaves 
is also obtained a concrete volatile oil, termed nicotianin, 
which is probably the odorous principle of the plant, and 
an empyreumatic oil, which gives the peculiar smell to old 
tobacco pipes. Both of these principles are poisonous. 

Physiological ^Effects. — On persons unaccustomed to its 
use, tobacco, in small doses, produces a slight sedative ac- 
tion, with nausea, swimming in the head, increased flow 
from the kidneys, and sometimes, also, from the bowels. 
In larger doses, it induces vomiting and purging, a sensa- 
tion of sinking at the pit of the stomach, giddiness, disor- 
der of vision, the pupils, however, being little affected, de- 
pression of the circulation, great relaxation of the muscu- 
lar system, coldness of the surface, and other symptoms of 
prostration ; and, when excessive doses have been taken, 
these symptoms become more violent, and are followed by 
convulsions, paralysis, coma, and death. Cases of poison- 
ing are to be treated on the principles applicable to other 
cases of narcotic poisoning ; the diffusible stimuli are to be 
freely given. 

The habitual use of tobacco as an exhilarant is well 
known. When taken to excess, it frequently develops 
disorders of the stomach, heart, and nervous system. 

Medicinal Uses. — Tobacco is employed in medicine, 
chiefly with a view to its action on the muscular system — 
its anodyne and hypnotic properties being relatively fee- 
ble. In various spasmodic diseases, particularly in colic, 
ileus, strangulated hernia, constipation from spasmodic 
constriction, tetanus, spasm of the neck of the bladder 



60 MATERIA MEDICA. 

and the glottis, and asthma, it is a remedy of great value. 
It has been also successfully applied to the treatment of 
poisoning by strychnia. Internally, tobacco. is to be em- 
ployed with caution, as it occasionally acts with dangerous 
energy. Stupes of an infusion of tobacco, (half an ounce 
to a pint of water), have been found an efficacious applica- 
tion to wounds, in cases of traumatic tetanus. 

Administration. — Tobacco is not given by the stomach, 
owing to its emetic properties. It is usually administered 
by the rectum, in the form of infusion (5j — Qj of boiling 
water, one-third to be given at a dose), or tobacco-smoke 
may be introduced into the rectum. It may also be smoked 
for medicinal effect, or applied locally in the form of cata- 
plasm. Ointment of Tobacco ( Unguentum Tabaci), is made 
by mixing a watery extract, prepared from half a troy ounce 
of finely powdered tobacco, with eight troyounces of lard ; 
it is a useful application to indolent ulcers and some cu- 
taneous affections, particularly tinea capitis. The Wine of 
of Tobacco ( Vinum Tabaci) is made by macerating a troy- 
ounce of tobacco in a pint of Sherry wine for seven days ; 
it is occasionally used as a diuretic — dose 20-30 drops. 
The Oil {Oleum Tabaci), is sometimes mixed with ointments. 



LOBELIA. 

Lobelia inflata, or Indian tobacco (Nat. Ord. Lobelia- 
ceae), is a very common annual or biennial indigenous 
plant, growing to the height of from six inches to two 
feet, with a fibrous root, an erect, hairy stem, ovate, ser- 
rated leaves, pale-blue flowers, and ovoid, inflated capsules. 
It flowers from July till the appearauce of frost, and should 
be gathered about August and September. All parts of 
it are active, but the leaves and capsules are most so. It 
has an unpleasant smell, and, when chewed, an acrid, 
burning, nauseous taste, which is at first faint, but soon 
becomes excessive. Water and alcohol extract the virtues 



LOBELIA. 



61 



of lobelia, which contains a volatile alkaloid principle, 
lobelina, analogous to nicotia. 

Fig. 6. 




Physiological Effects. — Lobelia produces effects on the 
system analogous to those of tobacco, acting in small doses 
as a sedative, nauseant, diuretic, and diaphoretic; in larger 
doses as an energetic emetic ; and in still larger doses as 
an active aero- narcotic poison, resembling tobacco in its 
influence. It was employed by the aborigines, and has 
always been a popular empirical remedy. 

Medicinal Uses. — Lobelia is sometimes classed among 



62 MATERIA MEDICA. 

emetics, but its action in this particular is too violent for 
its safe administration. It is chiefly employed, by regular 
practitioners, with a view to its antispasmodic properties, for 
the relief of asthma, angina pectoris, and cardiac dyspnoea, 
and is given in small doses, gradually increased, until 
headache or nausea ensue. It may also be used as an 
enema, to fulfil the same indications as tobacco. 

Administration. — Lobelia is given in substance, tincture, 
and infusion. The dose of the powder as an antispasmodic, 
is gr. j to gr. iij ; as an emetic, gr. v to gr. xx. The best 
form, particularly in asthma, is the tincture (four troy ounces 
to diluted alcohol Oij), which may be given in the quan- 
tity of f5j, to be repeated as occasion may require. 

Acetum Lobelle ( Vinegar of Lobelia), is a good prepa- 
ration, in which the alkaloid is fixed by the acetic acid ; it 
is of the same strength, and may be given in the same 
doses as the tincture. 



CONIUM — HEMLOCK. 

Conium maculatum, or Hemlock {Nat. Ord. Apiaceae), 
is a biennial European plant, naturalized in many parts of 
the United States. Its stem is erect, from three to five 
feet high, round, smooth, and often spotted with purple. 
The leaves are large, bright-green, and repeatedly com- 
pound; the flowers are small, white, and arranged in 
umbels, appearing in June and July. The whole plant is 
narcotic and virulent, and has a fetid, heavy odor. The 
leaves are the only portion used in medicine. They 
should be gathered when the plant has done flowering, 
and kept in vessels from which the air and light are ex- 
cluded. Plants growing in sunny situations and warm 
climates are most active. When well preserved, the dried 
leaves have a fine green color, and the characteristic smell 
and bitterish taste of the fresh herb, though less power- 
fully. 

The active principle of hemlock is a peculiar alkaloid, 



HEMLOCK. 



63 



termed conia (C 16 H 15 ~N"), which exists in larger proportion in 
the seeds than the leaves. It is a colorless, oily fluid, spa- 
Fig. 7. 




ringly soluble in water, and freely so in alcohol and ether ; 
and is a highly energetic poison even in very small doses. 
Physiological Effects. — The action of hemlock in small 
medicinal doses is considered to be alterative and even 
tonic. Resolvent properties, in cases of glandular enlarge- 
ment, have been attributed to it, and atrophy of the 
mammae and testicles is said to have resulted from its 
continued employment. It is usually classed with the 
sedative narcotics, paralyzing the nerves of motion rather 
than those of sensation. In large doses, it causes nausea, 
vertigo, dimness of vision, relaxation of the muscles ; and 
in poisonous quantities, dilatation of the pupils, difficulty 
of speech, delirium or coma, paralysis, and finally convul- 
sions and death. It appears to have little or no hypnotic 
effect. In cases of poisoning, alcoholic stimuli are to be 
given. 



64 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Medicinal Uses. — It is employed chiefly as a general and 
topical anodyne, to relieve the pain of malignant tumors ; 
and, even if destitute of the deobstruent powers which 
have been ascribed to it, it certainly exerts a remarkable 
palliative influence upon painful chronic indurations. It 
has been also recommended as an antispasmodic in whoop- 
ing-cough, asthma, and even tetanus; as an anodyne in 
neuralgia; as an adjuvant to other remedies in mania, 
especially melancholia ; and it is used externally as a cata- 
plasm to cancers and other irritable ulcers. Conium is 
the cicuta of Hippocrates, Galen, and Pliny, and is sup- 
posed to have been the poison administered to Socrates 
and Phocion. 

Administration. — The officinal preparations of this medi- 
cine are the powder, tincture, and extract. The dose of 
the powdered leaves is gr. iij to gr. iv, twice a day, to be 
rapidly increased, till vertigo or nausea ensue. The extract 
(inspissated juice) may be given in the same doses ; it is 
an uncertain preparation, and should be rejected unless it 
have a strong and penetrating odor. A tincture (four troy- 
ounces to diluted alcohol Oij, dose f5ss, f5j), & fluid extract, 
and an alcoholic extract, are also used. All the prepara- 
tions made from the dried leaves are, however, compara- 
tively feeble, and the best form in which to prescribe 
conium is the Succus Conii, as made in Great Britain — 
dose f5i-ij. 

ACONITUM — ACONITE. 

Aconiti Folium, Aconite Leaf; Aconiti Radix, Aconite Root. 

Aconitum Napellus, Aconite, Wolfsbane, or Monkshood 
(Nat. Ord. Ranunculacese), is a native of the mountainous 
parts of Europe. It is a perennial, herbaceous plant, with 
a fusiform root, a simple erect stem, growing usually to 
the height of from two to four feet, palmate, deeply cleft 
leaves, and large, dark, violet-blue flowers. The leaves 



ACONITE. 65 

and root are both used, but the root is the more powerful. 
They have little or no smell ; but their taste is bitterish 
and acrid, and when chewed they occasion a peculiar feel- 
ing of tingling and numbness, in the tongue and interior 
of the mouth. These properties are impaired by long 
keeping, and the plant loses its medicinal efficacy. Other 
species of aconite possess similar poisonous qualities to 
those of the A. Napellus. The active principle of aconite 
is an alkaloid named aconitia, which is officinal. 

Physiological Effects. — Taken in small doses, aconite 
produces a sensation of numbness in the head, face, and 
extremities, with a sedative action on the circulation, and 
more or less nausea and muscular debility. In larger 
doses, its effects are those of an acro-narcotic poison ; 
gastric irritation, purging, contraction or expansion of the 
pupils, numbness or paralysis of the limbs, syncope, con- 
vulsions, and death. In case of poisoning, the stomach is 
to be thoroughly evacuated, and stimulants, externally 
and internally, are to be freely administered. 

Medicinal Uses. — Aconite is a powerful and valuable 
remedy in the treatment of neuralgia, chronic rheumatism, 
gout, and other painful diseases, as might be inferred from 
its benumbing effects on the system. From its influence on 
the circulation, it is employed to reduce inflammatory 
action, and as a remedy in hypertrophy and other cases of 
irregular or excessive action of the heart. In controlling 
abnormal cardiac action, aconite is perhaps the most avail- 
able article we possess. As a topical anodyne, in neuralgia, 
it has no superior. 

Administration. — The dose of the powdered leaves is gr. j 
to gr. ij ; of the alcoholic extract of the dried leaves, gr. J to 
gr. j ; of the tincture of the leaves (four troyounces to di- 
luted alcohol Oij), 20 to 30 drops; of the tincture of the 
root, which is by far the best preparation (twelve troy- 
ounces to alcohol Oij), 5 to 10 drops. These doses are to 
be repeated twice or thrice daily, and cautiously increased, 



66 MATERIA MEDICA. 

till the effects of the medicine are apparent. The tincture 
and alcoholic extract may be used externally. 

Aconitia (C 60 H 47 ]TO 14 ) is prepared from an aqueous solu- 
tion of an alcoholic extract of aconite root, by the addition of 
sulphuric acid (which converts the natural salt of aconitia 
into a sulphate) ; it is then freed from its oily and resinous 
portions by means of ether ; the alkaloid is subsequently 
precipitated with ammonia, then redissolved by ether, and 
again separated from this menstruum by evaporation. It 
is a white amorphous powder, with a tinge of yellow, with- 
out smell, of a bitter, acrid taste, and produces in the 
mouth a sense of numbness. It is partially soluble in 
water, and is readily dissolved by alcohol, ether, and chlo- 
roform. 

Aconitia is an exceedingly virulent poison, more power- 
ful when pure than hydrocyanic acid. It is scarcely adap- 
ted to internal use, as even one-fiftieth of a grain has pro- 
duced alarming results. As a topical agent in neuralgia 
and rheumatism, it has been employed with great success 
in alcoholic solution (gr. i-ij to f5j), or as an ointment (gr. 
ij to lard 5j? rubbed up with alcohol gtt. vj). 

EXTRACTUM CANNABIS — EXTRACT OF HEMP. 

"An alcoholic extract of the dried tops of Cannabis 
sativa — variety Indica," was introduced into the Materia 
Medicain the edition of the IT. S. Pharmacopoeia preceding 
the last. Cannabis sativa, or Hemp (Nat. Ord. Cannabi- 
nacese) is a native of Persia and the northern parts of In- 
dia, and is cultivated in Europe, and in the United States. 
Narcotic virtues appear to exist only in the Cannabis In- 
dica or Indian variety of the plant, although there is no 
difference in the botanical character of the several varie- 
ties. 

The medicinal properties of the plant reside in a resin- 
ous substance, which exudes from glands upon the surface 
of the stalks and leaves, and the extract is made by evapo- 



hops. 67 

rating a tincture of the dried tops. Under the name of 
purified extract of hemp, (extractum cannabis purificatum), the 
U. S. Pharmacopoeia directs a preparation made bj evapo- 
rating a tincture of the crude extract, thus securing 
greater uniformity of strength. Extract of hemp is of a 
dark, olive-green color, a fragrant narcotic odor, and a bit- 
ter, acrid taste. It is soluble in alcohol and ether, but not 
in water. The resin, which is probably the active princi- 
ple, has received the name of cannabin. 

Effects and Uses, — The medicinal properties of Cannabis 
Indica are narcotic and antispasmodic, and in India both 
the herb and resin are extensively used as intoxicating ex- 
hilarants, under the name of haschisch. In large doses it is 
sedative, producing relaxation of the muscles, heavy sleep, 
and abatement of pain, without much affecting the secre- 
tions ; but opinions are by no means settled in the United 
States and Great Britain as to its effects. It has been 
chiefly extolled as an antispasmodic in traumatic tetanus, 
and has been employed with success in other spasmodic 
diseases, chorea, hysteria, &c, and as an anodyne in rheu- 
matism, gout, neuralgia, &c. It has also been given with 
advantage as an hypnotic in mania-a-potu ; and its powers 
of exciting uterine contractions, and of checking uterine 
hemorrhagic discharges, are highly spoken of. Dose, from 
half a grain to two or more grains. The tincture is made 
by dissolving three hundred and sixty grains of the purified 
extract in a pint of alcohol ; forty drops of this are about 
equal to a grain of the extract. 

HUMULUS — HOPS. 

Hops are the strobiles of Humulus lupulus, or Hop-vine 
{Nat. Ord. Urticacese), a climbing-vine, indigenous in Eu- 
rope, and probably also in North America, with serrated, 
rough leaves, and greenish-yellow flowers. The medicinal 
portion is the fruit, or strobiles, which are also largely 
employed in the preparation of malt liquors, and are known 



68 MATERIA MEDICA. 

as hops. They consist of thin, somewhat translucent, 
veined, leaflike bracts or scales, of a greenish-yellow color, 
a strong, fragrant, narcotic odor, and a bitter, aromatic, 
slightly astringent taste. Near their base are two small, 
round, dark seeds, covered with aromatic glands or grains, 
which are the active portion of the hops, and are termed 
lupulin. They are separated by threshing, rubbing, and 
sifting the scales, and constitute about a sixth part of the 
weight of hops. 

Lupulin (lupulina) is officinal, and consists of rounded or 
reniform, rather transparent grains, of a cellular texture, and 
a golden-yellow color. It is slightly soluble in water, and 
completely so in alcohol, and is composed of a volatile oil; 
a bitter principle termed lupulite, resin, and other matters. 
The scaly bracts contain a small portion of lupulinic mat- 
ter. 

Effects and Uses. — Hops are narcotic and tonic. The 
narcotic properties probably reside in the volatile oil, and 
the tonic properties in the bitter principle. They are said, 
also, to possess antaphrodisiac properties, and sometimes 
prove diuretic. The odorous emanation is employed as an 
hypnotic by means of the hop-pillow. Internally, they are 
given to relieve restlessness, induce sleep, and allay pain, 
and are also much employed for their stomachic and tonic 
effect. The combination of tonic and narcotic virtues ren- 
ders hops an excellent remedy in mild forms of mania-a- 
potu. Topically, they are employed in the form of fomen- 
tation or poultice, as a resolvent or discutient, in painful 
swellings and tumors. 

Administration. — Hops are given in the form of infusion 
(half a troyounce to boiling water Oj), and tincture (five 
troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij), dose, £5j to f5iij- 

The best preparation for internal use is Lupulin, in the 
dose of gr. v to gr. xij, in powder or pills. The tincture 
of lupulin (four troyounces to alcohol Oij) may be given in 
the dose of £5j to f5ij. The fluid extract is a concentrated 
tincture, containing the virtues of an ounce of lupulin in 



DILUTED HYDROCYANIC ACID. 69 

a fluidounce. The oleoresin also is officinal — dose, gr. ij 
to v. 



DULCAMARA — BITTERSWEET. 

The stalks of Solanum Dulcamara, the Woody Night- 
shade, or Bittersweet (Nat. Ord. Solanacese), a European 
vine, naturalized in the United States, possess combined 
narcotic and diaphoretic properties. They are of a green- 
ish-gray color, about the thickness of a quill, and have, 
when fresh, an unpleasant odor, which they lose by drying. 
Their taste is at first bitter, afterwards slightly acrid and 
sweet. The active principle is a poisonous alkaloid 
termed solania, which has been found also in Solanum tu- 
berosum, or common potato, and S. nigrum, or black night- 
shade. 

Effects and Uses. — In small doses, the most obvious ef- 
fects of Bittersweet are an increase in the secretions from 
the skin and mucous surfaces, with some diminution of 
sensibility. In excessive doses it is an acro-narcotic poison. 
It is principally used in the form of decoction (a troyounce 
boiled in a pint of water for fifteen minutes, and water 
enough afterwards added to make the decoction measure 
a pint)*, in painful cutaneous affections, and also in chronic 
catarrh, rheumatism, and gout. An extract (dose, ten to 
twenty grains,) &]!& fluid extract (of which a fluidounce re- 
presents a troyounce of the stalks), are both officinal. 

ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM — DILUTED 
HYDROCYANIC ACID. 

Hydrocyanic acid, known also as cyanhydric acid, and 
prussic acid, is found in a variety of vegetable substances, 
as the bitter almond, peach kernels and leaves, wild 

* This is the usual formula for the decoctions, and is the mode of prepa- 
ration of all those which are stated to be of the strength of an ounce to a pint 
of water. 



70 MATERIA MEDICA. 

cherry, cherry laurel, &c. It is employed in medicine 
only in a state of extreme dilution ; and the diluted acid 
is obtained by the action of sulphuric acid and water on 
the ferrocyanide of potassium, or, when wanted for imme- 
diate use, by the action of muriatic acid and water on cya- 
nide of silver. 

Diluted hydrocyanic acid is a colorless, volatile liquid, 
with a peculiar odor, and a cooling, somewhat irritating 
taste. It undergoes decomposition if exposed to the light, 
and should be kept in bottles covered with black paint or 
paper. It contains two per cent, of the anhydrous or con- 
centrated acid. 

The anhydrous acid (HCy, or ffiSTC 2 ) is a colorless, 
transparent, very volatile and decomposable liquid, with a 
powerful, peculiar odor, and a cooling, afterwards burning, 
taste. Both water and alcohol dissolve it readily. It con- 
sists of one eq. of cyanogen and one of hydrogen. Its 
presence in a suspected mixture may be detected by the 
addition of a solution of nitrate of silver, which throws 
down a white, curdy precipitate of cyanide of silver, dis- 
tinguishable by its exhaling the peculiar odor of prussic 
acid on the addition of muriatic acid ; or (the best test) 
the hydrocyanic acid may be converted into hydrosulpho- 
cyanate of ammonia by the addition of bihydrosulphate 
of ammonia, and the salt thus formed yields a deep blood- 
red color upon the addition of a sesquioxide salt of iron. 

Physiological Effects. — When taken in medicinal doses, 
gradually increased, hydrocyanic acid occasions a bitter 
taste, increased flow of saliva, irritation in the throat, nau- 
sea, headache, giddiness, faintness, disorder of the vision, 
and tendency to sleep. The pulse is sometimes accele- 
rated, but more commonly depressed. In a poisonous 
dose, hydrocyanic acid arrests life with fearful rapidity, 
and is one of the most energetic poisons known, one or 
two drops of the pure acid being sufficient to destroy a 
dog in a few seconds. When not immediately fatal, it pro- 
duces great and sudden prostration, trismus, difficult and 



CYANIDE OF POTASSIUM. 71 

spasmodic respiration, dilatation and immobility and some- 
times contraction of the pupils, convulsions, &c. The best 
antidotes are chlorine, and a mixture of sulphate of iron (gr. 
x to water f5j), tincture of chloride of iron (f5j), and car- 
bonate of potassa (3j), in water (f§j or ij); inhalations of 
ammonia or its carbonate, and (if the patient can swallow), 
alcoholic stimuli are to be employed, and at the same time 
cold affusions and artificial respiration are to be also re- 
sorted to. 

Medicinal Uses. — Hydrocyanic acid is a valuable agent 
in allaying spasm, pain, and nervous irritability, in a variety 
of disorders, and is much used to relieve cough, particu- 
larly in phthisis pulmonalis, and for its antispasmodic vir- 
tues in asthma and whooping-cough. It is, moreover, a 
most efficacious remedy in gastrodynia, and in neuralgic 
affections of the bowels, and also in chronic vomiting. 
Topically, it is employed as an anodyne in neuralgia, and 
in various forms of cutaneous diseases (f3j to water Oj- 
Ojss). 

Dose of the officinal acid, one or two drops, to be re- 
peated and gradually increased by a drop, till some effect 
is perceptible. When it is taken for a length of time, care 
should be observed to have the medicine, as renewed, of 
uniform strength ; and it is best, in using a fresh sample, 
to return to the minimum dose. 

Potassii Cyantdum {Cyanide of Potassium), (KCy) is 
used as a substitute for hydrocyanic acid, and has the ad- 
vantage of being a more uniform chemical product, and 
less liable to undergo decomposition. It occurs in white, 
opaque, amorphous masses, having a sharp, somewhat 
alkaline and bitter-almond taste, and its solution yields the 
odor of hydrocyanic acid, when exposed to the air. It is 
very soluble in water, and sparingly so in alcohol. Its 
medicinal and poisonous effects are the same as those of 
hydrocyanic acid. Dose, gr. j- in half an ounce of distilled 
water, to be repeated and increased. The addition of a 



72 MATERIA MEDICA. 

few drops of some vegetable acid frees the hydrocyanic 
acid, and the same effect is produced by the acids of the 
stomach. 

Oleum Amygdala Amar^ {Oil of Bitter Almond), con- 
tains hydrocyanic acid, and may be used for the same 
purposes. It is obtained by distillation from the fruit of 
Amygdalus communis, variety Amara (Nat. Ord. Amyg- 
daleae), and is of a yellowish color, with a bitter, acrid, 
burning taste, and the peculiar odor of the bitter almond, 
which is different from that of hydrocyanic acid. It is 
heavier than water, slightly soluble in it, and soluble in 
alcohol and ether. Its effects upon the system are closely 
analogous to those of hydrocyanic acid, and its strength is 
about four times that of the diluted officinal acid. Dose, 
for internal use, a quarter to half a drop, in emulsion ; as 
an external application, one drop to a fluidounce of men- 
struum. Bitter Almond Water is used as a vehicle for nar- 
cotic medicines. Dose, half a fluidounce. 

Syrupus Amygdala (Syrup of Almond), made from both 
the sweet and bitter almonds, is slightly impregnated with 
the virtues of hydrocyanic acid, and is a pleasant vehicle 
for cough mixtures. The following is the formula for pre- 
paring it : Hub twelve troy ounces of blanched sweet almond 
and four troyounces of bitter almond to a fine paste, ad- 
ding, during the trituration, three fluidounces of water and 
twelve troyounces of sugar. Mix the paste with two pints 
and thirteen fluidounces of water, strain, and dissolve in 
this solution, at a gentle heat, sixty troyounces of powdered 
sugar. 

CAMPHORA — CAMPHOR. 

Camphor is a peculiar concrete substance, derived from 
Camphora officinarum, or the Camphor Laurel (Nat. Ord. 
Lauracese), a large evergreen tree of China, Japan, and 



CAMPHOR. 73 

Cochin-China. All parts of the tree are strongly impreg- 
nated with camphor, which is obtained from the roots and 
branches by sublimation. In this state it is known in 
commerce as crude camphor, and consists of dirty grayish 
grains, adhering in crumbling masses. Japan camphor 
(called also Dutch camphor) has a pinkish color, and is 
purer than the China camphor, but it is not brought to the 
United States. The crude camphor, as imported from 
Canton, is not found in the shops, until it is refined by re- 
sublimation with lime, when it is termed refined camphor. 

This occurs in large hemispherical or convex-concave 
cakes, perforated in the middle. It is solid at ordinary 
temperatures, soft, and somewhat tough, but may be 
readily powdered by the addition of a few drops of alco- 
hol. It is translucent, has a strong, fragrant odor, and an 
aromatic, bitter, afterwards cooling, taste. It is volatile, 
highly inflammable, lighter than water, and very slightly 
soluble in it, but soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, oils, 
and acids. Water, added to the spirit of camphor, pre- 
cipitates the camphor. 

A valuable camphor is known in the East, which is found 
in a concrete state in the cavities and fissures of the trunk 
of Dryobalanops Camphora, a tree of Borneo and Suma- 
tra. The Borneo camphor occurs in small fragments of 
crystals, which are transparent, brittle, and harder than 
the laurel camphor. An oil, or liquid camphor, is also ob- 
tained from the Dryobalanops, which is more highly es- 
teemed in Oriental countries than the camphor itself. 

Camphor is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 
(C 20 H 16 O 2 ). It has been considered to be an oxide of a hy- 
pothetical base called camphogen or camphene, which is 
isomeric with the oil of turpentine. When heated, it 
yields an oil, called oil of camphor. By passing hydrochlo- 
ric acid into oil of turpentine, a substance is obtained 
called artificial camphor. 

Physiological Effects. — The topical action of camphor is 
irritant. After its absorption, its effects, in small doses, 



74 MATERIA MEDICA. 

are moderately stimulant, exhilarant, and anodyne, with a 
determination to the skin. In large doses, it causes con- 
siderable disorder of the cerebro-spinal system, and gene- 
rally depression of the circulation ; and in excessive quan- 
tity, it acts as a powerful acro-narcotic poison, occasioning 
burning heat in the stomach, violent convulsions, and ma- 
niacal delirium. It is also an anaphrodisiac. In cases of 
poisoning, after evacuating the stomach, opium, wine, &c, 
are to be administered. 

Medicinal Uses. — From its combined narcotic and diapho- 
retic powers, camphor is a valuable remedy in the treat- 
ment of dysentery, and is much employed in this disease, 
either in combination with opium, or as a substitute for 
the latter. In the early stages of cholera, and in flatulent 
diarrhoea, it is also greatly prescribed. As a diaphoretic 
stimulant and antispasmodic, it is useful in the low stages 
of typhoid and typhus fevers, and in typhoid conditions of 
the system generally. In many forms of mental disorder, 
it calms irritability, relieves despondency, and induces 
sleep. And it has no superior among the anodynes, in al- 
laying irritation or pain of the genito-urinary organs, as in 
dysmenorrhea, uterine after-pains, strangury, nympho- 
mania, chordee, &c. From its anodyne and sudorific pro- 
perties, it is also applicable to the treatment of chronic 
rheumatism and gout. Externally, camphor is employed 
as an anodyne in rheumatism, and as a discutient in 
chronic inflammatory affections. 

Administration. — The medium dose, in substance, is gr. 
v to gr. x ; but it may vary from gr. j to 3j. It is best 
given in emulsion, made by rubbing up the camphor with 
loaf sugar, gum arabic, myrrh, and water. The form of 
pill is objectionable, from the difficulty with which it is 
dissolved in the gastric liquors. 

Aqua -Camphors (Camphor Water), is made by rubbing 
up camphor (120 grains) with 40 minims of alcohol, and 
subsequently with carbonate of magnesia (half a troy- 
ounce) and distilled water (two pints). The carbonate is 



CALABAR BEAN. 75 

used to promote the solution of the camphor, and is after- 
wards separated by filtration. Dose, f5j (containing about 
gr. iij) to fgij or iij. The spirit (four troyounces to alcohol 
Oij), is chiefly used as an embrocation, but it may be given 
internally, where the stimulus of the alcohol is not objec- 
tionable, in the dose of gtt. v. to f5j. 

Linimentum Camphors (Camphor Liniment), consists of 
camphor (1 part), dissolved in olive oil (4 parts) : a mild 
embrocation. 

Linimentum Saponis, (Soap Liniment), is made by digest- 
ing soap (four troyounces) and camphor (two troyounces) 
with oil of rosemary (half a fluidounce), in alcohol (two 
pints) and water (four fluidounces). It is a yellow oleagi- 
nous liquid, and is used as an anodyne and gently rubefa- 
cient application, in gouty and rheumatic pains, sprains, 
bruises, &c. 

Oleum Camphors (Oil of Camphor), the volatile oil ob- 
tained from Camphora officinarum, is a light reddish-brown 
fluid, with the odor and taste of camphor. It has medicinal 
properties similar to those of camphor, but is more stimu- 
lant, and therefore especially adapted to affections of the 
stomach and bowels. Dose, 2 or 3 drops. It is used also 
externally. 

PHTSOSTIGMA — CALABAR BEAN. 

This article, although not officinal, has been recently em- 
ployed in spasmodic diseases with much effect. It is 
derived from a perennial creeping plant of the western 
coast of Africa, which has received the name of Physo- 
stigma venenosum (Nat. Ord. Fabacese). The seed is about 
the size of a large horse-bean, irregularly kidney-form in 
shape, with a firm, hard, brittle, reddish or greyish-brown 
integument. The inner kernel is by far the more active 
portion ; it is hard, white, pulverizable, of an edible taste, 
without bitterness or acridity. Alcohol, but not water, 
extracts its medicinal virtues. It is said to have yielded 
an active principle, termed physostigmin. 



76 MATERIA MEDICA. 

The calabar bean has long been used among the negroes 
of Western Africa, as an ordeal to determine the guilt or 
innocence of accused individuals, whence its name, the 
ordeal heart of Calabar. It has been found, in full me- 
dicinal doses, to produce giddiness, torpor, paleness and 
coolness of the surface, weak and irregular pulse, relaxa- 
tion of the muscular system, and drowsiness, but not stupor. 
An interesting effect of its action is a remarkable power of 
contracting the pupil, whether taken internally or applied 
externally ; and it also contracts the ciliary muscle, which 
regulates the accommodating power of the eye. As a 
neurotic, its influence is more decided upon the spinal 
marrow than the brain. 

Calabar bean has been found highly efficacious in trauma- 
tic tetanus. It has been used also with success in chorea, 
and in poisoning from strychnia, and spasmodic cholera. 
In ophthalmic surgery, its employment is obvious, either to 
produce contraction of the pupil, or to increase the power 
of accommodating the eye to distances. 

The dose of the kernel is laid down as two or three 
grains, to begin with, gradually increased. By exhausting 
the kernel with alcohol, an alcoholic extract is obtained, of 
which the dose is one eighth of a grain. The best form 
of administration is a tincture, which may be made from 
the alcoholic extract, in the proportion of twelve grains to 
an ounce of alcohol — dose 10 drops ; or a solution in gly- 
cerin, may be used. Paper, impregnated with a concen- 
trated tincture of the bean, and afterwards dried, has been 
applied locally to the eye. 

COCCULUS — COCCULUS INDICUS. 

This is the dried seed of Anamirta Cocculus, (Nat. Orel. 
Menispermacese), a climbing shrub of India. The fruit is 
a one-celled berry, of a dark, purplish colour, with a soft 
pulp, and a single seed. This, when dried, is about the 
size of a pea, of a dark grayish color, and consists of a 



WOORARA. 77 

thin, dry, blackish, wrinkled integument, containing a 
whitish, oily, inodorous, very bitter kernel. The active 
properties reside in a peculiar white, crystallizable, bitter 
principle, termed picrotoxin, which is partially soluble in 
water, and very soluble in alcohol and ether. In the shell, 
an alkaloid termed menispermia has been found, and a 
neutral principle, of the same composition as the alkaloid, 
termed paramenispermin. 

Effects and Uses. — Cocculus Indicus is an acrid cerebro- 
spinal narcotic, capable, in large doses, of producing 
death. It has not been much used internally ; but in the 
form of decoction or ointment, is employed to destroy lice 
and other parasites, and for the cure of tinea and porrigo 
of the scalp. 'It is said to prevent the secondary fermen- 
tation of malt liquors into which it is sometimes introduced 
as an adulteration. Cocculus Indicus is not officinal. 



WOORARA. 

This substance, termed also woorari, woorali, and curare, 
has long been known as a powerful poison, prepared by 
the Indians in S. America, and, of late years, has been em- 
ployed as a medicine. Its source is unsettled, but it is 
generally considered to be an extract from the bark of an 
unknown plant. It is brought from the shores of the 
Amazon, and occurs in the form of dark-brown or grayish 
lumps or powder, of an intensely bitter taste, and, when 
triturated, of a powerful odor. A principle termed eura- 
rine is said to have been extracted from woorara. 

Effects and Uses. — Woorara is ranked with the sedative 
narcotics, and is considered to destroy life by more or less 
rapid paralysis of the respiratory muscles. A peculiarity 
of its action is that it is comparatively innoxious when 
taken by the stomach, being either not absorbed at all in 
this viscus, or so slowly, as to allow of its elimination by 
the kidneys, before dangerous accumulation in the blood. 



78 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Hence, for therapeutic purposes, it must be employed either 
endermically to a blistered surface, or by hypodermic in- 
jection. The diseases in which it has been chiefly used, 
are tetanus and epilepsy. The amount administered ender- 
mically is from a half to three quarters of a grain daily. 

ORDER II. — ETHEREAL ANESTHETICS. 

The term, Anaesthetics (from a, non, and aiadriatg, sensa- 
tion), properly speaking, includes all agents which diminish 
sensibility and relieve pain. It has however, been used to 
denominate a class of ethereal remedies, which are applied 
by inhalation, and produce such a condition of temporary 
insensibility, as to prevent pain during surgical operations 
and parturition. 

The vapors usually employed to produce anaesthesia 
are those of ether and chloroform. Many other sub- 
stances have, however, lately been introduced as anaesthe- 
tics. 

ETHER — ETHER. 

Ether is prepared by the distillation of alcohol and sul- 
phuric acid, and is afterwards rectified by redistillation 
with solution of potassa. For inhalation, however, it is 
further purified by being shaken with water, by which it 
is freed from alcohol, and this, as well as acid contamina- 
tions, are afterwards removed by the agency of chloride of 
calcium and freshly calcined lime. Thus purified, it is 
designated as ^Ether Fortior — Stronger Ether. 

Although commonly termed sulphuric ether, in allusion 
to the sulphuric acid used in its preparation, yet ether con- 
tains no sulphuric acid. By the action of the acid upon 
alcohol, this substance, which is chemically a hydrated 
oxide of ethyl, is deprived of the elements of water, and 
is converted into the oxide of ethyl or ether, for which the 
formula is C 4 H 5 0. 



ETHER. 79 

Ether is a transparent, colorless liquid, with a strong, 
fragrant odor, and a hot, pungent taste. It wholly evapo- 
rates in the air, so rapidly as to cause a considerable 
degree of cold, is very inflammable, combines with alcohol 
and chloroform in every proportion, and dissolves in ten 
times its volume of water. The sp. gr. of pure ether is 
0.713, of stronger ether, 0.728, of ordinary officinal ether, 
0.750. The boiling point of stronger ether is about 98° F. 

Effects and Uses when Swallowed. — When taken into the 
stomach, ether produces a primary stimulant and secondary 
narcotic effect, the stage of excitement being; however, very 
transient. It has long been employed as an antispasmodic 
and anodyne remedy in asthma, angina pectoris, hysteria, 
cramp of the stomach and bowels, spasm of the gall ducts, 
&c. ; and from its combined stimulant and antispasmodic 
virtues, it has been found useful in the latter stages of 
typhus, attended by subsultus tendinum, &c. As a topical 
anodyne, ether is a very good application in nervous head- 
ache and earache ; it has been also applied with advantage 
in aphthae, stomatitis, diphtheria, and other affections of 
the mouth and throat ; and from its refrigerant effects, it 
has been used in the reduction of strangulated hernise, 
and as a cooling lotion in cerebral affections. If evapo- 
ration be repressed, when it is applied locally, it acts 
as a rubefacient, and may be employed for counter- 
irritation. 

Dose, f5ss to f5j, to be increased when habitually used. 
It may be incorporated with water, by rubbing it up with 
spermaceti, in the proportion of two grains to a fluidrachm 
of ether, or it may be given in capsules of sugared gum. 

Effects and Uses when Inhaled. — When the vapor of ether 
is absorbed into the system through the pulmonary surface, 
the nervous functions are successively and progressively 
affected. The mental faculties and volition become first 
impaired; insensibility and unconsciousness rapidly super- 
vene, during which susceptibility to pain is lost; and the 
patient lies in a trance-like sleep, resembling death. This 



80 MATERIA MEDICA. 

condition is often preceded by one of excitement, during 
which patients sometimes moan, sing, rave, or present 
pugnacious manifestations. In the beginning of etheriza- 
tion, the circulation is accelerated, but it is afterwards 
depressed. The period of intoxication lasts from five to 
ten minutes, and the patient ordinarily recovers without 
serious inconvenience ; although headache, nausea, drow- 
siness, and languor sometimes ensue for a few hours. 
Occasionally, congestion of the brain or lungs, cataleptic 
rigidity with prolonged insensibility, and, in females, 
hysterical phenomena ensue after etherization; but these 
effects are uncommon, and it is believed that death has 
never followed the use of ether, when care has been taken 
to admit atmospheric air into the lungs along with the 
ether. During the stage of insensibility, convulsive 
twitches or muscular rigidity are occasionally noticed; 
the breathing is sometimes stertorous; the iris becomes 
fixed ; the pupils are dilated ; the eyeballs are upturned ; 
and the orbicularis palpebrarum does not contract when 
touched. Insensibility to pain in some cases takes place 
before unconsciousness ; and when patients are recovering 
from the latter state, the mental faculties are often com- 
pletely restored, while insensibility to pain continues. 

Since the year 1846, the inhalation of ether, first resorted 
to in our own country, has been practiced very generally 
in all parts of the world, with the greatest success, for the 
prevention of pain in surgical operations ; and its use has 
been also extended with the happiest results to the relief 
of pain in labor. 

It should not be exhibited where disease of the heart or 
brain, or serious obstruction of the lungs exists, or when 
from any cause there is unusual tendency to syncope, and 
precaution should be taken to guard against asphyxia; 
but, when administered with proper care and discrimina- 
tion, it is attended with little or no danger or unpleasant 
results of any kind. 

The quantity of ether necessary to effect etherization is 



CHLOROFORM. 81 

about two ounces ; and it may be conveniently applied by 
means of a soft sponge or handkerchief. The sponge is 
usually adjusted in shape to the projection of the nose, 
and, after being soaked in warm water, and squeezed dry, 
is saturated with pure ether. It is then applied to the 
nostrils, the mouth being left free to receive atmospheric 
air ; and, if irritability of the air-passages occur, this is to 
be gradually overcome. From three to fi.ve minutes are 
required to produce angesthezation, and its occurrence is 
known by closure of the eyelids (if they have been pre- 
viously open), failure to respond to questions, and muscular 
relaxation. The sponge is then to be removed, and may 
be reapplied from time to time if necessary. 

Etherization has been also resorted to in a variety of 
morbid conditions, in which the administration of nar- 
cotics and antispasmodics has been found useful. It exerts 
a powerful control over the violent types of spasmodic 
disease, and has been prescribed with the greatest advan- 
tage in hysteria, tetanus, poisoning from strychnia, asthma, 
chorea, convulsions, puerperal eclampsia, whooping-cough, 
dysmenorrhea, and almost every description of spasm ; 
and as a relaxant in the reduction of dislocations. 

Local anaesthesia and congelation may be produced 
through the agency of the ether spray applied to a part by 
the atomizer, (see p. 89). 

CHLOROFORMUM — CHLOROFORM. 

Chloroform is obtained from the distillation of alcohol 
with chlorinated lime, but, for medicinal use, the chloroform 
of commerce requires purification, which is accomplished 
by shaking it with sulphuric acid. This destroys the 
chlorinated pyrogenous oil, which contaminates the chlo- 
roform, and the sulphurous acid formed and the water 
present are afterwards removed by means of alcohol and 
carbonate of potassa. 

Purified Chloroform (Chloroformum Purification) is a 

6 



82 MATERIA MEDICA. 

colorless, volatile liquid, of a bland, ethereal odor, and a 
hot, aromatic, saccharine taste. It is not inflammable, is 
slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in alcohol and 
ether. It has extensive solvent powers, dissolving cam- 
phor, the fixed and volatile oils, most resins and fats, 
iodine, bromine, the organic alkalies, &c. Sp. gr. from 
1.49 to 1.494 ; but, as usually found, its sp. gr. is about 
1.475, when it contains a little alcohol, and is less apt to 
become acid. Its boiling point is 140° F. It is, chemi- 
cally, a terchloride of formyl, C 2 HC1 3 . 

Physiological Effects. — The effects of chloroform on the 
system are analagous to those of ether, but much more 
rapid and powerful. When inhaled, in the dose of a 
fluidrachm or more, it rapidly induces anaesthetic sleep, 
with great relaxation of the muscles, and the most com- 
plete insensibility to painful agents. The period at which 
insensibility occurs varies from fifteen seconds to two 
minutes ; and it continues usually between five and ten 
minutes, and may be prolonged considerably, by renewals 
of the inhalation. The patient usually recovers without 
recollection of what has occurred during the state of insen- 
sibility, and with few or no uncomfortable sequelae. 

The administration of chloroform has, in some cases, 
been attended with fatal syncope. This has ordinarily 
occurred with such rapidity as to render remedial inter- 
ference unavailing; but, at the slightest approach of 
symptoms of the kind, the patient should be placed in a 
recumbent position, cold affusions should be applied, and, 
above all, electro-magnetism should be resorted to. It 
would be proper always to have an electro-magnetic 
machine ready for use, when chloroform is inhaled. 

Topically applied, and when its evaporation is pre- 
vented, chloroform acts as an irritant, and soon vesicates 
the skin — powerfully diminishing painful impressions 
during its application. 

Medicinal Uses. — Chloroform is prescribed by the stomach 
as an anodyne and antispasmodic, in all the cases to which 



CHLOROFORM. • 83 

ether is applicable, and has the advantage of a more agree- 
able taste. It has been found particularly useful to relieve 
the pain and vomiting of cancer of the stomach. It has 
been also extolled as an antiperiodic in the treatment of 
intermittent fevers. Externally, it is used as a topical 
anodyne, and also as a . stimulating application to foul 
and indolent ulcers, and occasionally for its constitutional 
effects. 

Dose, from f5ss to f5j, in sweetened water or mucilage ; 
to be repeated. As an anti-neuralgic liniment, £5j to f§ij 
of camphor liniment ; or as a rubefacient and anodyne, un- 
diluted, on linen, covered with oiled silk, to prevent evapo- 
ration. As a wash or gargle, f5j or ij to water Oj. 

The introduction of chloroform, as an .anaesthetic, took 
place shortly after that of ether ; and, from its greater in- 
tensity of action, its freedom from irritating effects on the 
bronchial mucous membrane, its more agreeable odor, and 
its non-inflammability, it has been extensively used, parti- 
cularly in Great Britian, to the exclusion of ether. A num- 
ber of fatal cases have, however, occurred from the inhal- 
ation of this agent, where its administration did not appear 
in any way counter-indicated ; and it can scarcely be con- 
sidered a perfectly safe remedy. It is employed as an 
anaesthetic, anodyne, and antispasmodic, to fulfil the indi- 
cations to which ether is applicable. 

The dose for inhalation is a fluidrachm, to be repeated . 
in two minutes, if anaesthesia be not produced ; and its 
effects may be renewed from time to time, without injury. 
It may be applied on a handkerchief, held near the nose or 
mouth, care being taken to allow a proper admixture of 
atmospheric air. 

A solution of chloroform in ether has been used in the 
United States, but from the unequal volatilization of the 
two liquids, it must be difficult to modify their effects by 
combination. 

Spiritus Chloroformi [Spirit of Chloroform), is a solution 
of one part of chloroform in six parts of alcohol ; a conve- 
nient form for internal exhibition. Dose, f5ss-f5j. 



84 MATERIA. MEDICA. 

Liniment of Chloroform is made by mixing three parts of 
chloroform with four parts of olive oil. 

Mixture of Chloroform is made by mixing chloroform, in 
which camphor is dissolved (sixty grains in half a troyounce 
of chloroform), with six fluiclounces of water, by the inter- 
vention of the yolk of an egg. Dose, f§ss-foj. 

Since the discovery of the anaesthetic properties of ether 
and chloroform, many other substances have been employed 
for the purpose of anaesthesia. Of these may be mentioned : 

I. Ehigolene, a petroleum naptha, obtained by the dis- 
tillation of petroleum. It is the lightest of all known 
liquids, having a sp. gr. 0.625, is highly volatile, and in- 
flammable, boils at 70° F., and in its composition is a 
hydrocarbon, containing no oxygen. It is nearly odorless, 
and has been employed to produce local anaesthesia through 
the agency of the atomizer, and is the most convenient, 
most rapid, and most easily controlled freezing liquid 
that can be used. Its name is derived from ptyog, extreme 
cold. 

II. Bichloride or Methylene. — This liquid is most easily 
procured by the action of nascent hydrogen (developed 
from zinc, water, and sulphuric acid), upon chloroform. Its 
composition is CH 2 C1 2 . It is a colorless fluid, having a 
pleasant ethereal odor like that of chloroform, boils at 88° 
F., has sp. gr. 1.34, and mixes with ether and chloroiorm 
in all proportions. It is said nearly to equal chloroform in 
efficacy, with less danger to life, while its effects are much 
more rapid. It may be used in about the same dose as 
chloroform. 

III. Compounds or Amyl. — Various compounds of amyl 
(C 10 H n ), products derivable from the oxidation of starchy 
matter, have been proposed as anaesthetics. Amylic alcohol, 
or fusel oil (the hydrated oxide of amyl, C 10 H n O+HO), is 
one of the products of the alcoholic fermentation. It is a 
colorless, oily liquid, of a strong, offensive odor, and an 
acrid, burning taste. When inhaled by animals, it has 



TETRACHLORIDE OF CARBON. 85 

been found to produce muscular paralysis and convulsions. 
Amylene (C 10 H 10 ) is prepared by distilling amylic alcohol 
with a concentrated solution of chloride of zinc. It is a 
colorless, mobile liquid, having a peculiar, disagreeable 
smell. Of the amyl series, amylene alone can be considered 
as a true ansesthetic, that will produce complete insensi- 
bility to pain. An extreme dose is, however, required for 
this purpose, and its operation is dangerous to life. The 
hydruret, iodide, acetate, and nitrite of amyl have also been 
employed. Of these compounds, however, the nitrite 
alone appears likely to come into use as a therapeutic 
agent. The nitrite of amyl is prepared by heating one 
part of strong nitric acid with two parts of rectified fusel 
oil until the reaction just commences, when the fire is 
withdrawn. After the violent reaction has subsided, heat 
is again carefully applied. The distillate obtained below 
212° F., is rectified over carbonate of potassa, with the pre- 
caution to collect only that portion distilling between 202° 
and 206° F. It is a nitrite of the oxide of amyl, and is a 
pale straw-colored, volatile, inflammable liquid, of sp. gr. 
0.913, boiling at 182° F., with an odor like that of over- 
ripe pears. Its composition is C^H^Og+HO. It is 
not a true anaesthetic, as it does not destroy consciousness, 
unless a condition approaching to death is produced. It 
exercises, however, a rapid and powerful influence on 
the heart and circulation, and as an excitant of vascular 
action may be considered the most energetic agent as yet 
physiologically discovered. It has been employed to rouse 
the system in cases of syncope and prostration. Experi- 
ments upon animals show it to be also a physiological an- 
tidote in cases of poisoning from strychnia, and it would 
probably prove efficacious in tetanus. Dose, 5 to 6 drops. 
IY. Tetrachloride of Carbon. — This substance, termed 
also bichloride of carbon and chlorocarbon, is analogous 
to chloroform in its composition (C 2 C1 4 ), the atom of hydro- 
gen in chloroform being replaced by an atom of chlorine. 
It is made by passing the vapor of bisulphuret of carbon, 



86 MATERIA MEDICA. 

together with chlorine, through a red-hot porcelain tube ; 
and is purified by agitation with an alcoholic solution of 
potash, afterwards washing with water, and subsequently 
redistilling. It is a transparent, colorless fluid, having an 
ethereal and sweetish odor, not unlike that of chloroform. 
Its sp. gr. is high, 1.56, and its boiling point, 170° F. It 
is miscible in all proportions with ether and chloroform. 
Chlorocarbon has been employed by inhalation, as an anti- 
spasmodic, anodyne, and anaesthetic, and has the advantage 
of a pleasant smell and freedom from nauseating effect. For 
full and prolonged- anaesthesia, however, there are object- 
ions to its use in the heaviness of its vapor, its insufficient 
volatility, and the consequent difficulty of its elimination 
from the system. It may be inhaled to the extent of f5i. A 
mixture of one part of chlorocarbon and six parts of chlo- 
roform is recommended as a safe and agreeable anaesthetic. 
V. Nitrous Oxide Gas was the substance by which 
anaesthesia was in the first instance produced, in the hands 
of Mr. Horace Wells, a dentist of Hartford, Connecticut. 
It is made by the decomposition of nitrate of ammonia by 
heat. Its composition is NO. It is a colorless, respirable 
gas, absorbable by water, and the solution, like the gas 
itself, has a faint, agreeable odor and sweet taste. This 
gas is both a pleasant and efficient anaesthetic, more transi- 
tory in its action than either ether or chloroform, and free 
from disagreeable or serious consequences. It is well 
adapted to employment in the extraction of teeth, but its 
effects are too transient for the anaesthesia required in pro- 
tracted surgical operations. The amount necessary to pro- 
duce anaesthesia, (one or two gallons) is also an objection 
to its general use. "Water impregnated with about ^ve 
times its volume of nitrous oxide, has been used internally 
as a stimulant, in the dose of half a pint to a pint and a 
half, during the course of the day. In experiments upon 
dogs, nitrous oxide water injected into the bowels has been 
found to act as a physiological antidote in cases of poison- 
ing from chloroform, carbonic acid, hydrocyanic acid, and 
other agents. 



ASSAFETIDA. 87 



ORDER III. — ANTISPASMODICS. 



Antispasmodics are medicines that allay irregular ner- 
vous action. Their effects upon the economy in a state of 
health are not very decided, and are limited to a slight stimu- 
lation of the circulation, and exhilaration of the mental 
faculties. Their influence is, however, strikingly shown in 
certain deranged conditions of the nervous system, particu- 
larly in those forms of spasm which depend upon idiopathic 
or primary nervous disorder. They are also useful in many 
varieties of mental disturbance, as wakefulness, hypochon- 
driasis, and even insanity, and are often preferable to nar- 
cotics in the treatment of these cases, from their compara- 
tive freedom of action on the brain. 



ASSAF(ETIDA — ASSAFETIDA. 

Assafetida is the concrete juice of the root of Narthex 
Assafcetida (Nat. Ord. Apiacese). This plant is a native of 
Persia, and has a large, tapering root, the size of a man's 
leg, with long, lanceolate leaves, springing directly from 
the root, and an erect stem, from six to nine feet in height, 
rising from the midst of the leaves. The drug is obtained 
from incisions made into the root, or by taking successive 
slices of it. The exuded juice is scraped off, hardened in 
the sun, and afterwards packed for exportation. It occurs 
in masses of various size, consistence, and color, but is 
usually whitish, intermixed with darker spots, and becomes 
reddish, and finally brown, by exposure to the air. It is 
sometimes soft and adhesive, at other times hard and brit- 
tle, and is not readily powdered, except at a low tempera- 
ture. It breaks with a waxy lustre, and the best samples 
appear to be composed of irregularly-shaped tears. Its 
taste is unpleasant, bitter, and acrid; its odor powerful, 
alliaceous, and fetid. 

Assafetida is a gum-resin, united to a volatile oil. The 
gum is dissolved by water ; and the mucilage thus formed 



88 MATERIA MEDICA. 

suspends the resin and volatile oil. The resin and volatile 
oil are soluble in alcohol ; but the tincture becomes milky 
on the addition of water, owing to the separation of the 
resin. 

Physiological Effects. — Assafetida is a moderate excitant 
and exhilarant, and exerts a marked influence upon morbid 
conditions of the nervous system. It also stimulates the 
mucous secretions generally, and increases the peristaltic 
action of the bowels. Its volatile oil is absorbed, and the 
odorous principle is recognized in the secretions, especially 
in the perspiration. 

Medicinal Uses. — ISTo medicine is more highly esteemed 
as a direct antispasmodic than assafetida. It is mach re- 
sorted to in the various forms of hysteria, and is particu- 
larly valuable in relieving the mental depression, which 
constitutes one of the protean types of this disorder. In 
other spasmodic diseases, as chorea, asthma, whooping- 
cough, &c.,it is a favorite remedy with many practitioners ; 
and from its combined expectorant and antispasmodic pro- 
perties, it is particularly adapted to spasmodic pectoral af- 
fections. In certain diseases of the abdominal viscera, as 
flatulent colic and costiveness, assafetida is often useful as 
an antispasmodic and laxative enema. It is also prescribed 
as a stimulating emmenagogue, when the uterine disorder 
is attended with a disturbance of the nervous functions. 

Notwithstanding its disagreeable odor, this drug is 
largely used as a condiment in Asia ; and even in the re- 
fined cookery of Europe its flavor is admired. Many per- 
sons take it habitually for its exhilarant effects ; and, when 
used as a medicine, it generally becomes acceptable. 

Administration. — Dose, gr. v to 3j, in pill. It is most 
frequently given in the form of mixture (Mistura Assafoe- 
tidse, — 5ij 5 rubbed gradually with water Oss), — dose, fgss 
to fgj, repeated; or as an enema, fgij to f§iv. This mix- 
ture, from its whiteness and opacity, is sometimes called 
lac assafoetidoe, or milk of assafetida. Pills of assafetida, made 
by beating up three parts of assafetida with one part of soap 



AMMONIAC. 89 

and a little water, are officinal, each pill containing 3 grs. 
of the gum-resin. The tincture (four troyounces to alcohol 
Oij — dose f5j), is a good preparation, where the alcohol is 
not objectionable. A plaster is used externally in whoop- 
ing-cough and catarrh ; it is made by dissolving twelve 
troyounces of assafetida and six troyounces of galbanum in 
three pints of alcohol, evaporating to the consistence of 
honey, and to this adding twelve troyounces of lead plaster 
and six troyounces of yellow wax, previously melted to- 
gether. 



GALBANUM. 

Galbanum is the concrete juice of an unknown Eastern 
plant. It is met with in the form of tears, or more com- 
monly in lumps, of a brownish color, and has a peculiar 
balsamic odor, and a hot, bitter, acrid taste. It is a gum- 
resin united to a volatile oil. Its effects are similar to 
those of assafetida, but less active ; and it is chiefly em- 
ployed externally, as a stimulant and resolvent to indolent 
swellings. The compound pills of galbanum are used as 
antispasmodic and emmenagogue ; they are made by beat- 
ing into a pilular mass three hundred and sixty grains of 
galbanum and myrrh, each, and one hundred and twenty 
grains of assafetida, with a little syrup, the mass to be 
divided into 240 pills, — dose, 10 to 20 grains. Galbanum 
forms the basis of the compound galbanum plaster, which 
contains eight parts of galbanum, one part of turpentine, 
three parts of Burgundy pitch, and thirty-six parts of 
plaster of lead. 

AMMONIACUM — AMMONIAC. 

This is the concrete juice of Dorema Ammoniacum 
(Nat. Ord. Apiaceee), a plant of Persia. It comes in tears 
or lumps, of an irregular shape, yellowish on the. outside, 
whitish within, is moderately hard and brittle, and has an 



90 MATERIA MEDICA. 

unpleasant, bitter, and rather acrid taste, with a peculiar 
smell, somewhat like that of galbanum. It is a gum- 
resin, with a little volatile oil. Its effects are similar to 
those of assafetida; but it is seldom used, except as an 
antispasmodic expectorant in chronic catarrh. Dose, gr. 
x to xxx. A mixture and -plaster are officinal. The mixture 
has the same formula as mixture of assafetida ; the plaster 
is made by dissolving five trot/ounces of ammoniac in half a 
pint of diluted acetic acid, straining, and evaporating to a 
proper consistence. A plaster of ammoniac with mercury 
is also officinal. 



VALERIANA — VALERIAN. 

Valeriana officinalis, or Wild Valerian (Nat. Ord. Vale- 
rianacese), is a perennial European plant, growing to the 
height of three or four feet, with serrated leaves, and small, 
reddish-white fragrant flowers. The root is the portion 
used, and consists of numerous long, slender, cylindrical 
fibres, attached to a rough, tuberculated head. The color 
of the dried root externally is yellowish or brown, and in- 
ternally white ; when powdered, it is yellowish-gray. It 
has a peculiar, powerful odor, of which cats are fond, and 
a bitterish, subacrid, aromatic taste. Water and alcohol 
extract its virtues, which depend on the presence of a vola- 
tile oil, from which a peculiar colorless, volatile acid, called 
valerianic, may be separated. 

Effects and Uses. — Valerian generally acts as an ener- 
getic excitant and antispasmodic, although at times it 
makes but a feeble impression on the system. It is much 
used as a nervous excitant and antispasmodic in the va- 
rious forms of hysteria, and occasionally, also, in epilepsy, 
chorea, hemicrania, hypochondriasis, delirium tremens, &c. 

Dose of the powder, from 5ss to Sjss, three or four times 
a day ; of the infusion (half a troyounce to Oj of water), 
fgj to ij ; of the tincture (four troyounces to diluted alcohol 
Oij), f5j ; of the ammoniated tincture (four troyounces to 



SKUNK CABBAGE. 91 

aromatic spirit; of ammonia Oij — an excellent preparation), 
f5j to ij ; of the fluid extract, f5j ; of the alcoholic extract, 
gr. x to xxx ; of the oil, 4 or 5 drops. 

Ammonia Valerianas ( Valerianate of Ammonia). — This' 
salt, made by combining valerianic acid with ammonia, 
occurs in snow-white, pearly crystals, of an offensive odor 
like that of valerianic acid, and a sharp, sweetish taste. It 
is soluble both in water and alcohol. Much employed in 
neuralgia, hysteria, chorea, epilepsy, &c. Dose, gr. ij-viij, 
given in coated pills ; or an elixir, prepared with aro- 
matics, may be used. 

CYPRIPEDIUM. 

The root of Cypripedium pubescens, or yellow lady's- 
slipper, [Nat Ord. Orchidacese) a common indigenous plant, 
growing to the height of one or two feet, possesses mild 
antispasmodic properties, and has been used as a substitute 
for valerian. Dose of the powdered root, gr. xv, three times 
a day. An infusion and tincture are also used ; by pre- 
cipitating the tincture, an oleoresin is obtained, of which 
the dose is half a grain to three grains. 

SCUTELLARIA — SKULLCAP. 

The herb of Scutellaria lateriflora {Nat. Ord. Labiatse), 
an indigenous perennial herb, growing to the height of one 
or two feet, with ovate, acute, dentate, petiolate, opposite 
leaves, and small pale-blue flowers, is considered by many 
American practitioners to possess valuable antispasmodic 
properties. An infusion (two troyounces to boiling water 
Oj) may be taken ad libitum ; and a fluid extract is also 
used. 

DRACONTIUM — SKUNK CABBAGE. 

Dracontium foetidum, Symplocarpus fcetidus, or Skunk 
Cabbage (Nat. Ord. Orontiacese), is an indigenous plant, 



92 MATERIA MEDICA. 

growing in moist situations, which flowers- in April and 
May, and afterwards sends up numerous large and luxu- 
riant leaves. The fresh root has a strong, fetid odor, and 
an acrid taste, but loses these properties by being kept. It 
is stimulant, antispasmodic, and narcotic, and is employed 
in hysteria, asthma, chronic catarrh, &c. Dose, gr. x to xx, 
gradually increased. It is also given in the form of infu- 
sion. The leaves are used in the country to keep up the 
discharge from blistered surfaces, and to stimulate indo- 
lent ulcers. 

The* following vegetable substances, used as articles of 
diet, may be ranked also with antispasmodics : 

I. Thea — Tea, the dried leaves of Thea Chinensis, (Nat. 
Ord. Ternstromiaceae), an evergreen shrub, of China and 
Japan, whence the markets of the world are supplied. 
The most important constituents of tea are essential oil, 
(upon which the flavour depends), tannic acid, and a 
crystalline, volatilizable, nitrogenous alkaloid principle, 
termed theina. 

II. Caffea — Coffee, the seed of Caffea Arabica, (Nat. 
Ord. Cinchonacese), a small tree, which is a native of 
Southern Arabia and Abyssinia, and is cultivated in va- 
rious tropical and semi-tropical countries. Coffee contains 
a nitrogenous principle, caffeina (C 16 H 10 N" 4 O 4 ), which is con- 
sidered to be identical with theina, and two peculiar princi- 
ples, one resembling tannin, termed caffeo-tannic acid, and 
caffeie acid. The volatile oil, upon which the flavour de- 
pends, is developed by roasting. Coffee may be used for 
the general indications of antispasmodics, and is besides 
especially efiicacious in relieving the sopor produced by 
opium poisoning. 

III. Theobroma — Chocolate (noticed more at length 
under the head of demulcents — see Oil of Theobroma) con- 
tains a nitrogenous principle, theobromia, nearly identical 
in composition with caffeina (C 14 H 8 ]Sr 4 4 ). 

IV. Erythroxylon Coca — Coca. — The leaves of this 



MUSK. 93 

plant have long been used as a masticatory by the Indians 
in Peru, for the purpose of enabling them to undergo 
fatigue, hunger, and thirst. Statements have been recently 
made, of the medicinal efficacy of this substance as a ner- 
vous stimulant, in doses of half an ounce, in infusion. 
An alkaloid principle, termed coc'aina has been found in 
coca. 

V. Guanara. — This occurs in chocolate-colored cylin- 
ders, which are worked up from the fruit of Paullinia 
Sorbilis (Nat. Ord. Sapindacese), a plant of Brazil, where it 
is used to make a common and highly esteemed beverage. 
It is said to contain twice as much theina as the best tea. 
It is recommended medicinally, as a tonic, astringent, and 
antispasmodic. 

VI. Mate. — Under this name, the dried leaves of IlexPa- 
raguaiensis, a small tree or shrub of Paraguay, cultivated 
also in other parts of S. America, are extensively used as a 
beverage throughout the Atlantic region of that continent. 
Paraguay tea, as it is termed, has a balsamic odor and 
bitter taste, and contains a principle identical with caffeina 
and theina, and also tannic acid. 

MOSCHUS — MUSK. 

Musk is a peculiar concrete substance obtained from 
Moschus moschiferus, or the Musk Deer, an animal rather 
larger than the goat, and resembling the deer in its cha- 
racters, which inhabits the mountainous portions of Cen- 
tral Asia. The musk-bag is found only in the male, and 
lies between the umbilicus and prepuce. It is an oval 
pod, about two and a half inches long, and one and a half 
broad, flat on one side, and convex and hairy on the 
other; and in the full-grown animal contains from 5jss 
to 5vj, of a liquid secretion, which, when dried, is musk. 
Two kinds are known in commerce, the China and the 
Russia Musk, the former of which is much the stronger. 

Musk occurs in grains or lumps concreted together, of a 



94 MATERIA MEDICA. 

reddish-brown color, and has usually some hairs of the 
pod mixed with it. It has a powerful diffusive, aromatic 
odor, and a bitterish taste. It is inflammable, leaving a 
light spongy charcoal. On analysis, it yields ammonia and 
a variety of other constituents, but the odorous principle 
has not been isolated. It is partially soluble in water and 
alcohol, and completely so in ether. 

Owing to its high price, musk is greatly sophisticated. 
Sometimes artificial pods are met with, which may be dis- 
tinguished from the genuine, by the absence of the remains 
of the penis and of an aperture in the middle of the hairy 
coat. The musk itself is more frequently adulterated, by 
mixture with dried blood, and a variety of substances. 
Indeed, little if any genuine musk is found in the shops. 

Effects and Uses. — Musk is a powerful excitant and anti- 
spasmodic, without much effect on the cerebral functions. 
If a pure article could be obtained, it would have no supe- 
rior as a direct antispasmodic in the treatment of essential 
nervous disorders — hysteria, epilepsy, chorea, and hic- 
cough, and as a combined excitant and antispasmodic in 
the latter stages of typhus. But it is now little prescribed, 
owing to the difficulty of procuring it good. 

Administration. — It may be given in the form of bolus 
or emulsion. Dose, gr. . x, to be repeated every two or 
three hours. 

An article, termed Artificial Musk, is made by the 
addition of one part of rectified oil of amber to three parts 
of nitric acid. It resembles musk both in sensible and 
medicinal properties, and has been prescribed in its stead, 
in the same dose. 



CASTOREUM — CASTOR. 

This is a peculiar concrete substance, found in mem- 
branous follicles, which exist between the anus and exter- 
nal genitals of the Castor fiber, or Beaver,. It occurs in 
the form of solid unctuous masses, contained in pairs of 



KECTIFIED OIL OF AMBER. 95 

sacs about two inches in length, of a brownish-black color 
externally, and of a reddish-brown color internally. It has 
a peculiar, penetrating, disagreeable smell, and a bitter, 
acrid, nauseous taste. It is soluble in alcohol and ether. 
Castor contains, with other matters, a volatile oil, a pecu- 
liar neutral crystalline substance, termed castorin, and sali- 
cin, the bitter principle of the willow. According to 
many authorities, the oil is a derivative of salicin. 

Effects and Uses. — Castor is moderately excitant and an- 
tispasmodic, and is very analogous in its effects to musk. 
It is not much used. Dose of castor in substance, gr. x to 
gr. xx ; of the tincture (two troyounces to alcohol Oij), £5j 
to f5ij. 

OLEUM SUCCINI RECTIFIC ATU M — RECTIFIED OIL OF 

AMBER. 

Amber, Succinum, is a sort of fossil resin found in va- 
rious parts of the world, and comes to this country from 
the shores of the Baltic. It is a hard, brittle substance, 
usually translucent, and of a pale golden-yellow color, insi- 
pid, and inodorous, except when heated. By distillation, 
it yields an oil which, when rectified, is employed medici- 
nally. The oil is nearly colorless at first, but gradually 
becomes brown, has a strong, peculiar odor, and a pun- 
gent, acrid taste. It is soluble in alcohol. An acid called 
succinic is also obtained from amber. 

Effects and Uses. — Oil of amber is excitant and antispas- 
modic, and has been used in hysteria, epilepsy, tetanus, 
pertussis, and amenorrhcea. It is chiefly employed as an 
external application, and is a good remedy in pertussis, 
and convulsions of children. Dose of the oil, gtt. v to 
gtt. xv. For external use, it may be mixed with three or 
four parts of olive oil and brandy, with one part of lauda- 
num added. 



96 MATERIA MBDICA. 



OLEUM ^THEREUM — ETHEREAL OIL. 

This substance, known also as oil of wine, is a result of the 
distillation of alcohol with a large excess of sulphuric acid. 
It is a volatile liquid, of a yellowish color and peculiar 
odor, very sparingly soluble in water, but readily dissolved 
by alcohol or ether. It has antispasmodic properties, but 
is 'used in medicine only as an ingredient of the compound 
spirit of ether. 

SPIRITUS JTHBRIS COMPOSITUS — COMPOUND SPIRIT 

OF ETHER. 

This preparation, known as Hoffman's Anodyne Liquor, 
is a solution of ethereal oil (fSvj), in ether (Oss), and alco- 
hol (Oj). It is a volatile liquid, with a burning, slightly 
sweetish taste, and the peculiar odor of ethereal oil. It 
becomes milky on being mixed with water, owing to the 
precipitation of the ethereal oil. 

Effects and Uses. — Hoffman's Anodyne has the antispas- 
modic and stimulant effects of ether, and derives additional 
tranquillizing and anodyne properties from the ethereal oil 
present. It is much used in hysteria, and is often added 
to laudanum, to prevent the nausea which the latter some- 
times excites. Dose, fSj to f5ij, in sweetened water. 

ORDER IV. — TONICS. 

Tonics, called also corroborants, are medicines which 
produce a gradual and permanent increase of nervous 
vigor. It is only, however, in certain conditions of dis- 
ease that they manifest this invigorating influence : as, in 
a state of health, they often act as irritants, or even nau- 
seants. Their local effects are similar to their general 
effects. They exalt the nervous functions of the parts to 
which they are applied, and increase their firmness and 
density. When taken into the stomach they produce a 



TONICS. 97 

twofold corroborant effect, improving the digestive powers 
by their local action, and strengthening the system gene- 
rally by their cerebro-spinal influence. 

Tonics differ from stimulants only in the more perma- 
nent character of their effects. The more powerful tonics 
are closely allied to the narcotics in their action, produ- 
cing, in overdoses, giddiness, loss of sight and of hearing, 
convulsions, delirium, and even death. And this analogy 
is farther illustrated by the curative powers of tonics in 
the relief of painful and spasmodic diseases, as neuralgia, 
rheumatism, chorea, and epilepsy. 

The articles of this class may be divided into vegetable 
and mineral tonics. The vegetable tonics are characterized 
by bitterness ; and it is said that they owe their bitterness 
and medicinal activity to a principle which has been 
termed bitter extractive. It is doubtful, however, whether 
any such proximate principle has really been obtained. 
The mineral tonics unite astringent with tonic properties ; 
and the preparations of iron produce a further corrobo- 
rant effect, by increasing the red coloring matter of the 
blood. 

The therapeutic application of tonics comprises a diver- 
sified range of diseases. They are employed as stomachics 
in dyspepsia, and as general corroborants in convalescence 
from acute diseases, in chronic affections accompanied by 
marasmus and cachexia, and in typhus and gangrene. 
But their most striking and valuable powers are shown in 
their febrifuge influence upon malarious diseases. The 
modus medendi here is obscure, but the curative agency 
is undoubtedly due to a powerful impression upon the 
central organs of the nervous system. The anti-neuralgic 
and antispasmodic properties of tonics have already been 
alluded to. They also enjoy considerable reputation in 
the treatment of chronic bowel-complaints, where they act 
by restoring tone to the debilitated intestinal tube ; and, 
on the other hand, they are often useful as laxatives in 
torpid conditions of the alimentary canal. 

7 



98 MATERIA MEDICA. 



VEGETABLE TONICS. 

The vegetable tonics may be arranged into three sec- 
tions, viz. : 1. The pure bitters. 2. The aromatic bitters, 
which contain a stimulant volatile oil, and are aromatic as 
well as tonic. 3. The astringent bitters, which contain 
tannic and gallic acids, and are both astringent and tonic : 
this group contains cinchona, the most powerful and im- 
portant of the vegetable tonics. The bitter principle is 
found also in many medicines belonging to other classes, 
as rhubarb, aloes, taraxacum, &c, and gives them tonic 
properties. 

SIMPLE BITTERS. 

QUASSIA. 

Quassia is the wood of Simaruba excelsa {Nat. Ord. 
Simarubacese), a lofty tree of Jamaica and other West 
Indian islands. It is imported from the West Indies in 
billets of various sizes, which are found in the shops in 
the form of chips or raspings. Externally, it is covered 
with a smooth, brittle bark ; the wood is white, but be- 
comes yellowish by exposure. It has no odor, but an 
intense permanently bitter taste. Water and alcohol 
extract its virtues, which are said to depend on a neutral 
principle termed quassin. 

The article originally known as Quassia was the root 
and wood of Quassia amara, a shrub of Surinam, but this 
does not now reach our markets. It is thought to have 
possessed much more decided tonic properties than the 
drug now found in commerce. 

Effects and Uses. — Quassia is a mild tonic, free from 
stimulant or astringent effects, and is employed princi- 
pally in dyspepsia, want of appetite, and other stomachic 
..affections. It is much used to give additional bitterness 
to malt liquors. Dose, in powder 3j to 5j, three or four 



GOLDTHREAD. 



99 



times a day ; but the best form of administration is that of 
infusion (5\j to water Oj), in doses of iSjss to f?>irj. An 
extract (aqueous) is given in the dose of gr. v, but it is 
principally used as an excipient for the administration of 
the mineral tonics. Of the tincture (two troy ounces to 
diluted alcohol Oij), the dose is f5j to fSij. 

SIM A RUB A. 

Simaruba is the bark of the root of Simaruba officinalis 
(Nat. Ord. Simarubacese), a tall tree of Jamaica and many 
parts of South America. It occurs in long pieces of 
various sizes, which are much rolled or quilled, of a 
brownish-yellow color externally, and yellow internally. 
It contains a bitter principle, analogous to quassin, and 
resembles quassia in its medicinal effects. 



COPTIS — GOLDTHREAD. 

Fig. 8. 




Coptis trifolia, or Goldthread (Nat. Ord. Ranunculacese), 
is a small, evergreen, herbaceous plant, resembling the 



100 MATERIA MEDICA. 

strawberry- vine, with perennial creeping roots, slender 
stems, round, ternate leaves, and a single small white 
flower, which appears through the spring till midsummer. 
It belongs to the northern regions of America and Asia, 
and abounds in swampy places in Canada and New Eng- 
land. The parts used are the roots, which should be 
gathered in autumn, and carefully dried. They are of a 
bright-golden color, and give the name by which the 
plant is commonly known. They contain the alkaloid 
berberina. 

Effects and Uses. — Goldthread is a pure and powerful 
bitter, similar in its effects to. quassia, but much more 
palatable, and is a very good stomachic tonic. It is* also 
employed in New England as a topical application in 
aphthous and other ulcerations of the mouth. It is usually 
given in the form of tincture (one troy ounce to diluted 
alcohol Oj), in the dose of f5j, and of infusion (half a troy- 
ounce to water Oj). 

GENTIANA — GENTIAN. 

Gentian is the root of Gentiana lutea or Yellow Gen- 
tian (Nat. Ord. Gentianacese), a perennial plant of the 
mountainous parts of Central and Southern Europe, grow- 
ing to the height of two or three feet, with broad, ovate, 
opposite leaves, and handsome whorled, yellow flowers. 
It is imported in cylindrical branched pieces, of various 
sizes, marked by transverse annular wrinkles and longitu- 
dinal furrows. Externally, it is yellowish-brown, inter- 
nally, brownish-yellow, and of a spongy texture. Its odor 
in the fresh 7, state is peculiar and disagreeable, but when 
dried, feeble ; its taste is intensely bitter. Water and 
alcohol extract its virtues. It contains a peculiar oil and 
acid, pectin, sugar, and a bitter principle, termed gentianin. 
Other species of gentian are employed as substitutes for 
the yellow gentian. 

Effects and Uses. — Gentian is a pure bitter, without 



AMERICAN CENTAURY. 101 

either astringency or much aroma. In full doses, it is 
more disposed to relax the bowels than the other simple 
bitters ; and, like others of the vegetable tonics, in exces- 
sive doses, it is capable of producing narcotic effects. It 
is an admirable stomachic in dyspepsia and gastric dis- 
orders, and is also used in the various forms of constitu- 
tional debility. 

Administration. — In the form of powder, the dose is gr. x 
to 5ss. But it is usually given in the form of infusion (half 
a troyounce to water f §xiv, with diluted alcohol fgij, and 
orange-peel and coriander, each 5j) ; tincture (tinctura 
Gentianse composita, gentian two troyounces, orange-peel 
a troyounce, cardamom half a troyounce, to diluted alco- 
hol Oij), in the dose of fSj to f5\j ; extract, in the dose of 
gr. x to 5ss; and fluid extract, in the dose of f5ss-j. 

FRASERA — AMERICAN COLUMBO. 

The root of Frasera Walteri {Nat. Ord. G-entianacese), 
an elegant plant of our Southern and Western States, may 
be used as a substitute for gentian and columbo. Dose, 
5ss-5j ; or an infusion (a troyounce to boiling water Oj), 
may be given. 

SABBATIA — AMERICAN CENTAURY. 

Sabbatia angularis, American Centaury, or Centaury 
{Nat. Ord. Gentianacese), is a very common annual indige- 
nous plant, with an erect stem, one or two feet high, 
opposite ovate leaves, and numerous terminal flowers of a 
rich rose- color, nearly white in the centre. It is found in 
low meadow-grounds or neglected fields in most parts of 
the United States, and flowers in Ailgust and September. 
The whole herb is officinal, and should be gathered while 
in flower. It has a very bitter taste, and yields its virtues 
to both water and alcohol. 

Effects and Uses. — Centaury is a pure bitter, with no 



102 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



astringency, and very little aroma. It is an excellent 
stomachic, and may be used also as a general corroborant. 




It is said to act as an emmenagogue when given in warm 
infusion, and, like the bitters generally, has had anthel- 
mintic properties ascribed to it. The best form of exhibit- 
ing it is infusion (a troy ounce, to boiling water Oj), of 
which the dose is a wineglassful when cool ; of the powder 
5ss to 5j ruay be given. 



CALUMBA — C0LUMB0. 

Columbo is the boot of Cocculus palmatus [Nat. Ord. 
Menispermacese), a climbing plant of Mozambique, where 
it is known under the name of Calurnb. The root consists 
of fleshy tubers, with numerous offsets, which are the 
portions used, the main root being too fibrous. They are 
sliced, strung on cords, and dried in the sun ; and ar 



CHIRETTA. 103 

found in the shops in round pieces about a quarter of an 
inch thick, externally of a brown, wrinkled appearance, 
and internally yellow. The odor is slightly aromatic, and 
the taste very bitter. Owing to the starch which is found 
in columbo, it is liable to be worm-eaten. It contains, 
besides a large proportion of starch, a peculiar a£otized 
substance, and two bitter principles, colombin and berberina. 
Water and alcohol take up its virtues ; and from its lia- 
bility to attract moisture from the air, it should not be 
kept in the form of powder. 

Effects and Uses. — Columbo is a very agreeable demul- 
cent tonic, particularly acceptable to the stomach, and 
hence well adapted to the convalescent stages of acute dis- 
orders of the bowels and of fevers. It is also a good pre- 
paration in the sickness of pregnant women, and is one of 
the best of the stomachics in all cases where there is unu- 
sual delicacy of the stomach. In its native country, it is 
much employed in the treatment of dysentery. 

Administration. — The dose of the powder is gr. x to gr. 
xxx. It is best given in the form of infusion (half a troy- 
ounce to boiling water Oj, dose, f§j to fsij), which should 
be used at once, as it is liable to spoil. Of the tincture 
(four troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij), f5j to f5iv may be 
given. Columbo is often combined with aromatics, iron, 
and alkalies, and is sometimes added to purgative mixtures. 

Berberina, the alkaloid found in columbo, is widely dif- 
fused in the vegetable kingdom, and is obtained from 
numerous plants of the natural orders Berberacese, Menisper- 
macew, and Ranunculacese, as barberry, yellow-root, hydras- 
tis, goldthread, and others. It has been employed, in the 
form of muriate and sulphate, as a tonic and febrifage, in 
doses of from one to ten grains. 

CHIRETTA. 

The herb and root of Agathotes Chirayta {Nat. Ord. 
G-entianacese), an East Indian plant, have been introduced 



104 MATERIA MEDICA. 

into Europe, under the name of Chiretta, where it now 
ranks among the best simple bitters. It resembles gentian 
in its properties, and may be used in the same way. 

XANTHORRIZA YELLOW -ROOT. 

The root of Xanthorriza Apiifolia {Nat. Ord. Eanuncu- 
lacese), an indigenous shrub, of our Southern and Western 
States, is a good simple bitter, which agrees very well with 
the stomach. 

AROMATIC BITTERS. 
SERPENTARIA VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT. 

The roots of several species of Aristolochia are known 
under the name of Virginia Snakeroot. The most fami- 
liar is A. serpentaria (Nat. Ord. Aristolochiacese), an her- 
baceous indigenous plant, with a perennial root, composed 
of numerous slender fibres, arising from a knotty, brown 
head, one or more stems, eight or ten inches in height, 
heart-shaped, pointed, yellowish-green leaves, and purple, 
tubular flowers, springing up close to the root. It grows 
in shady woods and on hill-sides, flowering in May and 
June ; but from the great demand for the roots, it has be- 
come scarce. A. reticulata is a variety found in the South- 
western States. 

Virginia Snakeroot is found in the shops, in tufts of 
long, slender, matted fibres, attached to a knotty, rugged 
head. They are brittle, and of a yellowish-brown color. 
The odor is aromatic and agreeable ; the taste somewhat 
pungent, bitter, and aromatic. Water and alcohol extract 
its virtues, which depend on the presence of a volatile oil 
and a bitter principle. The roots of A. reticulata are very 
commonly substituted for those of A. serpentaria, from 
which they differ only in the larger size of their fibres. 
They are quite equal to the latter, and are even thought to 
contain a larger proportion of volatile oil. 



VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT. 
Fig. 10. 



105 




Effects and Uses. — Virginia Snakeroot is a combined sti- 
mulant and tonic, with diuretic or diaphoretic properties, 
according to the mode of its administration. It is much 
used in the latter stages of fevers, and in other acute dis- 
eases, and is frequently combined with Peruvian bark, in 
the treatment of interim ttents. The proper form of ad- 
ministration is that of infusion (half a troyounce to boiling 
water Oj), in doses of f§j to f§ij, repeated. Of the tinc- 
ture (four troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij), the dose is 
£5j to f5ij ; of the fluid extract, f5ss-f5j. Huxhams Tinc- 
ture of Bark contains Virginia' Snakeroot. 



106 MATERIA MEDICA. 



ANTHEMIS — CHAMOMILE. 

Anthemis nobilis, or Chamomile (Nat, Ord. Asteracese), 
is a small, herbaceous, trailing European plant, cultivated 
extensively both in Europe and this country. The flowers 
are the officinal portion. They consist of small spheroids, 
with convex, yellow disks, and numerous white, spreading 
rays. By cultivation they become double. In Europe the 
single flowers are preferred, as the aromatic properties re- 
side in the disks, which are larger in the single-flowered 
wild plants ; but in this country, the cultivated, double 
flowers, which are not inferior in tonic virtues, are used. 
Chamomile flowers have a bitter, aromatic taste, and a 
strong, peculiar odor, both of which are imparted to water 
and alcohol. They contain a volatile oil, bitter extractive, 
and a little tannic acid. 

Effects and Uses. — Chamomile, in small doses, is a mild, 
agreeable aromatic tonic, and in large doses, acts as an 
emetic. The cold infusion is much employed as a sto- 
machic, and the hot infusion is given to aid the operation 
of emetics. The flowers, boiled in warm water, form a 
good fomentation to inflamed parts. The usual form of 
administration is the infusion (half a troyounce to water 
Oj). Dose, as a stomachic, f§ij, two or three times a day, 
cold ; as an emetic, hot, ad libitum. 

Cotula (Mayweed). Anthemis cotula, "Wild chamomile, 
or Mayweed (Nat, Ord. Asteracese), an herbaceous plant, 
indigenous in Europe, but extensively naturalized in the 
United States, resembles chamomile very closely, both in 
botanical characters and properties, and is used as a sub- 
stitute for it in domestic practice. 

Matricaria (German Chamomile). The flowers of Ma- 
tricaria chamomilla (Nat. Ord. Asteracese), an annual Eu- 
ropean plant, possess properties very similar to those of 
chamomile. They are considerably smaller than common 



THOROUGHWORT. 



107 



chamomile, and have a larger proportion of disk florets 
compared with those of the ray. They are not much em- 
ployed in this country. 



EUPATORIUM — THOROUGHWORT. 

Eupatorium perforatum, Boneset, orThoroughwor^JVbtf. 
Ord. Asteracese), is a very common indigenous plant, grow- 
ing in wet grounds in every part of the United States. It 
has a perennial root, with numerous herbaceous stems, 
from two to five feet high, long, narrow leaves, perforated 
by the stems, and numerous white flowers, which form a 

Fiff. 11. 



*$&&&& 




flattened summit to the plaut. These appear in August, 
continuing in bloom till October, and with the leaves, are 
the officinal portion. They have a faint odor, a strongly 
bitter taste, are soluble in water or alcohol, and contain a 



108 MATERIA MEDICA. 

peculiar bitter principle, gum, tannic acid, resin, salts, and 
other matters. 

Effects and Uses. — Thoroughwort is a stimulant tonic, 
diaphoretic, and expectorant, and in large doses proves 
emetic and laxative. It is a good stomachic in dyspepsia, 
and from its combined corroborant, expectorant, and dia- 
phoretic properties, is an excellent remedy in the latter 
stages of pneumonia and bronchitis. It is also used with 
good effect in rheumatism, and in remittent and typhoid 
fevers. It should be given in infusion (a troyounce to 
boiling water Oj), fgij of which may be taken cold, as a 
stomachic, three or four times a day, and in freer warm 
draughts, as a diaphoretic. 

ABSINTHIUM — WORMWOOD. 

The tops and leaves of Artemisia Absinthium, or Worm- 
wood (Nat. Ord. Asteracese), a European plant, naturalized 
in ~New England, are ranked among the aromatic bitters, 
but are not now much employed. They may be given in 
infusion (a troyounce to boiling water Oj). 

MAGNOLIA. 

The bark of Magnolia glauca, Magnolia acuminata, and 
Magnolia tripelata (Nat. Ord. ' Magnoliacese), indigenous 
trees, remarkable for the beauty .of their foliage, and the 
size and fragrance of their flowers, is officinal, and ranks 
with the aromatic bitters. The bark of the trunk, branches, 
and root, is alike officinal ; but that of the last is the most 
active. It contains a volatile oil, a green resin, and a pe- 
culiar crystallizable bitter principle. The aromatic pro- 
perty is impaired by drying, and is lost when the bark is 
long kept. 

It is used as a gentle stimulant tonic and diaphoretic, 
in the low stages of fever, rheumatism, &c. An infusion 
may be given, but the best solvent is diluted alcohol. 



ANGUSTURA BARK. 109 



LIRIODENDRON — TULIP-TREE BARK. 

The bark of Liriodendron tulipifera, the Tulip-tree, or 
American Poplar (Nat. Ord. Magnoliacese), the well-known 
pride of the American forest, remarkable for its size, fo- 
liage, and beautiful tulip-shaped flowers, closely resembles 
that of magnolia in its medicinal properties, but is less 
aromatic and more stimulant. It is said to contain a pe- 
culiar principle, termed liriodendrin. It may be given in 
powder, in the dose of 3j to 5\j ; and in infusion, decoction, 
and tincture. 



ANGUSTURA — ANGUSTURA BARK. 

Angustura bark is derived from Galipea officinalis (Nat. 
Ord. Rutacese), a small tree of the district of country bor- 
dering on the Orinoco, in South America. It occurs in 
pieces of various lengths and sizes ; sometimes flat, some- 
times slightly curved, but rarely entirely quilled. Exter- 
nally, it is of a light-gray color, and is covered with lichens, 
with a soft, spongy epidermis, which is readily scraped off; 
internally, the color is yellowish-brown. It has a disagree- 
able smell, and a bitter, aromatic, somewhat pungent taste. 
It imparts its virtues to water and alcohol, and contains a 
volatile oil and a bitter principle, termed cusparin. The 
bark of Strychnos nux vomica has been sometimes mixed 
with Angustura bark, and is thence known as false angus- 
tura bark. 

Effects and Uses. — Angustura bark is a stimulating tonic, 
and in large doses acts on the stomach and bowels. From 
its liability to adulteration with the bark of strychnos nux 
vomica, it has fallen into disuse, and it has no superiority 
over serpentaria and others of the indigenous aromatic bit- 
ters. Dose, in powder, gr. x to 5ss ; of the infusion (half a 
troyounce to boiling water Oj), fS\b repeated. 



110 MATERIA MEDICA. 



CASCARILLA. 



This is the bark of Croton Eleuteria (Nat. Ord. Euphor- 
biacese), a small tree of the Bahamas and other West India 
islands. It occurs sometimes in the form of small, thin 
fragments — sometimes in that of rolled pieces, one or two 
inches long, occasionally longer, and varying in size from 
that of a quill to that of the little finger. It is usually 
covered with a white rugous epidermis, and is of a brown 
color beneath. It has a warm, spicy, and bitter taste, and 
an aromatic, agreeable odor, which is particularly fra- 
grant when it is burned. It yields its properties to alco- 
hol, and partially to water ; and contains volatile oil, resin, 
and a bitter principle, called cascarillin. 

Effects and Uses. — Cascarilla is a very pleasant aromatic 
bitter, causing neither vomiting nor purging, and hence 
agreeing very well with the stomach. It may be given in 
powder in the dose of 3j to 5ss ; but this is a less agreeable 
form than the infusion (a troy ounce to boiling water Oj), 
of which the dose is fgij. 

CANELLA. 

This is the bark of Canella alba (Nat. Ord. Meliacese), a 
large tree of the West Indies and South America. It 
comes in quilled pieces of a whitish-yellow color, or in flat 
fragments, which are thicker and darker. It has an aro- 
matic odor, and a warm, pungent, aromatic, and somewhat 
bitter taste. It imparts its virtues to alcohol, and partially 
to water ; and contains volatile oil, resin, bitter extractive, 
gum, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — An aromatic tonic, little employed ex- 
cept in combination. Pulvis Aloes et Qanellse (Powder of 
Aloes and Canella), popularly known as hiera piera, consists 
of aloes four parts, canella one part ; dose, gr. x to 3j. 



PERUVIAN BARK. Ill 



ACHILLEA YARROW. 



The herb and flowers of Achillea Millefolium, Milfoil, 
or Yarrow (Nat. Ord. Composite Senecionidese) a perennial 
herb, common to the old and new continents, growing to 
the height of twelve or eighteen inches, with doubly pin- 
nate, minutely divided leaves, and whitish flowers, pos- 
sesses mild stimulant tonic properties, with some astrin- 
gency. Of the infusion, made in the proportion of an 
ounce to the pint, a wineglassful or more may be given. 
It yields a volatile oil, which has been used in the dose of 
20 or 30 drops. 

angelica. 

The root of Angelica Archangelica (Nat Ord. Apiacese), 
a plant of the northern and mountainous sections of 
Europe, is used as a stimulant tonic, in the dose of 5ss-5j ; 
or an infusion may be given. 

ASTRINGENT BITTERS. 
CINCHONA — PERUVIAN BARK. 

The name of Cinchona (derived from the Countess del 
Cinchon, wife of a viceroy of Peru) is applied to the bark 
of different species of Cinchona (Nat Ord. Cinchonaceae), 
large trees which grow in the mountainous regions of the 
western portions of South America, from the nineteenth 
degree of south latitude to about the tenth degree of north 
latitude. Three principal varieties of cinchona are known 
in commerce: Cinchona Flava (Yellow Bark), called in 
commerce Qalisaya Bark, derived from Cinchona Calisaya ; 
Cinchona Pallida (Pale Bark), called in commerce Loxa 
and Lima Bark, derived from Cinchona Condaminea and 
Cinchona Micrantha ; and Cinchona Eubra (Bed Bark), de- 
rived from Cinchona Succirubra. 



112 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Peruvian Bark is brought to the United States from the 
Pacific ports of South America. It is obtained by strip- 
ping the trunks and branches of the Cinchona trees during 
the dry season, and is dried by exposure to the sun, during 
which process the smaller pieces usually become quilled. 

1. The Yellow or Calisaya Bark comes both in quilled and 
flat pieces. The former are from three or four inches to a 
foot and a half long, from a quarter of an inch to two or 
three inches in diameter, and of variable thickness. They 
have a brownish epidermis (with longitudinal wrinkles and 
transverse fissures), which possesses none of the virtues of 
the bark. The bark itself is one or two lines thick, com- 
pact, of a short fibrous texture, and when broken presents 
shining points. The flat pieces, which are derived from the 
large branches and trunk, are usually destitute of epi- 
dermis, are more roughly marked externally, and are of a 
browner hue than the quilled pieces. They are also less 
compact, less bitter, and of less medicinal virtue. The 
yellow bark is distinguished from the other barks by its 
much more bitter taste ; its comparative freedom from as- 
tringency ; its brownish-yellow, somewhat orange color, 
which is still brighter in the powder ; and by containing a 
large proportion of quinia with very little cinchonia. 

2. The Pale Bark comes in cylindrical pieces of variable 
length, sometimes singly, sometimes doubly quilled, from 
two lines to an inch in diameter, and from half a line to 
two or three lines in thickness — the best kinds being about 
the size of a goose-quill. Their exterior surface is rough, 
marked with fissures, and of a grayish color, owing to ad- 
hering lichens. Their interior surface is of a cinnamon 
color, and, in the finer sorts, smooth. The color of the 
powder is a pale fawn. The taste is moderately bitter, and 
somewhat astringent ; the odor feeble, but rather aromatic 
in the powder and decoction. The pale barks contain a. 
much larger proportion of cinchonia than of quinia; and, from 
their yielding little quinia, have fallen into disuse in the 
United States. 



PEEUVIAN BARK. 113 

3. The Red Bark usually conies in large, thick, flat 
pieces; sometimes also in quills from half an inch to two 
inches in diameter. They are covered with a reddish- 
brown, rugged epidermis, beneath which is a dark-red, 
brittle, and compact layer, the interior parts being woody 
and fibrous, and of a lively brownish-red color. The taste 
of red bark is bitter and astringent ; its odor not different 
from that of the other barks ; its powder is reddish. It 
contains considerable quantities both of quinia and cinchonia. 

Under the name of Carthagena Barks, several common 
varieties of cinchona were long brought to this country 
from the northern Atlantic ports of South America. They 
were of inferior quality, and were therefore not recognized 
by the Pharmacopoeias ; but since the reduced supply and 
consequent high price of the Calisaya bark, large quanti- 
ties of very good bark have been imported from E"ew Gra- 
nada, and are now used in the manufacture of quinia, 
under the name of Colombian barks. 

Within a few years, the cultivation of several varieties 
of Cinchona trees has been successfully introduced into 
Southern India; and valuable specimens of red bark (the 
product of C. Succirubra), equal to that of South America, 
have been sent to Europe. 

Chemical Constituents. — The most important constituents 
of cinchona are two alkaline principles, termed quinia and 
cinchonia, which exist chiefly in combination with an acid 
called hinic. These alkalies are found in different propor- 
tions in the different barks, quinia being obtained from the 
yellow bark most abundantly, cinchonia from the pale bark, 
and the two principles in about equal proportion from the 
red bark. Two other valuable alkaloids, quinidia and cin- 
chonidia, are found (also as Jcinates), most abundantly in the 
pale and Carthagena barks ; but, to a certain extent, in all. 
Other principles found in cinchona are cincho-tannic acid, 
coloring matter, kinovic acid, starch, fatty matter, kin ate 
of lime, lignin, &c. G-um is found in the pale bark, but 
not in the yellow or red barks. 

8 



114 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Quinia is obtained in the following manner : Powdered 
yellow bark is boiled in water acidulated with muriatic 
acid, by which the alkali is separated from its combination 
with kinic and other acids, to form a soluble muriate. By 
the addition of lime, this salt is decomposed, and quinia pre- 
cipitated. It is separated from insoluble impurities by di- 
gestion in boiling alcohol, and, after being concentrated, 
is decolorized by means of animal charcoal. Or, it may be 
obtained by heating the sulphate with an alkaline solution. 
It occurs in the form of fine crystalline needles of a silky 
lustre, or as a loose white powder ; it is inodorous, very 
bitter, sparingly soluble in cold water, but somewhat more 
readily so in hot water, readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and 
the fixed and volatile oils. It unites with acids to form 
salts, the most important of which is the officinal salt, the 
sulphate. Its composition is C 40 H 24 ^ 2 O 4 . Quinia and its 
salts may be distinguished from all other vegetable alkalies 
and their salts (excepting quinidia), by striking an emerald- 
green color, when heated first with solution of chlorine and 
then with ammonia. Cinchonia is a white crystalline sub- 
stance, less bitter than quinia, almost insoluble in cold 
water, very soluble in boiling alcohol, and slightly soluble 
in ether and the fixed and volatile oils. Its composition is 
C 40 H 24 N 2 O 2 . It is distinguishable from quinia by striking 
a white precipitate, when chlorine water and afterwards 
ammonia are added; with ferrocyanide of potassium, a 
yellowish-white precipitate ensues. Cinchonia being in- 
soluble in ether, while quinia is soluble in that menstruum, 
the latter may by this means be readily separated from the 
former alkaloid. The medicinal properties of quinia and 
cinchonia are analogous, and the sulphate of cinchonia is 
now officinal. Quinidia is isomeric with quinia, but more 
cry stalliz able and less soluble in ether ; its salts strike a 
white precipitate with solution of iodide of potassium. Cin- 
chonidia is isomeric with cinchonia. It is usually found 
mixed with quinidia, the mixture being known as commer- 
cial quinidia. The commercial sulphate of quinidia (which 



PERUVIAN BARK. v. 115 

is more soluble in water and alcohol than the sulphate of 
quinia), may be used as a substitute for the latter salt. 

Incompatibles. — The alkalies and alkaline earths precipi- 
tate the alkaline principles of cinchona ; tannic acid, and 
the tincture and compound solution of iodine, form with 
them insoluble compounds. 

Physiological Effects. — The topical effects of cinchona are 
slightly irritant, and, from the tannic acid which it con- 
tains, astringent. Its constitutional action upon persons in 
health, results in a disordered condition of the stomach, 
and of the vascular and cerebro-spinal systems, as shown 
by gastro-enteric irritation, fever, headache, and giddiness. 
But, in persons suffering from debility, it proves a most 
energetic stomachic and corroborant; and over certain 
morbid conditions, as malarious and other fevers, it exer- 
cises a control more striking than is shown by any other 
medicinal agent, in the treatment of diseases. 

Medicinal Uses. — The most important therapeutic em- 
ployment of bark is as a febrifuge in the treatment of 
fevers of a malarious origin. It efficacy in these diseases 
was first made known to the world by the Jesuit mission- 
aries in Peru, from whom it was called Jesuit's powder. 
The type of malarious fever in which the powers of bark 
are most strikingly displayed, is intermittent; the non-ma- 
lignant and uncomplicated forms of which it rarely if ever 
fails to control. It may be given in these cases almost 
from the very onset of the attack, unless contraindicated 
by the presence of gastric irritability, which must be first 
removed by an emetic or mercurial purge. In remittent 
fevers, bark is scarcely less useful than in intermittents ; 
and most physicians who practise in malarious districts, 
now concur in recommending its exhibition in these fevers, 
as soon as it can be borne well by the stomach, without 
waiting for a remission. In the pernicious or congestive 
forms of intermittent and remittent fevers, the early ad- 
ministration of large doses of bark or its preparation, the 
sulphate of quinia, in combination with stimulants, is 



116 MATERIA MEDICA. 

imperatively demanded ; and the hypodermic injection of 
the sulphate of quinia is probably the best mode of treat- 
ment. As a propbylactic against malarious fever, the use 
of the preparations of bark is very efficacious. In the 
varieties of typhus, including that termed cerebro-spinal 
meningitis, the salts of quinia, in full doses, are generally 
resorted to, in conjunction with abundant stimulation 
and nourishment. In yellow fever, the declining stages 
of typhoid fever, the malignant exanthemata, gangrene, 
malignant erysipelas, carbuncle, extensive suppurations, 
the typhoid forms of diseases generally, the hectic of 
phthisis, acute rheumatism, diarrhoea, dysentery, and 
cholera, and various disorders of the nervous system, as 
neuralgia, tetanus, and chorea, bark and its preparations 
are constantly employed. It is also much used as a sto- 
machic and general tonic, but where gastric susceptibility 
exists, as in convalescence from acute diseases, some of 
the simple bitters are preferable. Topically, bark is em- 
ployed as an astringent and antiseptic. 

Administration. — The use of bark, in 'powder, since the 
discovery of the sulphate of quinia, has been very much 
abandoned, owing to its bulk and disagreeable taste. 
"When exhibited in this form, half a troyounce to an ounce 
is the close as a febrifuge, given usually in divided doses ; 
as a tonic, 5j- The following officinal preparations are 
employed: decoction (a troyounce of yellow or red bark to 
Oj of water, to be boiled for ten minutes, and aromatic 
sulphuric acid f5j may be afterwards added), dose, f§ij ? 
repeated ; infusion (a troyounce of yellow or red bark to 
water Oj, to which aromatic sulphuric acid f5j may be 
added), dose, f §ij, repeated ; extract (of yellow bark), dose 
gr. x to gr. xxx, equivalent to 5j of bark; fluid extract 
(yellow), dose, f 5ij, equal to 5j of bark ; tincture (six troy- 
ounces of yellow bark to diluted alcohol Oij), dose, f5j to 
f 5iv ; compound tincture or Huxham's tincture (containing 
red bark four troyounces, bitter orange-peel three troy- 
ounces, serpentaria three hundred and sixty grains, saffron 



PERUVIAN BARK. 117 

and red saunders each one hundred and twenty grains, to 
diluted alcohol Oijss), dose, f5j to f5iv. In prescribing 
bark, opium or port wine is often given with it, when it 
acts on the bowels. It is also occasionally combined with 
serpentaria. And, when the stomach will not retain it, it 
has been used externally in the form of cataplasmata, pedi- 
luvia, bark-jacJcets, &c, though in such cases, the ender- 
mic or hypodermic exhibition of the sulphate of quinia is 
the ordinary resort. 

Quinia Sulphas [Sulphate of Quinia). This salt is pre- 
pared by treating quinia (as obtained from yellow bark in 
the process described at p. 114), with sulphuric acid. It 
occurs in fine, silky, rather flexible, needle-shaped crystals 
(interlaced among one another, or grouped in small star- 
like tufts), which are odorless, very bitter, and slightly 
efflorescent. It is soluble in boiling water, alcohol, and 
the diluted acids, very slightly soluble in ether and in cold 
water, but, by the addition of sulphuric acid, it is converted 
into a more soluble neutral sulphate. The officinal sul- 
phate is chemically a disulphate or subsulphate, consisting 
of two equivalents of base to one of acid. Various sub- 
stances are mixed as adulterations with the sulphate of 
quinia. They may be detected by adverting to their 
relative solubility in different menstrua, as compared with 
the sulphate, or by chemical tests. Thus gum and starch 
are left behind by alcohol; salicin becomes red on contact 
with sulphuric acid, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of sulphate of quinia on 
the system are the same as those of Peruvian bark, and, 
from its being less apt to disagree with the stomach, it has 
to a great extent superseded the use of the latter. In 
large doses it produces headache, ringing of the ears, and 
sometimes vertigo, amaurosis, deafness, delirium, dilata- 
tion of the pupils, and other evidences of a powerful action 
on the cerebro-spinal system. 

Administration. — The ordinary dose of the sulphate of 



118 , MATERIA MEDICA. 

quinia, as a febrifuge, is gr. xvi, equal to about §j of bark, 
but as much as twenty grains, and even more, are often 
required; as a general tonic, gr. j to gr. vj. It maybe 
given in pill, or dissolved in some aromatic water, by tbe 
aid of aromatic sulphuric acid ; also as an enema, or hypo- 
dermically. The solution has been used externally in 
gonorrhoea, &c. Many other salts of quinia than the sul- 
phate have been introduced into practice, but they possess 
no advantage over the officinal salt. 

Qttinle Valerianas ( Valerianate of Quinia), is obtained 
by dissolving freshly precipitated quinia in diluted valeria- 
nic acid. It occurs in transparent or white rhomboidal 
crystals, of the peculiar odor of valerianic acid, and an 
^f acrid, bitter taste. Soluble in alcohol and ether, and par- 
tially soluble in water. It fulfils the indications of quinia 
and valerianic acid, and is therefore especially useful in 
nervous disorders. 

Crude Quinia is the impure quinia obtained from the 
manufacturer, before separation from the insoluble impu- 
rities. It is a soft solid, of resinous aspect, nearly free 
from bitterness, and may be given to children in the same 
doses as the sulphate. 

Quinoidia, quinoidine, or amorphous quinia, is a substance 
obtained by precipitation, with an alkaline carbonate, from 
the mother liquor left after the preparation of sulphate of 
quinia. When moderately heated, it appears as a resinous 
mass, of a yellowish-white or brownish color, which, 
according to Liebig, bears the same relation to ordinary 
quinia that uncrystallizable sugar bears to the crystal- 
lizable. The quinia in this preparation is thought to be 
converted, by the action of heat, into an isomeric alkaloid, 
termed quinicia; and by the same action, cinchonia is 
converted into an isomeric alkaloid, termed cinchonicia. It 
is considered equally efficacious with quinia, but requires 
doses rather larger than the sulphate of quinia, than which 
it is much more economical. 

Cinchonia Sulphas {Sulphate of Cinchonia), is made 
from the mother waters remaining after the crystallization 



DOGWOOD. 



119 



of sulphate of quinia. Being the most soluble of the sul- 
.phates of the four alkaloids found in bark, it remains in 
solution after the sulphate of quinia, and the mixed sul- 
phate of cinchonidia and quinidia, have crystallized out. 
From the mother waters, it is precipitated by solution of 
soda, then washed with alcohol, next reconverted into a 
sulphate, and boiled with animal charcoal to decolorize it. 
It occurs in short, oblique, shining prisms, of a very bitter 
taste, more soluble in water than the sulphate of quinia, 
readily soluble by alcohol, and sparingly so by ether. It 
is a disulphate. It is now admitted to have the same 
remedial properties as the sulphate of quinia, but requires 
rather larger doses. 



CORNUS FLORIDA — DOGWOOD. 
Fig. 12. 




Cornus Florida, or Dogwood [Nat. Ord. Cornacese), is 
an indigenous tree, found in most parts of the United 



120 MATERIA MEDICA. 

States, and growing in the Middle States to the height of 
from fifteen to twenty feet. Its flowers are remarkable 
for large four-leaved white or pinkish involucres, which 
appear with us in May. The officinal portion is the bark, 
that of the root being preferred. It occurs in pieces of 
various sizes, more or less rolled, of a reddish-gray color, 
with occasionally a fawn-colored epidermis. Its odor is 
slight; its taste bitter, astringent, and slightly aromatic. 
It yields its virtues to water and alcohol, and contains re- 
sin, a peculiar bitter principle, tannic and gallic acids, &c. 
Effects and Uses. — Dogwood is deservedly esteemed the 
best substitute for cinchona among the native astringent 
bitters. It is somewhat stimulant, and not unfrequently 
disorders the stomach. Dose, in powder, 3j to Sj ; of the 
decoction (a troyounce to water Oj), fSij may be given. 

SAL IX — WILLOW. 

The bark of Salix alba, or the White Willow (Nat. Ord. 
Salicacese), is ranked among the astringent bitters. It is 
little employed, however, except in the form of salicine, its 
active principle (C 26 H 18 14 ), which consists of white, slender, 
silky crystals, inodorous, but very bitter, soluble in water 
and alcohol, but not in ether. It has been used as a sub- 
stitute for the sulphate of quinia, but is very inferior to it 
as a febrifuge. As a general tonic, however., it is useful, 
and may be given in the dose of from gr. x to gr. xxx. The 
sulphate of quinia is often adulterated with salicine, but the 
fraud may be detected by the addition of concentrated 
sulphuric acid, which strikes a blood-red color with salicine. 

PRUNUS VIRGINIANA — WILD-CHERRY BARK. 

The wild-cherry has long been known under the name 
of Prunus Yirginiana, which is still retained by the Phar- 
macopoeia. This name, however, belongs to another tree, 
the choke-cherry; and the wild-cherry is now properly 



WILD-CHERRY BARK. 121 

distinguished as Cerasus serotina {Nat. Ord. Drupacese). It 
is a large indigenous tree, attaining a great height and size 
in the Southwestern States, but usually with us about 
twenty-five to thirty feet high. The trunk is covered with 
a rough blackish bark, which detaches itself semicircu- 
larly ; the leaves are ovate, oblong, and acuminate ; the 
flowers, which appear in May, are white, and are followed 
by fruit about the size of a pea, of a purplish black color, 
and a not unpleasant bitterish taste. The medicinal portion 
is the inner bark of the root and tree, the former of which 
is the more active. It is found in the shops, in pieces of 
various lengths and sizes, deprived of the epidermis, and 
slightly curved, of a reddish-brown color, and a bitter aro- 
matic taste. 

It contains a bitter principle, resin, starch, and tannic 
and gallic acids, and yields on distillation a volatile oil, 
nearly identical with the oil of bitter almonds, which does 
not pre-exist in the bark, but is formed by the action of 
water on amygdalin through the agency of an albuminous 
principle termed emulsin, as in the bitter almond. The 
leaves also yield this oil. Boiling water impairs the vir- 
tues of the bark. 

Effects and Uses. — Wild-cherry bark is tonic, with some 
astringency, and at the same time exercises a sedative in- 
fluence on the nervous and circulatory systems, owing to 
the hydrocyanic acid, which is developed in it. It is used 
with excellent effect as a sedative corroborant in various 
forms of pulmonary irritation, particularly in the latter 
stages of pneumonia, and in the hectic of phthisis. It is 
also a useful stomachic and tonic in a variety of cases. 
The proper form of administration is the infusion (half a 
troy ounce to cold water Oj), in the dose of f5ij twice or 
thrice daily. Of the fluid extract (of which a fluidounce 
represents half an ounce of the bark), the dose is foj-ij- 
The syrup is made by percolating five troyounces of the 
coarsely powdered bark with water till a pint of filtered 
liquor is obtained, and afterwards adding twenty-eight troy- 
ounces of sugar ; it is an agreeable preparation ; dose, f5ss. 



122 MATERIA MEDICA. 



NECTANDRA. 

The bark of Nectandra Rodiei (Nat. Ord. Lauracese), 
the Greenheart tree, a large tree of Guiana, and the neigh- 
boring countries of South America, has, within a few 
years, been introduced into medicine, under the name of 
bebeeru bark. It occurs in large, fiat, heavy pieces, one to 
two feet long, from two to six inches broad, and three or 
four lines thick, of a grayish-brown color on its outer sur- 
face, and a dark cinnamon on the inner. It has an in- 
tensely bitter, somewhat astringent taste, and contains 
tannic acid, resin, gum, &c, and a peculiar alkaloid, 
termed bebeerin or bebeeria. Bebeeru bark is employed as 
a febrifuge and tonic in South America, and the sulphate 
of bebeeria has been used in Europe and this country with 
some success in the treatment of intermittent fevers. The 
full dose is 3j-5j. 

The roots of Geum rivale, or Water Avens, and- Spi- 
raea tomentosa, or Hardhack (Nat. Ord. Rosacea), and the 
bark of Prinos verticillatus, or Black Alder (Nat. Ord. 
Aquifolacese), are indigenous astringent tonics of conside- 
rable power. 

MINERAL TONICS. 
FERRI PRJPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 

The preparations of Iron (Ferruginea), termed also Qha- 
lybeates and Martial preparations, are the most important 
of the mineral tonics. Besides their local tonic-astringent 
effect and their general corroborant action on the cerebro- 
spinal system, which they possess in common with the 
other mineral tonics, they exercise a restorative influence- 
on the composition of the blood, by increasing the number 
of its coloring particles, and the amount of its solid con- 
stituents. Their effects are best observed in conditions of 



PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 123 

the svstem in which there is a want of these elements of 
the "blood. Under the nse of chalybeates, in such cases, 
while the digestive functions are promoted, the pulse be- 
comes fuller and stronger, the skin assumes a healthy tint, 
the lips and cheeks become more florid, the temperature 
of the body is increased, and the muscular strength is 
greatly invigorated. On the other hand, the administra- 
tion of the ferruginous preparations in health, or too long- 
continued, produces symptoms of plethora, vascular ex- 
citement, and a tendency to congestion and hemorrhage. 

The diseases in which chalybeates are most serviceable 
are those which depend on a deficiency of the red corpus- 
cles of the blood, as the various forms of anaemia, particu- 
larly where this is connected with irregularity of the ute- 
rine functions ; also scrofula, tuberculosis, and cachectic 
conditions of the system, characterized by a pale flabby 
condition of the solids. Many forms of nervous disorder, 
as neuralgia, chorea, hysteria, and epilepsy, are very deci- 
dedly controlled by the preparations of iron, and they pro- 
bably constitute the best remedies in these affections, when 
attended with anaemia. Several of the preparations of iron 
are also much employed both as stomachics and astrin- 
gents. 

The following are the oflicinal preparations of iron : 

Ferrtjm Redactum (Reduced Iron). Metallic iron is ob- 
tained for medicinal purposes in the form of an impalpable 
powder, by reducing the sesquioxide (oflicinally subcarbo- 
nate) by passing a stream of hydrogen gas over it. It is a 
light, tasteless, iron-gray powder, and should be kept in a 
well-stopped bottle, owing to its great liability to oxida- 
tion. This preparation, sometimes called Quevenne's Iron, 
is a mild chalybeate, and is a favorite prescription with 
many practitioners, in the treatment of chlorosis and other 
varieties of anaemia. Dose, gr. v to gr. x, three times a day, 
in the form of pill, made with sugar and gum ; it is some- 
times prepared with chocolate in the form of lozenges. 

Ferri Oxidum Hydratum (Hydrated Oxide of Iron). This 



124 MATERIA MEDICA. 

preparation (Fe 2 3 +2HO) is made by precipitating the 
sesquioxide from its combination in any tersalt of iron by 
means of ammonia. Offi cinally, the tersulphate of iron is 
employed for this purpose. When dry, it is a reddish- 
brown powder, and is not considered an eligible prepara- 
tion for medicinal nse. It is furnished in the form of a 
soft, moist, reddish-brown magma, for use as an antidote 
to arsenious acid. 

Ferri Subcarbonas (Subcarbonate of Iron). This salt is 
obtained by the double reaction of solutions of sulphate of 
iron and carbonate of soda. It is at first a white precipi- 
tate ; but by exposure to the air it becomes greenish, and 
afterwards rust-colored, being converted nearly entirely into 
the sesquioxide by the absorption of oxygen, and the evolu- 
tion of carbonic acid. It has a disagreeable, slightly styptic 
taste, is insoluble in water, but readily dissolves in hydro- 
chloric and sulphuric acids, and carbonic acid water. It is 
one of the most valuable of the ferruginous compounds, 
free from local irritation, and readily dissolved in the fluids 
of the stomach ; and is much employed in chlorosis, chorea, 
neuralgia, and even pertussis and tetanus. Dose, gr. v to 
gr. xxx, three times a day. 

Trochisci Ferri Subcarbonatis (Troches of Subcarbonate of 
Iron), are made with subcarbonate of iron five troyounces, 
vanilla sixty grains, sugar fifteen troyounces, and a suifi-' 
cient quantity of mucilage of tragacanth — the mass to be 
divided into troches, each weighing twenty grains ; each 
lozenge contains about five grains of the subcarbonate. 

Emplastrum Ferri (Plaster of Iron), is made with subcar- 
bonate of iron three troyounces, lead plaster twenty-four 
troyounces, and Burgundy pitch six troyounces. 

Pilule Ferri Carbonatis (Pills of Carbonate of Iron). — 
Vallet's Ferruginous Pills. To protect the carbonate of iron 
from oxidation, it is prepared (as in the process last de- 
scribed) by dissolving the reacting salts in weak syrup in- 
stead of water : honey and sugar being afterwards added, 
to preserve it unaltered and bring it to the pilular consist- 



PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 1^5 

ence. This preparation, from its unchangeableness, is pre- 
ferred to the ordinary subcarbonate, and is one of the most 
popular of the chalybeates. It contains nearly half its 
weight of carbonate of the protoxide of iron. From fi.ve to 
twenty grains of the pilular mass may be taken in divided 
doses through the day. 

Mistura Ferri Composita (Compound Mixture of Iron), is a 
mixture of the carbonate of iron (prepared by the reaction 
of sulphate of iron twenty grains, and carbonate of potassa 
twenty-five grains), with myrrh sixty grains, spirit of laven- 
der half a fluidounce, and rose-water seven fluidounces and 
a half, and sugar sixty grains to resist oxidation. It is a 
favorite chalybeate in chlorosis and amenorrhoea. Dose, 
fSj to f§ij, three times a day. 

Pilulee Ferri Compositee (Compound Fills of Iron), are pre- 
pared with carbonate of soda and sulphate of iron each 
sixty grains, myrrh one hundred and twenty grains, and 
syrup, the mass to be divided into eighty pills. Dose, from 
two to six pills three times a day. Both these preparations 
should be made only as wanted for use. 

Ferri Sulphas (Sulphate of Iron), known, in its impure 
state, as green vitriol or copperas, is prepared for medicinal 
use by dissolving iron wire in diluted sulphuric acid, with 
heat. It is a sulphate of the protoxide, (FeO,S0 3 ), and 
occurs in transparent, pale bluish-green crystals, of an acid 
styptic taste, soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol. 
By exposure to the air, they effloresce, absorb oxygen, 
and become yellowish-white, from the formation of sul- 
phate of the sesquioxide. "When heated to 212°, they give 
out six of their seven equivalents of water, and are con- 
verted into a grayish-white mass, known as the dried sul- 
phate. Sulphate of iron is one of the most active of the 
ferruginous preparations, but its local effects are power- 
fully astringent, and in a concentrated form it acts as an 
irritant poison. It is preferred to other chalybeates, where 
there is much relaxation of the solids, with excessive dis- 
charges ; but it is not so well adapted to long-continued 



126 MATERIA MEDICA. 

use, on account of its local irritant action. Topically, it is 
employed in substance and solution, as a styptic and as- 
tringent. Dose, gr. j to gr. v, in pill ; of the dried sulphate 
{Jerri sulphas exsiceata), gr. ss to gr. iij. 

Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis (Solution of Tersulphate of 
Iron). This preparation is made by dissolving 12 troy- 
ounces of the sulphate (of the protoxide) of iron in a mix- 
ture of 2 troyounces and 60 grains of sulphuric and a 
troyounce and 360 grains of nitric acid, with water 
enough to make a pint and a half of solution. The nitric 
acid furnishes oxygen to the protoxide of iron which con- 
verts it into a sesquioxide, and the sulphuric acid gives 
the additional acid required to saturate the sesquioxide. 
(It is Fe 2 3 ,3S0 3 ). This solution is a clear, reddish-brown 
liquid, of a sour, very astringent, and somewhat acrid 
taste. Its chief use is in making the sesquioxide of iron, 
and it should be kept on hand, for the preparation of the 
rrydrated sesquioxide of iron, as an antidote for arsenious 
acid. It may be used as a styptic, but for this purpose it 
is inferior to the next preparation. 

Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis (Solution of Subsulphate of 
Iron). This solution, known as MonseVs Solution, is made 
in the same way as the last preparation, except that only 
half the amount of sulphuric acid is used ; the sesquioxide 
of iron is therefore only partially saturated, and a subsalt 
results, (2Fe 2 3 ,5S0 3 ). It has a syrupy consistence, a 
ruby -red color, is inodorous, and has a very astringent but 
not acrid taste. It is a less irritant salt than the tersul- 
phate, and may be used internally > in hemorrhage from 
the stomach and bowels, in the dose of from five to fifteen 
grains. Externally, it is one of the most efficacious styptics 
we can employ. 

Ferri Chloridum (Chloride of Iron). This salt, which 
is the sesquichloride (Fe z Cl 3 ), is made by heating iron 
wire with muriatic acid, (by which the protochloride is 
formed), and afterwards converting the protochloride into 
the sesquichloride by heating it with muriatic and nitric 



PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 127 

acids. It occurs in fragments of a crystalline structure, an 
orange-yellow color, inodorous, of a strong chalybeate, 
styptic taste, deliquescent, and soluble in water, alcohol, 
and ether. Internally, it is used chiefly in the form of the 
tincture. Externally, it is applied as a styptic, and in 
solution, of various strengths, as an astringent. One 
part, gradually added to six parts of collodion, forms a 
yellowish-red, limpid liquid, of valuable styptic proper- 
ties. 

Tinctura Ferri Chloridi [Tincture of the Chloride of Iron), 
This is prepared by dissolving iron wire in muriatic acid, 
then in both muriatic and nitric acids, and afterwards 
adding water and alcohol. It is a tincture of the sesqui- 
chloride, though there is probably some reaction between 
the acid and alcohol, as the preparation has an ethereal 
odor. It is of a reddish-brown color, and has a sour, 
styptic taste. It is one of the most effective of the chaly- 
beates, acting locally as an energetic astringent and 
styptic, and, in large doses, as an irritant. Its indications, 
both general and topical, are very analogous to those of 
the sulphate, with the addition of some specific action on 
the urino-genital apparatus, which renders it applicable to 
the treatment of affections of these organs. Dose, TT|x to 
TT|xxx, gradually increased to £5j or f5ij, and taken in 
some mild diluent. 

Ferri Iodidum [Iodide of Iron). This salt is the protiodide 
of iron (Fel), and is made by the addition of iron filings 
to a mixture of iodine in distilled water. By evaporation, 
with as little contact of air as possible, green tabular crys- 
tals are obtained, of a styptic taste, volatile, deliquescent, 
and very soluble in both water and alcohol. But, by 
exposure to the air, the protiodide of iron undergoes 
decomposition: a portion of the iron parting witjh. its 
iodine, and becoming oxidized. Hence, the salt is hardly 
fit for medicinal use, unless protected from decomposition, 
as in the officinal 

Syrupus Ferri Iodidi [Syrup of Iodide of Iron), which is 



128 MATERIA MEDICA. 

prepared with'the addition of sugar. This is an excellent 
alterative tonic, combining the effects of iodine and of 
iron, and is particularly applicable to the treatment of 
scrofula, visceral engorgements, phthisis, &c. Dose, 
twenty to forty drops three times a day. 

Pilulde Ferri Iodidi {Pills of Iodide of Iron), are made 
with iodide of iron, reduced iron, sugar, gum arabic, 
marsh-mallow, and balsam of Tolu. They keep very well. 
Each pill contains about one grain of iodide of iron, and 
one-fifth of a grain of reduced iron. 

Ferri et Potass^e Tartras (Tartrate of Iron and Po- 
tassa) is prepared by the addition of hydrated oxide of 
iron to a mixture of bitartrate of potassain distilled water. 
It occurs in transparent scales of a ruby-red color, which 
are wholly soluble in water. The tartaric acid and potash, 
in combination in this preparation, render it less constipa- 
ting than the other chalybeates ; and, from its agreeable 
taste, it is adapted to the diseases of childhood. Dose, gr. 
x to 5ss. 

Ferri Phosphas (Phosphate of Iron), is obtained by the 
double reaction of solutions of sulphate of iron and phos- 
phate of soda, and is a phosphate of the protoxide. It is 
a white powder, insoluble in water, but soluble in diluted 
acids; by exposure to the air it absorbs oxygen, and ac- 
quires a blue color. Dose gr. v to gr. x. 

Ferri Pyrophosphas (Pyrophosphate of Iron), is a mix- 
ture of pyrophosphate of the sesquioxide of iron and ci- 
trate of ammonia. It occurs in apple-green scales, of an 
acid taste, and is very soluble in water. A good chaly- 
beate. Dose, grs. ij-v. Given also as a syrup. 

Ferri Citras ( Citrate of Iron), is prepared by the addi- 
tion of hydrated oxide of iron to a solution of citric acid. 
It is a citrate of the sesquioxide, and occurs in thin, trans- 
parent pieces, of a garnet-red color, with a mild, acid, 
chalybeate taste, slowly soluble in cold water, but readily 
soluble in boiling water. Dose, gr. v to gr. x. It is offi- 
cinal also in the form of solution of citrate of iron (liquor 



PREPARATIONS OF IRON. 129 

ferri citratis), a deep reddish-brown liquid, given in doses 
of ten to twenty drops ; and it is by evaporating this solu- 
tion that the solid citrate is obtained. The addition of a 
few drops of liquor am ionise converts this salt into an 
ammonio- citrate, which is more soluble, and possesses ant- 
acid properties. Dose, the same. 

Liquor Ferri Kitratis (Solution of Nitrate of Iron), is 
prepared by the gradual addition of diluted nitric acid to 
an excess of iron. It is a ternitrate of the sesquioxide of 
iron, and is a pale, amber-colored liquid, with a strong, 
astringent, acid taste. It is tonic and astringent, agreeing 
very well with the stomach, and is employed in the treat- 
ment of chronic diarrhoea, hsematemesis, hemorrhage from 
the bowels, and uterine hemorrhage, particularly when 
aneemic symptoms are present. Dose, gtt. x to gtt. xx, 
two or three times a day ; in dilution. 

Ferrum Ammoniatum (Ammoniated Iron), is prepared by 
evaporating a solution of sesquichloride of iron and muri- 
ate of ammonia. It is a mechanical mixture of these 
salts, and is of an orange-red color, wholly soluble in 
water and diluted alcohol. It contains a small and vari- 
able quantity of iron ; but is considered a valuable deob- 
struent in glandular swellings, and in large doses i§ aperi- 
ent. It is not now officinal. Dose, gr. iv to gr. xij, or more. 

Ferri Ferrocyanidum (Perrocyanide of Iron), or Pure 
Prussian Blue, is obtained by the action of ferrocyanide 
of potassium on tersulphate of sesquioxide of iron. It is 
of a rich dark-blue color, without smell or taste, and is 
insoluble in water and alcohol. Its effects on the economy 
in health are not very striking ; but it has been used both 
as an antiperiodic tonic and in the treatment of neuralgia, 
chorea, &c. Dose, gr. v. three or four times a day. 

Ferri Lactas (Lactate of Iron), is made by mixing diluted 
lactic acid with iron filings. It is a lactate of the protoxide, 
and occurs in greenish-white crystalline crusts or grains, 
of a mild, sweetish, ferruginous taste, sparingly soluble in 
water, and insoluble in alcohol. Used in chlorosis, and 

9 



130 MATERIA MEDICA. 

has a marked effect in increasing the appetite. Dose, gr. 
x-xx, in pill, lozenge, or syrup. 

Ferri et Quinle Citras (Citrate of Iron and Quinia). 
This salt is prepared by precipitating quinia from the sul- 
phate by ammonia, and afterwards dissolving it in a hot 
solution of citrate of iron. As found in the shops, it is 
probably a mixture of citrate of sesquioxide of iron, with 
a variable proportion of citrate of iron and quinia. It 
occurs in thin, transparent scales, of a reddish or yellow- 
ish-brown color, with a tint of green, not very soluble in 
water. It combines the virtues of its two bases ; five or 
six grains contain about a grain of quinia. 

Ferri et Ammonite Sulphas (Sulphate of Iron and Am- 
monia). This salt, called also ammonio -ferric alum, is made 
by adding sulphate of ammonia to the hot solution of ter- 
sulphate of iron. It occurs in octohedral crystals, of a pale 
violet color and sour astringent taste, efflorescent and solu- 
ble in water. Used in diarrhoea and chronic dysentery. 
Dose, gr. v-xv, two or three times a day. 

Ferri et Ammonia Tartras ( Tartrate of Iron and Am- 
monia), occurs in transparent, garnet-red scales, of a sweet- 
ish taste, soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol and ether. 
A mild chalybeate. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 

Various other combinations of iron have been from time 
to time introduced into the practice of medicine; but they 
are needlessly multiplied. The arseniate, acetate, bromide, 
oxalate, tannate, and valerianate, are recommended by dif- 
ferent therapeutists. 

CUPRI PUJPAEATA — PREPARATIONS OF COPPER. 

Metallic copper is inert. The salts of copper act locally 
as caustics, irritants, and astringents. When exhibited in 
small doses, they exert a corroborant influence over the 
cerebro-spinal system, and are employed to fulfil the indi- 
cations to which tonics are applicable, as in the cure of 
ague, neuralgia, epilepsy, &c. In larger doses, they act as 
emetics ; and, in excessive doses, they produce gastro-in- 



PREPARATIONS OF COPPER. 131 

testinal inflammation, and disorder of the nervous system. 
They are employed therapeutically, both as external and 
internal remedies ; externally, as stimulants, astringents, 
styptics, and caustics ; internally, as tonics, astringents, 
and emetics. In cases of poisoning trom the cupreous 
compounds, the best antidote is albumen, as white of eggs, 
milk, wheaten flour. The f err ocyanide of potassium is also 
very eflicacious, forming with the cupreous compound an 
insoluble ferrocyanide of copper. 

Cupri Sulphas (Sulphate of Copper). This salt, known 
as blue vitriol, is obtained by roasting the native sulphuret, 
or by combining copper and sulphuric acid. It is a sulphate 
of the protoxide (CuO,S0 3 ). It occurs in fine, prismatic, 
blue crystals, which, by exposure to the air, effloresce 
slightly, and become covered with a greenish-white pow- 
der. It has a styptic, metallic taste, is entirely soluble in 
water, but insoluble in alcohol. It is employed as a tonic 
and nervine. It is an excellent remedy in obstinate inter- 
mittent fever, in doses of gr. \ to gr. j, or more, in pill, 
repeated so as not to occasion vomiting. As an astringent, 
it may be given in the same doses, and will be found ex- 
tremely valuable in the treatment of chronic diarrhoea and 
dysentery, and chronic catarrh with profuse secretion. 
As an emetic, the dose is gr. iij to gr. v. Externally, it is 
used as an escharotic to fungous granulations, and in solu- 
tion to arrest hemorrhages, mucous discharges, &c. 

Cuprum Ammoniatum (Ammoniated Copper) is made by 
rubbing together sulphate of copper and carbonate of am- 
monia. It is probably a double compound of cuprate of 
ammonia and sulphate of ammonia (NH^SOa+NHgjCuO), 
and has a deep azure-blue color, a styptic, metallic taste, 
and an ammoniacal odor. Its action is very similar to 
that of sulphate of copper; but it is used principally as an 
antispasmodic tonic in nervous disorders, — epilepsy, chorea, 
hysteria, spasmodic asthma, &c. Dose, gr. J, gradually 
increased. 

Cupri Subacetas (Subacetate of Copper), or Verdigris^ 



132 MATERIA MEDICA. 

occurs in pale bluish-green or blue ma»«es or powder. 
The dose is gr. J to gr. \ ; but it is a powerful poison in 
an overdose, and hence is rarely given as a tonic. The 
powder is used as an escharotic, and an ointment is used. 

ZINCI PR^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF ZINC. 

Zinc in the metallic state is inert. Its compounds are 
very analogous in their effects on the system to those of 
copper, but are less energetic. They are employed topically 
as caustics, astringents, and desiccants ; and internally as 
tonics and antispasmodics, and in large doses, as emetics. 
In cases of poisoning (which are, however, very uncom- 
mon), demulcents and opiates are to be administered. 

Zinci Sulphas [Sulphate of Zinc), or White Vitriol, is pre- 
pared by dissolving zinc in diluted sulphuric acid. It 
occurs in small, colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals, 
resembling those of sulphate of magnesia. They have a 
metallic, astringent taste, are soluble in water, and inso- 
luble in alcohol. Dose, as a tonic, antispasmodic, and astrin- 
gent, gr. j to gr. v ; as an emetic, it is the promptest and 
safest that can be given in cases of narcotic poisoning, in 
the dose of gr. x to gr. xx. Externally it is much used as a 
caustic, and in solution as an application to inflamed mucous 
membranes, in the strength of gr. j or ij to fgss of water. 

Zinci Oxidum {Oxide of Zinc) is made by exposing car- 
bonate of zinc to heat. It is a white powder, insoluble in 
water, but soluble in diluted sulphuric and chlorohydric 
acids. It has been given as an antispasmodic tonic, in doses 
of gr. ij to iij, gradually increased to gr. viij or x, and is 
highly esteemed in the treatment of epilepsy; but it is 
chiefly used externally as a dusting powder, or in the form 
of ointment (eighty grains to lard a troyounce). 

Zinci Acetas {Acetate of Zinc) is made by adding zinc to 
a solution of acetate of lead, and occurs in white micaceous 
crystals, very soluble in water. It may be given internally 
as a tonic antispasmodic, in the dose of gr. j or ij, gradually 



PREPARATIONS OF ZINC. 133 

increased ; but it is chiefly used as a topical astringent in 
ophthalmia, gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, &c, in the proportion 
of gr. ij to gr. vj, or more, to an ounce of water. 

Zinci Carbonas Pr^ecipitata [Precipitated Carbonate of 
Zinc), is obtained by the double reaction of solutions of sul- 
phate of zinc and carbonate of soda. It is a soft, white 
powder, similar in its action to the oxide, but is chiefly 
used as a dusting powder, and to make a mild astringent 
and desiccant cerate (a troyounce to ointment of lard five 
troyounces). 

Calamina Prjeparata (Prepared Calamine), obtained by 
heat from calamine, the native impure carbonate of zinc, is 
a pinkish powder used as a desiccant, and in the form of 
a cerate, called Turner's cerate. Calamine is so frequently 
adulterated that it is now dismissed from the Pharmaco- 
poeia, though still much used. 

Zinci Chloridum (Chloride of Zinc), is made by dissolv- 
ing zinc in muriatic acid, — nitric acid and chalk being 
added to remove any iron which may have been present 
with the zinc. It is a whitish-gray, semitransparent, deli- 
quescent mass, having the softness of wax, and is soluble 
in water, alcohol, and ether. It has been employed inter- 
nally in doses of gr. j or ij, as an antispasmodic tonic in 
chorea, epilepsy, and neuralgia. Its local action is that of 
a powerful caustic, and it is one of the best escharotics 
that can be exhibited, to produce healthy granulations in 
malignant or indolent ulcers, especially in lupus. It may 
be used as a lotion in the strength of gr. ij to f§j of water, 
or dissolved in a little alcohol, or in the form of paste, 
made with one part of the salt to two or four of flour. A 
solution of the chloride of zinc is employed as an antisep- 
tic, and is also injected into the bloodvessels of anatomical 
subjects to preserve them for dissection. 

Zinci Iodidum (Iodide of Zinc), is made by digesting an 
excess of zinc with iodine diffused in water. It occurs in 
the form of a white deliquescent mass, or of fine needles, of 
a metallic styptic taste, very soluble in water. It has been 



134 MATERIA MEDICA. 

used internally, as a tonic, antispasmodic, and astringent, 
in doses of gr. i-ij, best exhibited in the form of syrup. 
Externally, it is a most valuable local stimulant and escha- 
rotic, equal if not superior in effect to the chloride. 

Zinci Valerianas ( Valerianate of Zinc), is prepared by 
the double reaction of valerianate of soda and sulphate of 
zinc. It occurs in white, pearly scales, having a faint odor 
of valerianic acid, and a metallic styptic taste. Very slightly 
soluble in water, more so in alcohol. Used in epilepsy and 
nervous affections, in the dose of one or two grains, repeated 
several times a dav. 



ARGENTI PR^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF SILVER. 

In the metallic state, silver is wholly inert. The only 
preparation which is extensively employed is — 

Argenti Nitras {Nitrate of Silver). This salt is obtained 
by dissolving silver in diluted nitric acid. It occurs in 
transparent, colorless, prismatic crystals, which have a 
strongly metallic and bitter taste, and are wholly soluble 
in distilled water, and become blackened by the action of 
light and organic matters. Its solution yields with chlo- 
ride of sodium a white precipitate, entirely soluble in am- 
monia. 

Physiological Effects. — The topical action of nitrate of 
silver is that of a caustic or corrosive ; and this effect is 
produced by its combining with the albumen and fibrin of 
the tissues. "When applied to mucous membranes, it forms 
a compound with the animal matter of the mucus, which 
protects the tissues from the action of the caustic. Hence, 
large doses may be taken with considerable impunity by 
the stomach. But, in excessive quantity, it may occasion 
gastro-enteric irritation, with disturbance of the nervous 
system ; and, in these cases, the antidote is common salt 
(chloride of sodium), which produces, when in contact 
with the nitrate, nitrate of soda and chloride of silver. In 
medicinal doses, nitrate of silver has a specific corroborant 



PREPARATIONS OF SILVER. 135 

and antispasmodic action on the nervous system ; and, after 
prolonged use, produces a peculiar blueness or slate-color of 
the skin. 

Medicinal Uses. — Internally, nitrate of silver has been 
chiefly employed as an antispasmodic tonic in the treat- 
ment of epilepsy, and it is ainong the most reliable reme- 
dies that can be administered in this intractable affection ; 
but its effect in discoloring the skin, is an objection to its 
protracted use. It is also used in chorea and gastrodynia, 
aud as an astringent in dysentery. But it is as an external 
agent that it is chiefly resorted to. It is the most efficacious 
application that can be made to inflamed mucous mem- 
branes, and either in the solid form or in solution, it is 
employed in every variety of inflammation of this tissue. 
It is also extensively used to produce healthy granulations 
in wounds and ulcers, to arrest the progress of erysipela- 
tous inflammation and variolous pustules, in porrigo and 
other skin diseases, in strictures, and to destroy the virus 
of chancres and of poisoned wounds. 

Administration. — The dose of nitrate of silver internally 
is gr. J, gradually increased to gr. iij or iv, three times a 
day, in pill made with some mild vegetable powder. For 
external use, solutions are made of various strengths, from 
gr. ij to 5ss, in an ounce of distilled water. An ointment 
is also employed. . 

Argenti Nitras Fusa (Fused Nitrate of Silver, Lunar 
Caustic). For external use, in the solid form, nitrate of 
silver is melted and poured into small moulds. 

Argenti Oxidum (Oxide of Silver), is obtained by adding 
solution of potassa to a solution of nitrate of silver. It is 
a tasteless, olive-brown powder, very slightly soluble in 
water. Its uses are analogous to those of the nitrate, and 
it is employed in epilepsy, gastrodynia, chronic diarrhoea, 
uterine disease, &c. It is considered to be free from lia- 
bility to discolor the skin. Dose, gr. ss to gr. ij, twice or 
thrice daily, in powder or pill. 



136 MATERIA MEDICA. 



BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS — SUBNITRATE OF BISMUTH. 

This salt is prepared by first forming the ternitrate of bis- 
muth by dissolving bismuth in diluted nitric acid ; as metallic 
bismuth generally contains arsenic, the nitrate thus formed 
is converted into the carbonate, by the addition of solution 
of carbonate of soda, whereby most of the arsenic is re- 
moved as soluble arseniate of soda ; the carbonate of bis- 
muth is next dissolved in nitric acid, and the nitrate of 
bismuth is again formed ; a little water is added to the 
mixed solution of nitrate and arseniate of bismuth, by which 
the subarseniate is deposited and separated ; the addition of 
a larger amount of water causes a deposition of subnitrate 
of bismuth ; the supernitrate remaining in solution is lastly 
decomposed by ammonia, which takes most of the nitric 
acid, and precipitates the bismuth combined with the re- 
mainder in the form of subnitrate. Subnitrate of bismuth 
(Bi0 3 ,N0 5 ) is a white, inodorous, tasteless, powder, nearly 
insoluble in water. Its medicinal properties are tonic, an- 
tispasmodic, and astringent, and it has been employed in 
intermittent fever; but it is now chiefly used to allay sick- 
ness and vomiting in chronic nervous affections of the 
stomach, and also as an astringent in subacute and chronic 
diarrhoea. Dose, gr. v to 3j, or even 5ss, in powder or 
pill. Externally, it is a good remedy in skin diseases in 
the form of ointment. The subcarbonate of bismuth — bis- 
muthi subearbonas — is recommended as a substitute for the 
subnitrate. It is thought to be more readily tolerated by 
the stomach, and is more soluble in the gastric juice, but 
it is less astringent. 

CADMII SULPHAS — SULPHATE OP CADMIUM. 

This salt is obtained by the reaction of sulphuric acid 
upon carbonate of cadmium. It occurs in transparent, 
colorless, prismatic crystals, of an astringent, austere taste, 
and very soluble in water. In its effects on the system, it 



MINERAL ACIDS. 137 

closely resembles sulphate of zinc, but it has been chiefly 
used in this country, as a collyrium (gr. j-ij to water f§j), 
and has been found very efficacious in specks and opacities 
of the cornea. 



AC ID A MINER ALIA — MINERA-L ACIDS. 

The diluted mineral acids are usually classed with 
tonics ; but, although they exert a very considerable cor- 
roborant influence on the system, their action is in many 
respects peculiar and distinctive. In the concentrated 
form, they are corrosive. When properly diluted with 
water and swallowed in medicinal doses, they allay thirst, 
increase the appetite, and stimulate digestion. After 
absorption into the blood, they often produce a restorative 
effect in morbid conditions of the circulating fluid, and in 
their passage out by the secretions, act as astringents. 
They are employed — as tonics, usually in combination 
with the vegetable bitters, in dyspepsia, especially when it 
is dependent on a deficiency of the gastric fluid ; as ant- 
alkalines, to correct the morbid alkalinity of the blood in 
typhoid and other essential fevers, and in purpura and 
analogous blood diseases ; as astringents and styptics in 
hemorrhage from the stomach and bowels, and in colli- 
quative discharges ; to allay febrile heat and cutaneous 
irritation ; in phosphatic lithiasis ; and locally, as escharo- 
tics ; and, in very dilute solution, they are injected into 
the bladder as lithontriptics. In cases of poisoning from 
the mineral acids, the alkaline earths and fixed oils are 
the proper antidotes. 

Acidum Sulphuricum {Sulphuric Acid), formerly called 
Oil of Vitriol, is obtained by burning sulphur, mixed with 
nitre, over a stratum of water contained in a chamber 
lined with sheet-lead. It is a dense, colorless, inodorous, 
corrosive liquid, which, in the concentrated form, is not 
employed internally, but is sometimes used externally, as 
a caustic. The proper antidote, in cases of poisoning from 



138 MATERIA MEDICA. 

sulphuric acid, is magnesia, or solution of soap, and 
mucilaginous drinks should be afterwards freely admin- 
istered. 

Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum (Diluted Sulphuric Acid), 
contains two troyounces of sulphuric acid in a pint of 
diluted acid. It is given as a tonic, refrigerant, and as- 
tringent, in the dose of from ten to thirty drops, three 
times a day, in water, and should be sucked through a 
tube to prevent injury to the teeth. This acid is a par- 
ticularly valuable remedy in typhus and typhoid fevers, 
colliquative perspirations, and choleraic diarrhoea; and it 
is the best corrective for phosphatic lithiasis. It is used 
externally as a gargle, and wash to ulcers. 

Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum (Aromatic Sulphuric 
Acid), or Elixir of Vitriol, is made by digesting six troy- 
ounces of sulphuric acid in a pint of alcohol, then percola- 
ting a troyounce of ginger and a troyounce and a half of 
cinnamon with alcohol till a pint of tincture is obtained, 
and mixing the tincture with the diluted acid. It is a red- 
dish-brown liquid, with an aromatic odor and a pleasant 
acid taste; and is an agreeable substitute for the diluted 
sulphuric acid, administered in the same doses. 

Acidum Sulphurosum (Sulphurous Acid), is made by 
heating sulphuric acid with charcoal and distilled water. 
The sulphuric acid (S0 3 ) is deprived of an equivalent of 
oxygen by the charcoal, and becomes sulphurous acid 
(S0 2 ). It is a colorless liquid, having the smell of burn- 
" ing sulphur, and a sulphurous somewhat astringent taste. 
It has been only of late years employed in medicine, and 
is believed to have a special influence in destroying para- 
sitic life. Internally, it is very efficacious in sarcina ven- 
triculi, or yeast vomiting; dose, f5j, largely diluted with 
water. Externally, it is used in skin diseases (particularly 
those of a parasitic nature, either animalcular or cryptoga- 
mous) — diluted with two or three measures of water or 
glycerin. The sulphite of soda — sodse sulphis — is used as a 
substitute for sulphurous acid, which is developed from 



MINERAL ACIDS. 139 

the salt by any of the organic acids ; dose, 5j, three times 
a day ; a solution (5i-f§i of water) is a good local applica- 
tion in erysipelas. The hyposulphite of soda is used for 
the same purposes; dose, gr. x-xx, three times a day, and 
for external use, 5j, dissolved in water fSj. Both the sul- 
phite and hyposulphite of soda have been found very 
efficacious in intermittent and remittent fevers. The sul- 
phite is perhaps the more efficacious salt. The sulphite of 
magnesia is also employed in zymotic diseases, and is less 
unpalatable than the soda salt, and besides contains a 
larger proportional quantity of acid. Sulphites of lime, 
potash, and ammonia have been also recommended. 

Acidum Nitricum (Nitric Acid), (N0 5 ), is obtained by 
the action of sulphuric acid upon nitrate of potassa. When 
pure, it is colorless ; but, as found in the shops, it is usually 
of a straw color, owing to the presence of nitrous acid. It 
is a corrosive, sour liquid, employed, in the concentrated 
form, as an escharotic to destroy warts and stimulate indo- 
lent sinuses, and diluted, as an astringent wash or gargle. 
Cases of poisoning from this acid are to be treated with 
magnesia or soap, and mucilaginous drinks. In poisoning 
from nitric acid, the fauces and mouth are covered with 
yellow eschars, while in the case of sulphuric acid, they 
are white or black. Internally, it is used in the form of 

Acidum Nitricum Dilutum {Diluted Nitric Acid), which 
contains three troyounces of acid in a pint of diluted acid. 
This is given as a substitute for sulphuric acid, but is more 
apt to disagree with the stomach ; it is also employed as 
an alterative in syphilis, and has been found useful in 
whooping-cough. Combined with laudanum and camphor 
water, it is much used in the treatment of dysentery, 
under the name of Hopes Camphor Mixture (camphor 
water fSviij, nitric acid f5i, laudanum 25 drops; dose, 
toss, repeated). Dose, for internal use, 20 to 40 drops, 
three times a day, reduced with water. 

Acidum Muriaticum (Muriatic Acid), is an aqueous solu- 
tion* of chlorohydric acid gas (HC1), and is obtained by the 



140 MAIkRxA MuDiCA. 

action of sulphuric acid on solution of chloride of sodium 
or common salt. It is, when pure, a transparent, colorless 
liquid, but has often a yellow color, owing to the presence 
of iron or other contaminations. It has a corrosive taste, 
and a suffocating odor, and is an active poison, though 
less irritating than sulphuric and nitric acids. Magnesia 
or soap is the proper antidote. It is used, externally, as 
a caustic, and as an application in diphtheria, ulcerative 
and gangrenous stomatitis, &c. ; internally, in the form of 

Acidum Mumaticum Dilutum [Diluted Muriatic Acid), 
which contains four troyounces of acid in a pint of diluted 
acid. This is employed in typhoid and typhus fevers, 
malignant scarlatina, &c. ; also to counteract phosphatic 
deposits in the urine, to prevent the generation of worms, 
in syphilis, in dysentery, and in some forms of dyspepsia. 
Dose, 20 to 60 drops_, which may be given in infusion of 
roses. 

Acidum Nitro-muriaticum (Nitro-muriatic Acid). This 
acid is made by mixing three parts of nitric acid with five 
parts of muriatic acid, and is a compound of chlorine and 
nitric oxide, mixed with free chlorine. It has a golden- 
yellow color, and emits the smell of chlorine. Internally, 
it is employed in the same cases as nitric acid, and is 
thought to be particularly efficacious in oxaluria, and in 
diseases of the liver and syphilis. It should not be given 
with mercurials. Externally, it is used as a bath, either local 
or general, in oxaluria, syphilis, and chronic hepatitis, for 
which purpose one or two ounces of acid may be added 
to a gallon of water. Dose, from two to five drops, pro- 
perly diluted and carefully increased. Diluted Nitro-Muri- 
atic Acid contains five* troyounces of acid in a pint of diluted 
acid ; dose, ten to twenty drops. 

ORDER V. — ASTRINGENTS. 

These are medicines which produce contraction and cor- 
rugation of the tissues. Their constitutional effects- are 



TANNIC ACID. 141 

somewhat analogous to those of tonics; as, like them, they 
increase the tone and vigor of the body, and exercise a 
control over various disorders of the nervous system. But 
they are chiefly employed to cure relaxation of the fibres 
and tissues, to subdue inflammation of superficial parts, 
and to arrest hemorrhage and excessive discharges from 
mucous membranes or other secreting surfaces. In check- 
ing morbid discharges from the bowels, astringents, while 
they diminish the secretions from the intestinal canal, do 
not, like opium, restrain the peristaltic movements; hence 
the necessity of combining them with opiates. They are 
divided into Vegetable and Mineral astringents. Most of the 
former owe their astringency to the presence of a principle 
termed tannic acid, and differ from tonics in the absence 
of bitterness. The mineral preparations usually classed 
among astringents, are those of alum and lead, and are 
distinguished from the mineral astringent-tonics, by their 
more decided astringency and a sedative action on the 
vascular system. 

VEGETABLE ASTRINGENTS. 
ACIDUM TANNICUM — TANNIC ACID. 

This acid, which is the active principle of the vegetable 
astringents, is usually extracted from powdered galls by 
the action of ether. It is of a yellowish-white color, and 
a strongly astringent taste, is very soluble in water, and 
soluble, though less so, in alcohol and ether. It produces 
a white fiocculent precipitate with solution of gelatine, a 
bluish-black precipitate with the salts of the sesquioxide 
of iron, and white precipitates with solutions of the vege- 
table alkalies; and these substances are to be, therefore, 
considered incompatible with all the vegetable astringents. 
There is a variety of tannic acid, obtained from catechu 
and some other substances, which strikes a greenish-black 
precipitate with the salts of iron, and is not convertible 
into gallic acid. 



142 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Effects and Uses. — Tannic acid is a powerful astringent, 
and is, applicable to all the cases in which astringents are 
useful. It is greatly resorted to, internally, in the treat- 
ment of diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, hemorrhage, colli- 
quative sweats, &c. ; also as an enema in diarrhoea, dysen- 
tery, prolapsus ani, and fissure of the rectum; and as a 
topical application, in inflammations and morbid dis- 
charges from mucous membranes, ulcers, &c. It is, per- 
haps, the best form in which the vegetable astringents can 
be emplo}'ed, owing to the certainty and minuteness of 
the dose in which it can be given. Dose, gr. j to gr. iij, 
or iv, in pill, occasionally repeated. 

ACIDUM GALLICUM — GALLIC ACID. 

This principle is found in many of the vegetable astrin- 
gents, but less uniformly than tannic acid, and is probably 
the result of changes which the latter has undergone. It 
is prepared by exposing a solution of galls to the air, when 
the tannic acid gradually absorbs oxygen and is converted 
into gallic acid. It occurs in small, silky, nearly colorless 
crystals, having a slight acid and astringent taste, and is 
soluble in boiling water, and slightly so in cold water. 

Effects and Uses. — Gallic acid is a valuable astringent, 
which has of late been extensively employed in hemor- 
rhagic disorders, as uterine hemorrhage, hemoptysis, 
hsematuria, bloody diarrhoea, &c. Both tannic and gallic 
acids have been found useful in albuminuria. Gallic acid 
has but feeble local astringent powers, and is probably con- 
verted into tannic acid in the blood; though in hemor- 
rhages, it appears to be more efficacious than the latter 
acid. It may be given in doses of gr. ij to gr. v, in pill, 
every two or three hours. 

GAL LA — NUT GALL. 

Galls are morbid excrescences found upon Quercus in- 
fectoria, or the Gall Oak (Nat. Ord. Corylacese), a small 



CATECHU. 143 

tree or shrub of Asia Minor. The Gall-nuts are produced 
by the puncture of the buds by a fly (Cynips quercusfolii), 
to form a nidus for its eggs. This occasions an irritation 
and flow of juices to the part, resulting in the formation of 
a tumor round the larva, which, on attaining maturity, 
perforates the gall and escapes. Galls are produced chiefly 
in Syria and Asia Minor, and are imported from the Le- 
vant. They are brought also from Calcutta, being col- 
lected to some extent in India. Galls are spherical, about 
the size of a hickory-nut, but of varying dimensions, with 
small tubercles on their surface. The best are bluish or 
black externally, and grayish within, without odor, and of 
a very astringent, bitter taste. They yield their properties 
to both water and alcohol, but best to the former, and con- 
tain both tannic and gallic acids. White galls are collected 
after they have been perforated by the insect, and are in- 
ferior in astringency. 

Effects and Uses. — Galls are powerfully astringent, but 
are not much used internally. In the form of infusion or 
decoction, they are employed as enemata in diarrhoea and 
dysentery, and also as gargles. Dose of the powder, gr. x 
to gr. xx. The tincture (four troyounces to diluted alcohol 
Oij) may be given in the dose of f5j to fSiij, but it is chiefly 
used as a chemical test. The ointment (one part to seven 
parts of lard) is a. favorite application in hemorrhoids. 

CATECHU. 

Catechu, formerly called Terra Japonica, is an extract 
from the wood of Acacia Catechu, a small prickly tree of 
India (Nat. Ord. Fabacese). Twelve or fifteen varieties of 
the drug are described by pharmacologists ; but it is usually 
met with in the shops, in masses of various shapes and 
sizes, of a rusty-brown color externally, and varying in- 
ternally from a reddish or yellowish-brown to a dark-brown 
color. The best is of. a dark color, and is easily broken 
into small angular fragments, with a smooth glossy sur- 



144 MATERIA MEDICA. 

face, bearing some resemblance to kino. It is without 
smell, and has an astringent, bitter taste. It contains 50 
per cent, of tannic 'acid (of the variety which strikes a 
greenish-black precipitate with the salts of iron), and about 
30 per cent, of a peculiar extractive, called eatechuic acid, 
to both of which it owes its peculiar properties. 

Effects and Uses. — This is one of the most powerful and 
valuable of the vegetable astringents, possessing also mild 
tonic properties. It is much employed in diarrhoea, dys- 
entery, hemorrhages, and in all cases of immoderate dis- 
charge, unattended with inflammatory action. It is a good 
deal used in relaxed conditions of the mouth and throat, 
also in aphthous ulcerations of the mouth, and spongy 
affections of the gums. Topically, it is employed as a 
styptic, and in solution as an injection in gonorrhoea and 
gleet, &c. Dose of the powder, gr. x to 5ss, in bolus or 
emulsion. 

Infusum Catechu Compositum (Compound Infusion of 
Catechu), is made by adding boiling water (Oj) to powdered 
catechu (half a troyounce), and cinnamon (5j) — dose, f§j 
to fgij, three or four times a day. Of the tincture (three 
troy ounces to diluted alcohol Oij, with cinnamon two troy- 
ounces), the dose is f5j to fSiij- 
i 

KINO. 

The term Kino is applied to the products of several 
trees. Five varieties are known. 1. East India kino, 
which is the most common, and is the inspissated juice of 
Pterocarpus marsupium (Nat. Ord. Fabacese), a lofty tree 
of Malabar. 2. African kino, the original variety intro- 
duced into Europe, but now rarely met with ; obtained from 
Pterocarpus erinaceus (Nat. Ord. Fabacese). 3. Jamaica 
kino, the extract of the wood and bark of Coccoloba uvi- 
fera, or Seaside Grape (Nat. Ord. Polygonacese), a small 
tree of South America and the West Indies. 4. South 
American kino, which is probably derived from Coccoloba 



RHATANY. 145 

uvifera. 5. Botany Bay kino, the concrete juice of Euca- 
lyptus resinifera (Nat. Ord. Myrtacese), a large tree of Aus- 
tralia. 

East India kino is met with in small, angular, shining 
fragments, of a dark-brown or reddish-brown color, brittle, 
without emell, but with a very astringent taste. It con- 
tains tannic acid (of the second variety), kinoic acid 
(which is the red coloring matter), pectin, ulmic acid, and 
inorganic salts. 

South American kino comes in large masses, externally 
very dark, and internally of a deep reddish-brown color. 

Jamaica kino is like the last, but contained in large 
gourds. 

Effects and Uses. — Kino is a powerful astringent, and is 
much used in diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, leucorrhcea, 
gonorrhoea, hemorrhages, &c. Externally, it is employed 
as a styptic, and as a stimulant to indolent ulcers. Dose, 
of the powder gr. x to 5ss; of the tincture (5vj to diluted 
alcohol, consisting of two measures of alcohol and one 
measure of water, fSviij), f5j or fSij may be given, and it 
is frequently added to chalk mixtures in diarrhoea. It 
spoils by keeping. 

KRAMER I A — RHATANY. 

Rhatany is the root of Krameria triandra {Nat. Ord. 
Polygalese), a shrub of Peru. It occurs in woody, cylin- 
drical pieces, of the thickness of a goose-quill to twice 
that size — many radicles being often united to a common 
head., They have a dark, reddish-brown bark, and a tough 
central ligneous portion, of a lighter red color. They are 
without smell, but have a very astringent, slightly bitter, 
and sweetish taste, which is much stronger in the cortical 
than the ligneous portion ; and, hence the smallest pieces 
should be preferred, as they contain the most bark. Rha- 
tany yields a large proportion of tannic acid (of the second 
variety), and a peculiar acid, termed krameric, both of 

10 



146 MATERIA MEDICA. 

which probably contribute to its astringency. It imparts 
its properties to both cold and boiling water, but more 
fully to alcohol. 

Effects and Uses. — Rhatany is powerfully astringent, with 
some tonic properties. It is much used in the treatment 
of diarrhoea, dysentery, hemorrhages, &c, and as an enema 
in fissure of the anus, hemorrhoids, leucorrhcea, &c. The 
powdered extract is an ingredient in many tooth-powders, 
and the tincture is also used as an astringent mouth-wash. 
Dose of the powder gr. xx to gr. xxx. But it is more em- 
ployed in infusion (a troy ounce to boiling water Oj), dose, 
fgj or foij ; watery extract, dose gr. x to gr. xx ; tincture 
(six troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij), dose, f5j to f5ij ; 
and syrup (twelve troyounces percolated with water till 
four pints of filtered liquor are obtained, which is to be 
evaporated to seventeen fluidounces, and in this thirty 
troyounces of sugar are to be dissolved by gentle heat), 
dose f5j to f§ss. 

H^MATOXYLON — LOGWOOD. 

Logwood, or Campeachy wood, is the wood of Hsema- 
toxylon Campechianum [Nat. Ord. Fabaceee), a medium- 
size tree of Campeachy and other maritime parts of tropi- 
cal America, and now naturalized in the West Indies. 
The portion used in medicine, and also as a dye, is the 
heart-wood, from which the bark and white sap-wood are 
removed, previously to exportation. It is imported in bil- 
lets of different sizes, of a dark color externally, and a 
deep red internally ; in the shops it is kept in chips or 
raspings. It has a sweetish, astringent, and rather pecu- 
liar taste, and a feeble, not unpleasant smell. It contains 
tannic acid, a coloring principle called hsematin, volatile oil, 
resin, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — It is a mild astringent, useful in chro- 
nic diarrhoea and dysentery, and particularly well adapted 
to the weakened condition of the bowels, which follows 



WHITE OAK BARK — BLACK OAK BARK. 147 

cholera infantum, and is also much employed in the diar- 
rhoea of phthisis. It is given either in decoction (a troy- 
ounce to water Oj), in the dose of foj to f?>ij to adults, and 
f5j to 5ij to children ; or watery extract in the dose of gr. 
x to 5ss, in solution. 

QUERCUS ALBA — WHITE OAK BARK. QUERCUS 
TINCTORIA — BLACK OAK BARK. 

The barks of several species of American oaks possess 
astringent properties, and are probably to be found in the 
shops, but the only officinal varieties are Quercus Alba, 
White Oak, and Quercus Tinctoria, Black Oak [Nat. Ord. 
Amentaceee). The bark is the portion used, but the leaves 
and acorns are also astringent. White Oak Bark is distin- 
guished by its whitish color. When prepared for use, it 
is deprived of its epidermis, and is of a light-brown color 
and fibrous texture, with an astringent and bitterish taste. 
Water and alcohol extract its virtues, which depend mainly 
on the presence of tannic and gallic acids, with a bitter 
principle, termed quercin. Black Oak Bark is more fur- 
lowed, has a darker color, a more bitter taste, and stains 
the saliva yellow, when chewed ; it is much employed as 
a dye, under the name of quercitron. It contains a larger 
proportion of tannic and gallic acids than the white oak 
bark. 

Effects and Uses. — A decoction of white oak bark is a 
good remedy in diarrhoea and hemorrhages, and is em- 
ployed as an enema in hemorrhoids, and prolapsus and fis- 
sure of the anus, as a gargle in relaxation of the uvula, 
and as an injection in leucorrhcea. It is used as a bath in 
the bowel complaints of children ; and a poultice of the 
ground bark is applied in gangrene. Black oak bark is 
too irritating for internal exhibition : but for external use 
it is a stronger astringent than the white oak bark. Of the 
decoction of white oak bark (a troyounce to water Oj), fBij 
may be taken frequently. 



148 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



GERANIUM — CRANE SB ILL. 
Fig. 13. 




One of the most powerful of the indigenous astringents 
is Geranium maculatum, Crowfoot, or Craneshill (Nat. 
Ord. Geraniacese), a perennial herbaceous plant growing 
in moist woody situations, with an erect stem, one or two 
feet high, three to five-lobed, incised, pale-green, mottled 
leaves, and large purple flowers, which appear in April 
and May. The part used is the rhizoma, which should 
be collected in the autumn. This, when dried, occurs in 



UVA URSI. 



149 



wrinkled, rough pieces, from a quarter to a half an inch in 
thickness, furnished with slender fibres, of a dark-brown 
color externally, and a pale-flesh color within. It has an 
astringent, but not bitter taste, little or no smell, and con- 
tains tannic and gallic acids, with some mucilage. 

Effects and Uses. — This is an excellent simple astringent 
agreeing very well with the stomach, and might be advan- 
tageously substituted for more expensive foreign drugs. 
It may be used internally to fulfil the indications of kino, 
rhatany, &c, in bowel complaints and hemorrhages, and 
topically as an enema, gargle, injection, &c. It is also a 
valuable styptic. Dose, in poivder, gr. x to xx ; of the de- 
coction (a troy ounce to water Oj), f§j to fgij may be given. 
A decoction in milk is given to children. An extract and 
tincture are also employed. 




Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, or Bearberry (Nat. Ord. Eri- 
caceae), is a small, trailing, evergreen shrub, with coria- 
ceous, obovate leaves (somewhat like box leaves, and red 



150 MATERIA MEDICA. 

whortleberry leaves), about half an inch in length, pale 
rose-colored flowers, appearing from June to September, 
and small red berries which ripen during the winter. It 
is found in the northern parts of Asia, Europe, and Ame- 
rica. The leaves are the only part used. When dried, 
they have a faint hay-like odor, and a bitterish, astringent 
taste. They yield their virtues to water and alcohol, and 
contain tannic and gallic acids, a principle termed ursin 
(which is said to act as a diuretic in the dose of a grain), 
extractive, resin, gum, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — Uva Ursi is astringent, tonic, and diu- 
retic, and exercises a particular control over discharges 
from mucous surfaces. Hence, its employment in catarrh 
of the bladder, chronic bronchitis, with profuse discharge, 
&c. It is also applicable to the ordinary uses of the vege- 
table astringents. Dose of the powder, 3j to 3ij, three 
times a day ; but it is usually given in decoction (a troy- 
ounce to water Oj), of which f§j to f§ij maybe taken three 
times a day. The fluid extract, which is a concentrated 
tincture, may be given in the dose of f5ss-i 



CHIMAPHILA — PIPSISSEWA. 

Chimaphila umbellata, Pipsissewa, Wintergreen, or 
Ground-Holly (Nat. Ord. Pyrolacese), is a small indige- 
nous, evergreen plant, common to the northern parts of 
Europe, Asia, and America, and found abundantly in 
woody situations in all parts of the United States. It has 
an erect stem, three to ten inches high, lanceolate, some- 
what wedge-shaped, serrated, dark-green leaves, arranged 
in irregular whorls, and beautiful five-petaled flowers, of a 
white color tinged with red, and a very agreeable perfume, 
which appear in June. The leaves are the officinal por- 
tion. In the fresh state, they have a fragrant smell when 
bruised, which they loose after drying. Their taste is bit- 
terish and astringent, but somewhat aromatic. They con- 
tain tannic acid, bitter extractive, resin, and probably 



PIPSISSEWA. 



151 



some acrid volatile constituent — as the fresh leaves, when 
bruised and applied to the skin, will cause redness and 
even vesication. 

Fig. 15. 




Chimaphila maculata, or Spotted Pipsissewa, possesses 
analogous properties to those of C. umbellata, from which 
it differs principally in the character of its leaves. They 
are of a deep olive-green color, veined with greenish-white ; 
and the flowers are a pure white, and appear in July. 

Effects and Uses. — Pipsissewa is astringent and tonic, and 
also diuretic. It is employed in the disorders of the uri- 



152 MATERIA MEDICA. 

nary organs to which uva nrsi is applicable, and also for 
its diuretic properties in dropsy, attended with debility of 
the digestive organs. Indeed, it is classed by some thera- 
peutists among the diuretics. It is usually given in decoc- 
tion (a troyounce to water Oi), of which Oj may be taken 
in the twenty-four hours ; and a fermented decoction, made 
with molasses, ginger, and yeast, is often used. An extract 
is employed, in doses, of gr. x to gr. xv. 

The following vegetable astringents deserve notice, 
though less frequently employed than the foregoing : 

Granati Fructus Cortex {Pomegranate Rind). This is 
the rind of the fruit of Punica granatum, the Pome- 
granate tree (Nat. Ord. Myrtacese), a small tree of Northern 
Africa, Syria, and Persia, now naturalized in the warmer 
portions of Europe, the West Indies, &c. The rind of the 
fruit is a powerful astringent, but is little used internally, 
from its liability to occasion nausea. Dose, in powder, gr. 
xx to 5ss ; but it is best given in decoction (a troyounce 
to water Oj), dose, fgj. 

Eosa Gallica (Red Roue). Rosa Centifolia (Pale Rose). 
The petals of these two species of roses are officinal, but 
those of almost every other species of cultivated rose may 
be employed for the same purposes as the rosa centifolia, 
which is not astringent. The red rose is a mild astringent, 
and is chiefly used in conjunction with sulphuric acid, in 
the infusum rosse compositum — compound infusion of rose 
(half a troyounce to boiling water Oijss, diluted sulphuric 
acid f5iij, sugar a troyounce and a half) ; dose, fgij to 
fgiv. The confection is used as a basis for pills. Mel Rosse 
(Honey of Roses), made with diluted alcohol and clarified 
honey, is used as an addition to gargles ; the syrup is added 
to mixtures. The pale rose is slightly laxative. Aqua 
Rosse (Rose Water), distilled from the pale rose, is much 
employed in collyria, &c. 

Diospyros (Persimmon). The unripe fruit of Diospyros 
Virginian a (Nat. Ord. Ebenaceae), an indigenous tree, is 



CREASOTE. 153 

employed in diarrhoea, dysentery, and uterine hemorrhage, 
in infusion, syrup, and vinous and acetous tinctures. The 
bark is bitter and astringent, but is not officinal. 

TorMentilla (Tormentil). The root of Potentilla tor- 
mentilla {Nat. Ord. Rosacea), a European plant, is used 
in Europe as an astringent, in the dose of 5ss to 5j, but is 
seldom or never employed in this country. 

Rubus (Blackberry Root). The roots of Rubus villosus, 
and Rubus Canadensis (Nat. Ord. Rosacese), the former an 
erect, prickly shrub, and the latter a creeping brier, are 
very efficient mild astringents, which have been used with 
excellent effect in bowel complaints, especially those of 
children. The astringency resides principally in the cor- 
tical portion, and hence the smallest roots should be pre- 
ferred ; of the decoction (a troyounce to water Oi) f gij may 
be taken frequently. 

Heuchera (Alum-root). The roots of Heuchera Ame- 
ricana, and other species of Heuchera (Nat. Ord. Saxifra- 
gacese), indigenous plants, known under the common name 
of Alum-root, with radical leaves somewhat like those of 
the maple, and numerous radical flower-stems, one to two 
feet in height, with rose-colored flowers arranged in pyra- 
midal panicles — possess very decided astringent properties, 
and may be used both externally and internally. 

A large number of vegetable substances, both indige- 
nous and foreign, have been used as astringents, in addi- 
tion to those enumerated — the astringent principle being 
the most common medicinal quality with which plants are 
endowed. 

The foregoing list comprises all the more important. 

CREASOTUM — CREASOTE. 

Creasote is a peculiar substance obtained from tar. 
When pure, it is a colorless, oleaginous liquid, with a 
caustic, burning taste, and a penetrating, disagreeable 



154: MATERIA MEDICA. 

odor, like that of smoked meat. It forms two solutions 
with water, one of 1 part to 80 parts of water, the other 
of 1 part of water in 10 parts of creasote ; and it is soluble, 
in all proportions, in alcohol, ether, naptha, and acetic 
acid. A remarkable property of creasote is its power of 
preserving meat, whence its name (from apeag flesh, and 
(7w£o), I save). 

Effects and Uses. — Creasote, in large doses, is an aero- 
narcotic poison. In small doses, it is styptic and astrin- 
gent, and, though not very nearly allied to the vegetable 
astringent articles, which contain tannic acid, it is, perhaps, 
more generally administered for its astringent than for any 
other properties. It is an excellent remedy in hsemateme- 
sis, and is also employed in haemoptysis and other hemor- 
rhages. It is very eflicacious in allaying vomiting and 
gastric irritability, and has been exhibited for its astrin- 
gent virtues with good effect in diarrhoea, diabetes, and 
chronic bronchitis, and as a nervine in epilepsy, hysteria-, 
neuralgia, &c. Externally, it is applied, in various degrees 
of dilution, to indolent, sloughing, and foul ulcers; in 
several cutaneous affections ; as a gargle in putrid sore 
throat ; and for the relief of deafuess. In the concentrated 
form, it is a good styptic in capillary hemorrhages, and is 
applied with effect to the hollows of carious teeth for the 
removal of the pain of toothache. There is no antidote in 
cases of poisoning from creasote, but stimulants are to be 
freely administered. 

Dose, internally, one or two drops, frequently repeated, 
in pill, or diluted with mucilage. 

For external use, from two to six drops, or more, may be 
added to a fluidounce of distilled water. 

Aqua Creasoti (Creasote Water) contains 3.72 minims in 
each fluidounce. Dose, f«5j-iv. 

Creasote ointment contains half a fluidrachm of creasote in 
an ounce of lard. 



PREPARATIONS OF LEAD. 155 



ACIDUM CARBOLICUM — CARBOLIC ACID. 

This substance, termed also phenic acid, and phenilic 
alcohol, is a- product of the distillation of tar. It is made 
by treating the impure benzine of commerce with weak 
alkaline solutions, and the acid is afterwards separated by 
distillation. As usually found in the shops, carbolic acid 
is a colorless liquid, of an oily aspect, a peculiar empyreu- 
matic odor like that of creasote, (but not identical with it), 
and an acrid burning taste. Its sp. gr. is 1.062, and its 
boiling point 370° F. It is soluble in 20 parts of water, 
freely soluble in alcohol, and its solubility in water is much 
increased by the addition of from 5 to 10 per cent, of alco- 
hol or acetic acid. Carbolic acid is found also as a color- 
less crystalline mass, although when perfectly pure, it does 
not crystallize, but is made to do so by the addition of a 
little napthalin. The solid acid is very deliquescent, and 
becomes liquid, continuing so at ordinary temperatures. 

Effects and Uses. — Carbolic acid coagulates albumen, ar- 
rests fermentation, and is destructive to the lower forms of 
vegetable and animal life. It is used internally in zymotic 
diseases, as an astringent, to check vomiting, and also as 
a nervine and antispasmodic. The dose and mode of ad- 
ministration are about the same as for creasote. Exter- 
nally, it is employed, of full strength, as a caustic, and 
properly diluted, as an application in diphtheria, cutaneous 
eruptions (especially those of organic origin), gangrenous 
ulcers, burns, &c. It is used also as a disinfectant, and to 
prevent putrefaction in organic substances. 

MINERAL ASTRINGENTS. 
PLUMBI PR^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF LEAD. 

Metallic lead is considered inert. The sulphuret and 
sulphate are probably also inactive ; but, with these excep- 
tions, all the compounds of lead possess more or less acti- 



156 MATERIA MEDICA. 

vity. When administered in therapeutical doses, they act 
as astringents in the alimentary canal, checking secretion, 
and causing constipation. After absorption, they produce 
a diminution in the volume and frequency of the pulse and 
in the activity of the secreting functions, and frequently 
arrest sanguineous discharges, both natural and artificial. 
In excessive doses, several of the saturnine compounds are 
irritant and corrosive poisons, giving rise to gastro-enteric 
inflammation. The proper antidotes are sulphuric acid, or 
some alkaline or earthy sulphate, in solution in a large 
quantity of diluent. The hydrated sesquisulphuret of iron 
is also said to act as an antidote. The tests for lead are sul- 
phuretted hydrogen, and a solution of iodide of potassium; 
the former strikes a black and the latter a yellow precipi- 
tate. 

When the system becomes impregnated with lead, either 
from the too long-continued use of its preparations medi- 
cinally, from drinking water drawn through lead pipes, or 
from exposure to its influence in lead-factories, &c, a pecu- 
liar kind of chronic poisoning is produced, which shows itself 
in a variety of symptoms. The most usual form of lead 
poisoning is colic, sometimes termed colica pictonum or 
painter s colic, which is characterized by sharp abdominal 
pains, with hardness and depression of the abdominal pa- 
rietes, obstinate constipation, nausea, vomiting, &c. Next 
in frequency is lead arthralgy, in which there are severe 
pains in the limbs, attended by cramps, hardness, and ten- 
sion of the painful parts. Lead paralysis is another, though 
less common variety of the disease, and is characterized by 
a loss of voluntary motion, owing to the want of contrac- 
tility of the muscular fibres of the affected parts. It most 
frequently affects the upper extremities and the extensor 
rather than the flexor muscles. Occasionally, functional 
disease of the brain is also observed as one of the conse- 
quences of lead poisoning. The absorption of lead into 
the system is recognized by a saturnine coloration of the 
gums, of the mucous membrane of the mouth, and of the 



PREPARATIONS OF LEAD. 157 

teeth. The antidotical treatment of chronic lead poisoning 
consists in the internal administration of solutions of sul- 
phuric acid and of soluble alkaline and earthy sulphates, 
and in the use of baths of sulphuret of potassium, dissolved 
in warm water, by which the salts of lead, deposited on the 
skin, are converted into the insoluble sulphuret. The iodide 
of potassium is recommended as an eliminative remedy. For 
lead colic, a combination of cathartics and opiates has been 
employed; but the best remedy is alum in doses of 5j or 
5ij, every three or four hours, dissolved in some demulcent 
liquid. In the treatment of lead palsy, strychnia and elec- 
tricity may be used, but it is a very intractable form of the 
disease. The use of sulphuric acid lemonade is resorted to, 
by workmen in lead factories, as a preventive of lead poi- 
soning. 

Therapeutically, the preparations of lead are employed as 
astringents, sedatives, and desiccants. For internal use, 
the acetate is almost exclusively employed. It is a most 
valuable remedy in hemorrhages, from its combined seda- 
tive and astringent influence, and is also very serviceable 
in fluxes from the mucous membranes, particularly of the 
bowels. Topically, lead washes are employed to relieve 
superficial inflammation, to arrest morbid discharges, and 
as desiccants. They are objectionable, however, as eye- 
washes, from their often forming precipitates of lead upon 
the cornea, which are highly injurious. 

Plumbi Acetas {Acetate of Lead), This salt, known also 
as Saccharum Saturni or Sugar of Lead, is made by immer- 
sing lead in distilled vinegar, or litharge in pyroligneouS 
or crude acetic acid. It occurs in colorless, needle-shaped 
crystals, which effloresce on exposure to the air. They 
have an acetous odor, and. a sweetish, astringent taste, and 
are soluble in both water and alcohol. The mineral acids 
and their soluble salts, the alkalies and alkaline earths, 
and vegetable astringents, are incompatible with acetate of 
lead. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of this salt are those of 



158 MATERIA MEDICA. 

the saturnine preparations, which have been already de- 
scribed. Its medicinal influence is sedative and astringent. 
In hemorrhages, it is more employed internally than any 
other remedy, usually in combination with opium. And 
this combination is also much resorted to in the treatment 
of diarrhoea, dysentery, and cholera, and may be prescribed 
with advantage to arrest the secretion of bronchitis and 
the night sweats of phthisis. In yellow fever, it is em- 
ployed to check the hemorrhagic condition of the gastric 
mucous membrane. It is a dangerous remedy in. chronic 
diseases, from the liability to lead poisoning. As a topical 
remedy, acetate of lead, in aqueous solution, is extensively 
employed to relieve inflammation and diminish morbid 
discharges. 

Dose, gr. j or ij to gr. viij or x, two or three times a day. 
"When applied to mucous membranes, the strength of the 
solution may be gr. ss to gr. j or ij, to water fBj — for phleg- 
monous inflammation, 5\j to water Oj. 

Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis (Solution of Subacetate of 
Lead). This preparation, frequently termed Goulard's Ex- 
tract, is an aqueous solution of the diacetate of lead, and 
is made by boiling acetate of lead and litharge in distilled 
water. It is a colorless liquid, which is decomposed on 
exposure to the air with the formation of insoluble carbo- 
nate of lead, and occasions a dense white precipitate with 
solution of gum. In other respects it resembles a solution 
of acetate of lead. 

Uses. — It is chiefly employed, diluted, to promote the 
resolution of external inflammation and arrest discharges 
from suppurating, ulcerated, and mucous surfaces. The 
officinal dilution is Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis LilutUs, com- 
monly known as lead water, and consists of solution fSiij, 
to distilled water Oj. Oeratum Plumbi Subacetatis, or Gou- 
lard's Cerate, is made by mixing four troyounces of melted 
white .wax with seven troyounces of olive oil, afterwards 
adding two fluidounces and a half of Goulard's extract, 
and thirty grains of camphor dissolved in a troyounce of 



PREPARATIONS OF LEAD. 159 

olive oil ; it is an admirable dressing to excoriated and 
blistered surfaces, burns, scalds, &c. 

Plumbi Iodidum {Iodide of Lead), is made by the double 
reaction of solutions of nitrate of lead and iodide of po- 
tassium. It is a brigbt-yellow, heavy, inodorous powder, 
sparingly soluble in cold water, but readily soluble in boil- 
ing water. It is chiefly used to reduce the volume of in- 
dolent tumors, and may be given internally in the dose of 
gr. iij or iv, or more, in pill ; but it is principally employed 
externally in the form of ointment (5j to lard^Sj). 

Plumbi Nitras (Nitrate of Lead), made by dissolving 
litharge in diluted nitric acid, occurs in white, nearly 
opaque octohedral crystals, permanent in the 'air, of a 
sweet, astringent taste, and soluble in water and alcohol. 
It may be given internally, as a sedative astringent, in 
doses of gr. \ to gr. j, twice or thrice daily, in pill or solu- 
tion. But its principal use is as a topical agent in the 
treatment of wounds, ulcers, and cutaneous affections. 
Ledoyens Disinfecting Fluid is a solution of nitrate of lead 
5j in water f§j. 

Plumbi Oxldum (Oxide of Lead), or Litharge, is obtained 
in the process for extracting silver from argentiferous 
galenas. It occurs in minute yellowish or orange-colored 
scales, insoluble in water, and is never employed internally. 
It is sometimes sprinkled over ulcers,' but its chief use is 
in the preparation of Lmplastrum Plumbi or Lead Plaster 
(called also diachylon), which is made by boiling litharge 
(thirty troyounces) with olive oil (fifty-six troyounces) and 
water, and is, chemically, a mixture of oleate and marga- 
rate of lead. It serves as a basis for most of the other 
plasters. Emplastrum Saponis (Soap Plaster), made by 
rubbing up soap (four troyounces) with lead plaster (thirty- 
six troyounces), is an excellent discutient. Soap Cerate is 
made by melting together two troyounces of soap plaster 
and two troyounces and a half of white wax, and after- 
wards adding four troyounces of olive oil. 

Plumbi Carbonas (Carbonate of Lead), or White Lead, is 



160 MATERIA MEDICA. 

manufactured in this country by exposing lead to the 
fumes of vinegar or acetic acid, carbonic acid being de- 
rived from the fermentation of tan, in which the pots con- 
taining lead are packed. It is a white powder, without 
smell or taste, and insoluble in water. It is never admin- 
istered internally, but is employed as a dusting powder — 
though there is danger of its absorption. Unguentum 
Plumbi Cdrbonatis (80 grains to ointment of lard §i) is a 
good application to burns, &c. White paint is used for 
the same purpose. 

ALUMEN — ALUM. 

Alum is a double salt, a sulphate of alumina and po- 
tassa. It is found native in Italy, in the neighborhood of 
Rome, but is usually manufactured from alum ores, and 
sometimes by the direct combination of its constituents. 
It crystallizes in regular octohedrons ; but it is commonly 
found in the shops in large, colorless, transparent, crystal- 
line masses, without any regular form. It has an astrin- 
gent and sweetish, acid taste; by exposure to the air it 
slowly effloresces ; it is soluble in cold water, and more so 
in boiling water ; and when heated, it undergoes the wa- 
tery fusion, swells up, gives out its water of crystallization 
and is converted into a white, spongy mass, called dried 
alum. The alkalies and their carbonates, lime-water, mag- 
nesia and its carbonate, tartrate of potassa, acetate of lead, 
and the vegetable astringents, are incompatible with alum. 

Besides the potash alum, there are varieties in which 
the potash is replaced by some other base, as ammonia 
or soda ; ammonia alum is the common alum of com- 
merce. 

Physiological Effects. — The immediate topical effect of 
alum is that of a powerful astringent, in virtue of a che- 
mical action on the tissues. When it is applied to a part, 
in large quantities, the astriction is soon followed by irri- 
tation ; and thus, taken internally in excessive doses, it 



ALUM. 161 

gives rise to vomiting, griping, purging, and even inflam- 
mation of the gastro-enteric mucous membrane. After 
its absorption, it acts as an astringent on the system gene- 
rally, and produces astriction of the tissues and fibres, and 
a diminution of secretion. 

Medicinal Uses. — Alum is employed internally in hemor- 
rhages, chronic diarrhoea, colliquative sweating, diabetes, 
&c, and it is sometimes combined with cubeb in the treat- 
ment of gleet, gonorrhoea, and leucorrhcea. It has been 
recommended in dilatation of the heart and aneurism of 
the aorta, and has also been given as an emetic in croup. 
Its use in lead colic has been alluded to. As a topical re- 
medy it is extremely valuable as an astringent antiphlogis- 
tic, in ophthalmia, diphtheria, tonsillitis, &c. ; to produce 
contraction of the tissues, in relaxation of the uvula, pro- 
lapsus ani, &c. ; as a styptic in hemorrhages; and to arrest 
excessive secretion from the mucous surfaces. 

Dose, gr. x to 3j or 3ij, in powder, or solution, or made 
into pills, with some tonic extract, and combined with an 
aromatic, as nutmeg, to prevent nausea. It may be agree- 
ably given in the form of whey, prepared by boiling 5ij with 
milk Oj, and straining, of which the dose is f3ij. Topi- 
cally, it is employed in the forms of powder, solution, and 
poultice, the latter of which is made by rubbing up whites 
of eggs with alum, and is applied to the eye in ophthal- 
mia, between folds of linen. Dried alum (alumen exsicca- 
tum), is employed internally in the dose of gr. v-x, and 
externally as a mild escharotic. 

Alumina Sulphas [Sulphate of Alumina), is employed 
externally as an astringent and antiseptic application to 
ulcers, an injection in gonorrhoea, &c. The aqueous solu- 
tion is used to preserve bodies for dissection. 

ORDER VI. — STIMULANTS. 

Stimulants are medicines, which produce a rapid and tem- 
porary exaltation of the vital functions. Their influence is 

11 



162 MATERIA .MEDICA. 

most conspicuous in conditions of morbid depression, 
when a marked tolerance of their action is established, 
and large amounts are borne. In health, when the powers 
of the system are at the normal standard, stimulants soon 
induce depression. Topically, they irritate and inflame 
the parts to which they are applied, and hence are classed 
with irritants. 

They are employed principally in disorders known as 
asthenic, and in all conditions of the system attended with 
exhaustion. From their action in arousing the energies of 
the nervous system, they exercise a control over many 
nervous disorders, particularly those of a spasmodic nature. 
They are also frequently given with a view to their action 
on some one or other of the secretions. As stimulants to 
the gastro-intestinal canal, they are administered to pro- 
mote digestion (when they are called stomachics), and to 
dispel flatulence (when they are known as carminatives). 
Topically, they are employed as rubefacients, vesicants, &c. 

The more powerful and rapid stimulants are called 
diffusible. In overdoses, they act as violent narcotics and 
sedatives. The diffusible stimuli usually employed are 
vinous and spirituous liquors, and the preparations of am- 
monia. Vegetable stimulants which contain a volatile oil, 
are termed aromatics, and are usually given as stomachics 
and carminatives. Their volatile oils are also employed as 
local irritants. 

DIFFUSIBLE STIMULANTS. 
ALCOHOL. 

Alcohol is a product which results from a process termed 
the vinous fermentation, in substances containing grape- 
sugar. At a temperature of 80° F., the presence of a 
fermenting body converts a solution of grape-sugar into 
alcohol and carbonic acid. Starchy substances, being con- 
vertible into grape-sugar, also yield alcohol. Alcohol is 
obtained from vinous or fermented liquors, by repeated 



PREPARATIONS OF ALCOHOL. 163 

distillation. It is, chemically, a liydrated oxide of ethyl, 
C 4 H 6 2 , or C 4 H 5 0+HO. For officinal purposes, it should 
be of the specific gravity 0.835, when it contains about 
fifteen per cent, of water. It is a colorless, inflammable 
liquid, wholly vaporizable by heat, and unites in all pro- 
portions with water and ether. A stronger alcohol, alcohol 
fortius, sp. gr. 0.817, is made by shaking officinal alcohol 
with heated carbonate of potassa. This is free from water 
and fusel oil, and is used for pharmaceutical purposes. 

Physiological Effects. — Alcohol is the intoxicating ingre- 
dient of all vinous and spirituous liquors. It is a powerful 
diffusible stimulant — in small doses, exciting the vascular 
and nervous systems, increasing the heat of the body, 
exhilarating the mental faculties, and stimulating the 
secretions. In excessive quantity, it acts as a narcotic 
poison, producing coma and death. The treatment in 
cases of poisoning from alcohol is the same as that which 
is to be pursued in cases of poisoning from opium. Am- 
monia is a physiological antidote. The habitual use of 
alcoholic stimuli in excess gives rise to a well-known train 
of mental and physical disorders : dyspepsia, visceral ob- 
structions, gout, dropsy, mania-a-potu, and even confirmed 
insanity. Topically, alcohol acts as an irritant. 

Medicinal Uses. — Alcohol, in the form of vinous and 
spirituous liquors, is employed to rouse and support the 
system in asphyxia, syncope, the latter stages of acute 
attacks, typhoid and typhus fevers, asthenic and malignant 
diseases, exhausting hemorrhages and suppurations, gan- 
grene, to counteract the effects of the bites of venomous rep- 
tiles, in mania-a-potu, and in poisoning from foxglove, to- 
bacco, and other narcotics; also as a stomachic in colic, 
flatulence, indigestion, nausea, &c. As a topical applica- 
tion, alcohol is used to produce cold by its evaporation ; as 
a styptic ; to harden the cuticle over delicate parts ; and as 
a stimulant. Mixed with white of eggs, it forms a good 
coating to bed-sores. 

Alcohol Dilutum (Diluted Alcohol), or Proof Spirit, con- 



164 MATERIA MEDICA. 

sists of equal parts of alcohol and distilled water, and has 
a sp. gr. 0.941. It is used exclusively for pharmaceutical 
purposes. 

Vinum (Wine). The fermented juice of the grape con- 
sists of water and alcohol in varying proportions, with vola- 
tile oil, cenanthic acid and ether, tannic, malic, and other 
acids, bitartrate of potassa, &c. Wine loses most of its cream 
of tartar by age. It is employed medicinally, to support the 
system in typhus and typhoid fevers, exhausting chronic 
diseases, extensive suppurations, gangrene, &c. In typh- 
fevers, it constitutes our chief therapeutic resource, and 
may be administered to the amount of one or two pints, 
in the twenty-four hours, either pure, or in the form of 
wine-whey. This is made by adding from a gill to half a 
pint of white wine to a pint of boiling milk, separating 
the curd from the whey, and flavoring with sugar and 
spices. 

The officinal wines are Vinum Xericum (Sherry), and 
Vinum Portense (Port). Port contains tannic acid, and is 
preferred in dysentery, diarrhoea, &c, for its astringency. 
Madeira, which is the strongest of the white wines, is an 
excellent stimulant, but may be objectionable from its 
acidity. Champagne is a pleasant stimulant, where gastric 
irritability is present. Madeira and Port contain about 23 
per cent, of alcohol ; Sherry, 19 per cent. ; Champagne, IS 
per cent. As articles of diet, the stronger wines, when 
used in excess, often produce gout, dropsy, and diseases 
of the kidneys and liver; and, except in advanced age, 
and in feeble constitutions, cannot but be considered as 
objectionable. 

The malt liquors are useful where more permanent sti- 
muli are called for, as in diseases tending to emaciation, 
chronic abscesses, &c. The best are porter and ale. 

Spiritus Vini Gallici (Brandy), is obtained by the 
distillation of wine. It contains about 50 per cent, of 
alcohol, with water, volatile oil, tannic acid, coloring 
matter, &c, It is the best stimulus, where a rapid and 



PREPARATIONS OF AMMONIA. 165 

decided impression is called for, as in collapse, syncope, 
&c. ; and, from the tannic acid which it -contains, is useful 
in bowel-complaints. Rum (spiritus sacchari), the ardent 
spirit obtained from sugar, and whisky (spiritus frumenti), 
obtained by the distillation of fermented infusions of corn, 
may be used as substitutes for brandy. Spiritus myrciae 
(bay-rum), the spirit obtained by distilling rum with the 
leaves of myrcia acris, is a refreshing local application. 
Gin is corn spirit flavored with juniper; and, owing to 
the oil of juniper, which it holds in solution, it is an active 
diuretic as well as stimulant. Arrack, the spirit of East- 
ern countries, is prepared from fermented infusions of 
rice. 



AMMONIA PRiEPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 

AMMONIA. 

Ammonia is a gaseous compound of hydrogen and 
nitrogen (NH 3 ), usually obtained by the action of lime on 
sal ammoniac (or muriate of ammonia). It is a powerful 
stimulant and local irritant, but is rarely used in medicine. 
The following preparations of Ammonia are employed as 
diffusible stimuli : 

Aqua Ammonle Fortior (Stronger Water of Ammonia). 
This is an aqueous solution of ammonia, of the specific 
gravity 0.900. It is a colorless liquid, of a caustic, acrid 
taste, and a very pungent odor of ammonia ; and is too 
strong for medicinal use, internally, in its unmixed state, 
containing 26 per cent, of gaseous ammonia. It is a 
powerful corrosive poison, for which the diluted acids, as 
vinegar, lemon juice, &c, are the proper antidotes. It is 
used externally as a vesicant, and has the advantage over 
cantharides of a more speedy operation and non-affection 
of the urinary organs. 

Aqua Ammonije ( Water of Ammonia), has a specific gra- 
vity of 0.960, containing nearly 10 per cent, of ammonia, 
and is employed as a stimulant, sudorific, antacid, and 



166 MATERIA MEDICA. 

rubefacient. As a stimulant, ammonia is admirably 
adapted for speedily rousing tlie action of the vascular 
and respiratory systems, especially when it is an object 
at the same time to promote the action of the skin. For 
this purpose it is employed in low forms of disease, par- 
ticularly in the typhoid exanthemata, in syncope, in 
asphyxia from narcotic poisons, and to counteract the 
effects of the bites of venomous reptiles. In dyspepsia, it 
is useful with a view to the relief both of acidity and 
flatulence. For internal use, other preparations of am- 
monia are generally preferred, and this is used chiefly as 
a rubefacient. As a rubefacient, the oflicinal liniment may 
be used (a fluidounce of water of ammonia to two troy- 
ounces of olive oil). Dose, internally, ten to thirty drops, 
largely diluted. 

Spiritus Ammonia (Spirit of Ammonia) is a solution of 
ammonia in alcohol. It is given as a stimulant, antispas- 
modic, and carminative, in the dose often to thirty drops, 
diluted with water. But a pleasanter preparation, with 
similar properties, is 

Spiritus Ammonia Aromaticus (Aromatic Spirit of Am- 
monia). This is made by dissolving a troyounce of car- 
bonate of ammonia in three fluidounces of water of ammo- 
nia, previously mixed with four fluidounces of water, then 
dissolving two fluidrachms and a half of oil of lemon, forty 
minims of oil of nutmeg, and fifteen minims of oil of la- 
vender, in a pint and a half of alcohol, afterwards mixing 
the two solutions, and adding water enough, to make the 
whole measure two pints. It is a very agreeable antacid 
stomachic and stimulant, and may be given in the dose of 
thirty drops to f5j, or more, diluted with water. 

Ammonde Carbonas (Carbonate of Ammonia). This salt, 
sometimes termed volatile alkali, is a sesquicarbonate, and is 
prepared by subliming a mixture of muriate of ammonia 
and chalk. It occurs in whitish, transparent masses, 
wholly dissipated by heat, of a pungent, ammoniacal odor, 
an acrid, alkaline taste, and is soluble without residue in 



PHOSPHORUS. 167 

water. On exposure to the air, it becomes opaque, falls 
into powder, and deteriorates by the loss of ammonia. 

Effects and Uses. — Its indications are the same as those 
of solution of ammonia, to which it is preferred for inter- 
nal exhibition as a diffusible stimulant. It has also been 
recommended in diabetes, and in scrofula, attended with 
a languid circulation. Dose, gr. v to xx, in pill, or prefer- 
ably in solution with gum and sugar. Mixed with some 
aromatic oil (as that of bergamot or lavender), it is used, 
as a smelling salt, in syncope, hysteria, &c. 

ARNICA. 

Arnica montana, Leopard's bane (Nat. Ord. Asteracese), 
is a perennial, herbaceous plant, found in Northern Ger- 
many and other northern countries of Europe, and also in 
the northwestern portion of America. The flowers are 
the officinal portion, and are brought here from Germany. 
They are large, of a fine orange-yellow color, of a strong, 
disagreeable odor when fresh (which is diminished by de- 
siccation), and an acrid, bitterish taste. The root also is 
used in Europe. Both contain a volatile oil, and an alkaloid 
principle termed arnicina has been found in them. Arnica 
is a stimulant, with emetic and cathartic properties in large 
doses. Its effects, internally, are not very well understood 
in this country, where it is little used, except externally, 
in the form of fomentation, or lotion, for the relief of 
bruises, sprains, and local paralysis. The alcoholic extract 
i§ given in doses of gr. v-x. This is chiefly used, how- 
ever, in making a plaster (emplastrum arnica, one part of 
extract to two parts of previously melted resin plaster). 
The tincture (six troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij) is used 
as a local stimulant, often mixed with soap liniment. 

Phosphorus has been used, in small doses, as a diffusi- 
ble stimulant ; it is also diuretic and aphrodisiac. In over- 
doses, however, it is a most violent irritant poison, and is 



168 MATERIA MEDICA. 

too dangerous for general medicinal use. Dose, gr T ^ to 
gr. J-, dissolved in almond or sweet oil, chloroform, ether, 
or oil of turpentine. In cases of poisoning from phos- 
phorus, after the administration of an emetic, magnesia 
should be given, suspended in large quantities of water. 

AROMATICS. 

Aromatics owe their virtues to the presence of oils 
obtained from them by distillation, and termed volatile 
oils (plea volatila), sometimes also distilled and essential 
oils. These oils possess, in a high degree, the odor and 
taste of the plants from which they are procured. Lo- 
cally, they are powerful irritants, and, taken into the sto- 
mach in overdoses, act as acrid poisons. They pass partially 
into vapor at ordinary temperatures, and are completely 
volatilized by heat ; hence, decoctions and extracts are 
improper preparations of the aromatics. The distilled oils 
are inflammable, very slightly soluble in water, but soluble 
in alcohol and ether. Their ultimate constituents are, 
usually, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ; and, on exposure 
to the air, they gradually absorb oxj 7 gen, become thicker, 
less odorous, and of a deeper color, and are finally con- 
verted into resins. 



CAPSICUM — CAYENNE PEPPER. 

Cayenne pepper is the fruit of Capsicum annuum and 
other species of Capsicum (Nat. Ord. Solanaceae), American 
tropical plants, naturalized in most warm climates, and 
cultivated in our gardens. C. annuum is an annual, about 
two feet high, with an herbaceous, crooked, branching 
stem; ovate, pointed leaves; greenish-white flowers ; and 
pendulous pod-like berries of a crimson or yellow color, 
two or three inches long. These pods, when dried and 
ground, form Cayenne pepper, the best of which is the 
African. Powdered capsicum has a bright-red color, which 



BLACK PEPPER. 169 

fades upon exposure to light ; an aromatic, peculiar smell, 
and a bitterish, acrid, burning taste. The active principle 
is an oily or resinous substance, termed capsicin, which is 
slightly soluble in water, but very much so in alcohol, 
ether, and oil of turpentine. 

Effects and Uses. — Capsicum is principally employed as 
a condiment and stomachic, and is very useful in torpid con- 
ditions of the digestive organs, or as an adjunct to other 
remedies to rouse the susceptibility of the stomach. Its 
constitutional effect is not in proportion to its local effect, 
and it is therefore of no great efficiency as a diffusible 
stimulant. It has, however, been recommended in cy- 
nanche maligna and scarlatina anginosa. It is a good 
stomachic in the dyspepsia of drunkards. As a gargle, it 
is much employed in the sore throat of scarlatina, and also 
as a cataplasm to cause counter-irritation. Dose of the 
powder, gr. v to gr. x, in pill ; of the tincture (a troy ounce 
to diluted alcohol Oij), f5j or f5ij ; of the infusion, which 
is used also for a gargle (half a troy ounce to boiling water 
Oj), fgss. The oleoresin is a powerful rubefacient, and may 
be given internally in the dose of a drop. 

PIPER — BLACK PEPPER. 

Black Pepper is the berries of Piper Nigrum (Nat. Ord. 
Piperaceae), a vine of the East Indies. The berries are 
gathered before they are quite ripe, and dried in the sun. 
They are wrinkled and black, in consequence of the dry- 
ing of the pulp over the grayish-white seed, and in this 
state are known as black pepper. If permitted to ripen, 
and soaked in water till the outer coat is removed, they 
constitute white pepper. Pepper has an aromatic, peculiar 
odor, and a hot, spicy, pungent taste. Its properties are 
taken up by alcohol and ether, and partially by water. It 
contains a volatile oil, and acrid resin, and a peculiar alka- 
loid crystalline principle, called piperin, which has been 
used as an anti-intermittent remedy. 



170 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Effects and Uses. — Pepper is a warm carminative stimu- 
lant, chiefly employed as a condiment; but it is also a use- 
ful stomachic, and a good adjunct to bark in the treatment 
of intermittent fevers. Dose, gr. v to gr. xx. Of the oleo- 
resin the dose is 1-3 drops. 

CINNAMOMUM — CINNAMON. 

There are two varieties of cinnamon : Ceylon cinnamon, 
which is the bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum (Nat. Ord. 
Lauracese), a tree of Ceylon and Java ; and China Cinna- 
mon, or Cassia, the bark of Cinnamomum aromaticum 
(Nat. Ord. Lauracese), a tree of China. The most esteemed 
is the Ceylon cinnamon. To obtain this, the bark is peeled 
from branches which are three years old ; the epidermis is 
afterwards scraped off; the smaller quills are introduced 
into the larger ones, and they are then dried in the sun 
and made into bundles. It is found in the shops in long, 
cylindrical pieces, which are very thin and smooth, and of 
a yellow-brown color, and a splintery fracture. It has a 
fragrant odor, and a warm, sweetish, aromatic, slightly 
astringent taste. Its constituents are volatile oil, a little 
tannic acid, mucilage, an acid, lignin, &c. The greater 
part, however, of the cinnamon brought to this couutry is 
the cassia cinnamon. It has the general appearance, smell, 
and taste of true cinnamon. But its substance is thicker, 
its texture coarser, its fracture shorter, its color darker, 
browner, and duller, and its flavor less sweet, and more 
pungent and astringent. Its properties are identical with 
those of the Ceylon variety. 

Effects and Uses. — Cinnamon is an aromatic stimulant, 
with a slight astringency. It is used chiefly as a carmina- 
tive, and as an addition to other medicines. Dose, gr. x 
to 5ss ; of the tincture (three troyounces to diluted alcohol 
Oij), the dose is f5j to f5iij. Oleum cinnamomi (oil of cinna- 
mon), is of a light-yellow color, which deepens by exposure 
to the air, with the development of an acid, termed cinna- 



NUTMEG. 171 

mic ; dose, one or two drops. Aqua einnamomi {cinnamon 
water), is prepared by rubbing up the oil with carbonate of 
magnesia, adding distilled water, and filtering.* It is used 
as a vehicle for other medicines. Spiritus einnamomi {spirit 
of cinnamon), contains one part of the oil dissolved in 
fifteen parts of stronger alcohol ; dose, ten to twenty 
drops. Cinnamon enters into a large number of prepara- 
tions. 

MYRISTICA — NUTMEG. 
MACIS — MACE. 

These products are portions of the fruit of Myristica 
moschata {Nat. Ord. Myristicacese), a tree of the Moluccas, 
cultivated also in Java and Sumatra, and other parts of the 
East Indies, and introduced into the isles of France and 
Bourbon, and several of the West India islands. It bears 
a pyriform fruit, about the size of a small peach, which 
has a fleshy pericarp, opened by two longitudinal valves. 
Within this is the arillus, a scarlet reticulated membrane, 
which, when dry, becomes yellow-brown and brittle, and 
is termed mace. The kernels of the fruit are the nutmegs. 

They are oval, of the size of an olive, of a greyish- 
brown color, marked with furrows ; and to preserve them 
from the attacks of an insect, they are steeped in a mix- 
ture of lime and water. Mace has a pleasant, aromatic 
smell, and a warm, bitterish, pungent taste. Nutmegs have 
a delightfully fragrant odor, and a warm, aromatic, grate- 
ful taste. 

Nutmegs contain a volatile oil, and by expression yield 
a fatty substance, known as "butter of nutmegs." From 
mace, also, a volatile oil is obtained by distillation. 

Effects and Uses. — Nutmeg is one of the most agreeable 
of the aromatic stimulants, and is much employed for its 

* The waters of the aromatic oils are all made by rubbing up half a fluid- 
drachm of the oil with 60 grains of carbonate of magnesia, then with two 
pints of distilled water, and afterwards filtering. 



172 MATERIA MEDICA. 

carminative virtues, also as a flavoring ingredient, and to 
obviate the griping effects of cathartics. It is said to have 
narcotic properties, and hence may be useful in bowel- 
complaints. Mace is chiefly employed as a condiment- 
Dose of either, 3j to 5ss. Oleum myristicse (oil of nutmeg), 
is of a pale straw-color ; dose, 2 or 3 drops. Spiritus my- 
ristiese is made by distilling two troy ounces of nutmeg in 
eight pints of diluted alcohol and a pint of water to eight 
pints; dose, f5j or f5ij. 



CARYOPHYLLUS — CLOVES. 

Cloves are the unexpanded flowers of Caryophyllus 
aromaticus (Nat. Ord. Myrtacese), an evergreen tree of the 
Moluccas. They are from five to ten lines long, and from 
one line to one and a half thick, the corolla forming a ball 
or sphere at the top, and the calyx a tapering, somewhat 
quadrangular base, resembling a nail, whence the common 
name, from the French, clou. When good, they are of a 
dark -brown color, with a yellowish-red tint ; they have a 
strong, fragrant odor, a hot acrid taste, and, when pressed 
with the nail, should give out oil. They contain a volatile 
oil, tannic acid, resin, &c, and two crystalline principles, 
termed caryophyllin and eugenin ; the oil consists of two 
oils, a heavy oil and a light oil. 

Effects and Uses. — Cloves are among the most stimulat- 
ing of the aromatics, but are chiefly used as a flavoring in- 
gredient and as a condiment. Dose, gr. v to gr. x. The 
infusion (5ij, to boiling water Oj) is a warm, grateful sto- 
machic. The oil, oleum caryophylli, is pale, or yellowish, 
becoming darker by age ; dose, 2 to 6 drops. 

PIMENTA — PIMENTO. 

Pimento, called also Allspice, is the unripe berries of 
Eugenia Pimenta (Nat. Ord. Myrtacese), a handsome ever- 
green tree of the West Indies and South America. It 



OIL OF TURPENTINE. 173 

comes exclusively from Jamaica, and consists of round, 
dull, roughish berries, rather larger than black pepper- 
corns, with an external hard, brittle shell, inclosing two 
dark-brown seeds. They have an aromatic, agreeable 
smell, and a strong clove-like taste. They are principally 
used as a condiment. The oil, oleum pimentse, has a 
brownish-red color ; dose, 3 to 6 drops. 

Oleum Cajuputi (Cajeput Oil). The volatile oil of the 
leaves of the Melaleuca Cajuputi (Nat. Ord. Myrtaceae), a 
tree of the Moluccas, is a powerful diffusible aromatic 
stimulant, much employed in Eastern countries, and of 
late coming into use in the United States. It is a trans- 
parent oil, of a fine green color, a lively penetrating odor, 
analogous to that of camphor and cardamom, and a warm, 
pungent taste. It is an admirable stomachic, for the relief 
of nausea, and is also used as an antispasmodic stimulant 
in low fevers, spasmodic cholera, &c. ; dose, 1 to 5 drops. 

OLEUM TEREBINTHINJl — OIL OF TURPENTINE. 

Oil of turpentine, commonly called spirit of turpentine, 
is obtained by distillation from the turpentine of Pinus 
palustris and other species of Pinus (Nat. Ord. Pinacese). 
"When pure, it is a limpid, colorless, volatile, and inflam- 
mable liquid, of a strong, penetrating, peculiar odor, and 
a hot, pungent, bitterish taste. It is lighter than water, 
very slightly soluble in it, less soluble in alcohol than most 
other volatile oils, and readily soluble in ether. 

Effects and Uses. — Oil of turpentine is stimulant, diu- 
retic, blennorrhetic, and anthelmintic, and, externally, 
rubefacient. As a stimulant, it is a very valuable remedy 
in typhoid fever, particularly where the abdomen is 
tympanitic, the tongue dry, and the bowels are ulcerated. 
It is employed also with advantage in morbid discharges 
from mucous membranes, hemorrhages, rheumatism, ner- 
vous disorders, atonic dropsy, gleet, nephritic and calculous 



114: MATERIA MEDICA. 

affections, and as an anthelmintic in taenia. Enemata of 
the oil of turpentine are particularly serviceable for the 
relief of tympanites. Externally, it is used for purposes of 
counter-irritation. 

Dose, as a stimulant or diuretic, five to thirty drops, re- 
peated ; as an anthelmintic or as an enema, f§ss to foij. 

ZINGIBER — GINGER. 

Ginger is the rhizoma of Zingiber officinale (Nat. Ord. 
Zingiberaceae), a perennial, herbaceous plant, growing to 
the height of two or three feet, with long, lanceolate leaves 
and yellow flowers. Its native country is unknown ; but 
it has been cultivated in Asia from time immemorial, and 
was early introduced into the tropical regions of America. 
Ginger root occurs in flattish, jointed, branched, or lobed 
palmate pieces, which rarely exceed four inches in length. 
In the young state, the roots are preserved in sugar, and 
form a very pleasant sweetmeat. When old, they are 
taken up, scalded in hot water, and dried, when they are 
known as black ginger. Sometimes they are scraped, pre- 
vious to being dried, and are then called white, or Jamaica 
ginger. The former comes from the East Indies ; the 
latter, from the West Indies. The powder of black ginger 
is yellowish-brown ; that of white ginger, yellowish- white. 
Both varieties have a powerful, peculiar odor, and a warm, 
pungent, aromatic taste. They impart their virtues to 
water and alcohol, and contain a pale-yellow volatile oil, 
resin, starch, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — Ginger is a pungent, aromatic stimu- 
lant, much employed as a stomachic in flatulency and 
spasm of the stomach and bowels. It is also used as a 
condiment, and to correct the unpleasant taste and nau- 
seating qualities of other medicines. A paste made of the 
powder and warm water is used as counter-irritant. Dose, 
gr. x to gr. xx, in pill. An infusion (half a troyounce to 
boiling water Oj) ; a tincture (eight troyounces to alcohol 



CARDAMOM. 175 

Oij) ; and a syrup, made from the tincture, are all used. 
A fluid extract — dose, 20 to 30 drops, and an oleoresin — 
dose, 1 to 2 drops, have been lately introduced. Troches 
of Ginger are made by mixing the tincture (§j) with traga- 
canth (5\j), sugar (twelve troy ounces), and a little syrup of 
ginger. 

CARDAMOM UM — CARDAMOM. 

Cardamom is the fruit of Elettaria Cardamomum {Nat, 
Ord, Zingiberacese), a perennial plant, from six to nine feet 
high, found in the mountainous parts of Malabar. Three 
varieties of Malabar cardamoms are known in commerce : 
shorts, short-longs, and long-longs, all furnished by the same 
plant. They are ovate-oblong, from three to ten lines 
long, coriaceous, ribbed, and of a grayish or brownish- 
yellow color ; and contain a number of blackish or red- 
dish-brown seeds, which have a pleasant, aromatic odor, 
and a warm, aromatic, agreeable taste. They yield a 
colorless volatile oil, a fixed oil, starch, &c. 

Effects and Uses, — Cardamom is a very agreeable aro- 
matic, devoid of acridity, and is much employed as a 
stomachic and carminative, and as an adjuvant and cor- 
rective of other medicines ; dose, gr. v-x. The tincture 
(four troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij) is the preparation 
chiefly used; dose, f§j or f5ij. The compound tincture 
contains cardamom (360 grains), and also caraway (120 
grains), cinnamon (300 grains), cochineal (60 grains), per- 
colated with diluted alcohol till two pints and six fluid- 
ounces of tincture are obtained, which is afterwards mixed 
with two troyounces of clarified honey. 

Pulvis Aromaticus {Aromatic Powder), consists of cin- 
namon and ginger, each two parts, cardamom seeds and 
v nutmeg, each one part. Dose, gr. x to xxx. Confectio 
aromatica {aromatic confection), consists of aromatic powder 
rubbed up with an equal part of honey ; it is a pleasant 
vehicle for other medicines. 



176 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



CALAMUS — SWEET FLAG. 



The rhizoma of Acorus Calamus {Nat. Ord. Orontia- 
cese), an indigenous marshy plant, with long, sword- 
Fig. 16. 




shaped, radical leaves, is a valuable aromatic stimulant, 
with some tonic properties. It is found in the shops in 
somewhat flattened pieces, deprived of their epidermis, 
wrinkled, and of a yellowish-color, and has a strong, 



PARTRIDGE-BERRY. 



177 



fragrant odor, and a warm, bitterish, aromatic taste. It 
contains volatile oil, resin, extractive, &c. Dose, 3j to 
Sj, or it may be given in infusion (a troyounce to boiling 
water Oj). 



GAULTHER IA — P A R T R I D G E-B E R R Y. 

Gaultheria procumbens, Partridge-berry, or Tea-berry 
{Nat. Ord. Ericacese), is a small indigenous evergreen 

Fig. 17. 




plant, with one, and sometimes two reddish stems, a few 
inches in height, bright-green, obovate, coriaceous, serru- 
lated leaves, and white, ovate, five-toothed flowers, followed 
by scarlet berries. The leaves are the officinal portion, 
and contain a very stimulant volatile oil, which, when first 
distilled, is colorless, but gradually becomes reddish, and 
is distinguished as being the heaviest of the volatile oils. 
An infusion of the leaves, and an essence or alcoholic solu- 
tion of the oil, are in very general popular use as carmi- 
natives and stomachics. 

12 



178 MATERIA MEDICA. 



AURANTII .CORTEX — ORANGE PEEL. 

The outer rind of the fruit of Citrus vulgaris, or 
Bitter Orange, and Citrus aurantium, or Sweet Orange 
{Nat. Ord. Aurantiacese), is much employed as a flavoring 
addition to other medicines. The flowers (aurantii flores) 
yield the delightful volatile oil termed oil of neroli, and are 
used in the form of orange flotuer water (aqua aurantii florum) 
as an agreeable vehicle, possessing slight antispasmodic 
virtues ; a syrup of orange flowers is used for flavoring mix- 
tures. 

The following aromatics, of the natural order Lamiace^e, 
are pleasant carminatives and stomachics : 

Lavandula (Lavender). The flowers of Lavandula vera, 
a small European shrub, cultivated in our gardens, about 
two feet high, with linear or lanceolate leaves, and pur- 
plish-gray flowers, which are gathered in June, and dried 
in the shade. They have an agreeable, fragrant odor, and 
a pungent bitter taste. The oil, which is of a pale-yellow 
color, may be used in the dose of from one to Rye drops. 
But the preferred preparations are the Spirit (Spiritus La- 
vandulae), made by distilling the fresh lavender (24 troy- 
ounces) with alcohol (8 pints) and water (2 pints) to 8 pints, 
and the Compound Spirit (Spiritus Lavandula Compositus), 
which contains also oil of rosemary, cinnamon, cloves, nut- 
meg, and red saunders; dose, f5j. 

Mentha Piperita (Peppermint), and Mentha Yiridis 
(Spearmint), are European plants, naturalized in the United 
States. The herbs of both are officinal, and have an aro- 
matic odor, and a pungent, somewhat bitter taste, followed 
by a sensation of coolness. They contain volatile oils, with 
some bitter extractive, &c. One to Hve drops of the oils 
may be given ; but they are usually administered in the 
form of essence or spirit (f 5ij to alcohol Oj), in the dose of 
,ten to twenty or forty drops. A water is made by rubbing 



FENNEL. 179 

up either of the oils with carbonate of magnesia and water. 
The oil of peppermint is the stronger of the two. 

Rosmarinus (Rosemary). The tops of Rosmarinus offi- 
cinalis, or Rosemary, a European evergreen shrub, culti- 
vated in our gardens, contain a very stimulant volatile oil, 
which is chiefly used as an ingredient of rubefacient lini- 
ments. A spirit is made by dissolving the oil in alcohol. 

Hedeoma (Pennyroyal). Hedeoma pulegioides, or Penny- 
royal, is an indigenous annual plant, about a foot high, 
with oblong-lanceolate, serrated leaves, and small, pale- 
blue flowers, arranged in axillary whorls. The whole 
herb is used, and contains a light-yellow essential oil, 
similar in properties to the mint oils, but somewhat more 
powerful. 

Monarda (Horsemint). The herb of Monarda punctata, 
or horsemint, an indigenous plant. The essential oil is 
used chiefly as a rubefacient. 

Origanum. The herb of Origanum vulgare, or common 
Marjoram. The essential oil is an ingredient in stimulat- 
ing liniments. 

Marrubium (Horeliound). The herb of Marrubium vul- 
gare possesses combined stimulant, tonic, and expectorant 
properties, and, in large doses, proves laxative. It is chiefly 
used in cough syrups and candies. 

Salvia (Sage). The leaves of Salvia officinalis, a Euro- 
pean plant, cultivated in our gardens, are used as a con- 
dimentj and as a gargle in sore throat and relaxed uvula ; 
they are slightly tonic and astringent, as well as aromatic. 

Thymus (Thyme). The herb of Thymus vulgaris yields 
an essential oil, oleum thymi, which is often substituted for 
oil of origanum, and is used as an external application. 

The following aromatic seeds are derived from plants of 
the natural order Apiace^j 

F(eniculum (Fennel). The fruit of Fceniculum vulgare, 
a European plant, cultivated in our gardens. It may be 
used in infusion ; the dose of the oil is 5 to 15 drops. Fennel 
water is officinal. 



180 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Cakum (Caraway). The fruit of Carum Carui, a Euro- 
pean plant, cultivated in this country. Dose of the oil, 1 
to 10 drops. 

Anisum (Anise). The fruit of Pimpinella Anisum, 
originally a native of Egypt, but now cultivated through- 
out the south of Europe. Dose of the oil, 5 to 15 drops. 
The oil of the fruit of Illicium anisatum, or Star Anise, an 
evergreen tree of Japan and China, possesses analogous 
properties to those of oil of anise, and is much used as a 
substitute for it. 

Coriandrum (Coriander), the fruit of Coriandrum sati- 
vum, an annual plant of the South of Europe. 

vanilla. 

This is the prepared, unripe capsules of Vanilla aro- 
matica (Nat. Ord. Orchidacese), a climbing plant of Cuba 
and Mexico. The pods, when gathered, are yellow, but by 
exposure to the sun, they assume a dark copper color. 
They are cylindrical, somewhat flattened, wrinkled, six or 
eight inches long, three or four lines thick, and contain a 
soft, black pulp, in which numerous small black seeds are 
embedded. Vanilla has a strong, characteristic, highly 
pleasant odor, and a warm, aromatic, sweetish taste ; the 
interior pulpy portion is most aromatic. The composition 
of vanilla is not determined, but its aroma is probably due 
to a volatile oil, developed in the curing of the pod. 

It is a mild diffusible stimulant, chiefly used, however, 
as a perfume and flavoring ingredient. 

ORDER VII. — SEDATIVES. 

Sedatives are medicines which diminish the force of the 
action of the circulation, by depressing the nervous in- 
fluence. Many narcotics, it has been seen, act as seda- 
tives : as some of the solanaceae, aconite, hydrocyanic 
acid, &c. Bat under this head are usually classed the me- 



FOXGLOVE. 181 

dicinal substances which are employed therapeutically to 
reduce excitement of the vascular system. 

With sedatives may be included also the medicinal 
agents termed refrigerants, comprising nearly all the neu- 
tral alkaline salts, as well as those in which the acid pre- 
dominates, and the vegetable acids. These substances have 
little power of diminishing the ordinary or healthy tem- 
perature ; but they lower febrile heat, allay thirst, restore 
the secretions, and in this way are very useful adjuvants in 
the treatment of febrile complaints. 

DIGITALIS — FOXGLOVE. 

Digitalis purpurea, or Purple Foxglove (Nat. Ord. cro- 
phulariacese), is a biennial European plant, cultivated in 
our gardens, with an erect stem three or four feet high, 
large ovate-lanceolate, crenate, downy, and veiny leaves, 
of a dull-green color, and handsome bell-shaped crimson 
or purple flowers, arranged in a long terminal spike. The 
seeds and leaves are both active, but the latter only are 
employed, from plants of the second years growth ; and those 
from the wild plants are preferred, as the cultivated variety 
is thought to be inferior in virtue. The petioles are re- 
moved, and the leaves are then dried in baskets, in a dark 
place, in a drying-stove. When dried, they have a dull- 
green color, with a faint odor, and a bitter, nauseous taste, 
and afford a fine deep-green powder. Both leaves and 
powder should be preserved in well-stoppered bottles, cov- 
ered externally with dark-colored paper, and kept in a 
dark cupboard. And, as their medicinal activity is im- 
paired by keeping, they should be renewed annually. 
They contain a principle termed digitaline, which possesses 
similar properties to those of the leaves. It is white, in- 
odorous, scarcely soluble in water, but very soluble in 
alcohol, and has been employed in medicine, in doses of 
from g^th to gVth of a grain. 

Physiological Effects. — The ordinary results of the admi- 



182 MATERIA MEDICA. 

nistration of digitalis, in small and repeated doses, are an in- 
crease in the secretion of urine and a reduction of the fre- 
quency of the pulse, sometimes accompanied by nausea ; 
but these effects are not constant. The influence of digi- 
talis over the pulse is more marked in weak and debili- 
tated persons, than in those who are robust and plethoric. 
Its effects, too, in this particular, are more easily obtained 
in the recumbent than in the erect posture, owing to the 
less force required in the former position, to carry on the 
circulation. In the repeated use of small doses of this 
medicine, a cumulative effect is sometimes observed : its 
powers are not manifested for a certain time, and effects 
are suddenly produced, which are attributable to the whole 
amount administered, giving rise to dangerous and even 
fatal syncope. In morbid conditions of the circulation, 
where it is irritable, abnormally quick, or irregular, digi- 
talis is considered to exercise a primary medicinal effect, 
in steadying the pulse and restoring its force, while it dimin- 
ishes morbid frequency. As regards its diuretic action, it 
is probably rather indirect than direct, and is manifested 
only where dropsical effusions are removed under its influ- 
• ence. When too long continued, or taken in excessive doses, 
digitalis acts as an acro-narcotic poison, producing effects 
similar to those of tobacco, lobelia, &c. In such cases, 
after evacuating the stomach, the diffusible stimuli, as 
brandy and carbonate of ammonia, should be administered. 
The quantity of digitalis, however, that maybe given, with- 
out destroying life, is considerable. 

Medicinal Uses. — From its sedative action on the circu- 
lation, digitalis has been used in fevers, inflammations, and 
hemorrhages, where bloodletting is inadmissible, as in 
hectic fever, tubercular hemoptysis, &c. In the treatment 
of diseases of the heart and great vessels, it is a remedy of 
the greatest value, to reduce the force and frequency of the 
circulation. It is greatly esteemed in the treatment of 
dropsy ; and in the varieties of this disorder, resulting from 
heart disease, it is more employed than any other remedy, 



AMERICAN HELLEBORE. 183 

from its combined sedative and diuretic influence. In de- 
lirium tremens, digitalis has lately been given in large 
doses, with excellent effect. 

Administration. — Digitalis is best given in poivder, of 
which the dose is gr. j, two or three times a day, to be 
gradually increased. An infusion is officinal (5j to boiling 
water Oss, with tincture of cinnamon f§j) ; but water is a 
bad solvent. The tincture (four troyounces to diluted al- 
cohol Oij), is a better preparation — dose, 10 to 20 drops, 
two or three times a day, to be gradually increased. The 
alcoholic extract is now introduced — dose, one-fourth of a 
grain to begin with. 

VERATRUM VIRIDE — AMERICAN HELLEBORE. 

"Veratrum viride, known as Swamp Hellebore, Meadow 
Poke, Indian Poke, &c. (Nat. Ord. Melanthacese), is an in- 
digenous swampy plant, growing to the height of from 
three to six feet, with greenish-yellow flowers. The rhi- 
zoma is the officinal portion ; it is an inch or two in length, 
thick and fleshy, with numerous whitish radicles, and is 
usually found in the shops in small pieces or fragments, of 
a dingy-white color. It has a bitter, acrid taste, which 
leaves a permanent impression in the mouth and fauces. 
It yields its virtues to water and alcohol, and contains two 
alkaloids, one soluble in ether, the other insoluble in that 
menstruum, neither of them being identical (as was at one 
time supposed) with veratria. The alkaloid insoluble in 
ether is the true sedative principle. 

Effects and Uses. — American hellebore is an active local 
irritant. Taken internally, it somewhat promotes the flow 
of urine, and in doses of about five grains, proves emetic. 
In continued doses, it produces a marked sedative action on 
the circulation, irrespective of the nausea induced, which 
indeed may be prevented by careful administration. It 
has not generally proved laxative. No fatal effects are re- 
corded from its use ; stimulants invariably counteracting 



184 MATERIA MEDICA. 

any excessive sedation. Within a few years past, this me- 
dicine has been largely used in our Southern States in in- 
flammatory and febrile affections, particularly pneumonia 
and typhoid fever, with a vjew to its contra-stimulant or 
sedative action. It has been also used in cardiac affec- 
tions, and in gout, rheumatism, and neuralgia. Dose, of 
the powder, gr. i-ij, to begin with; of the tincture (sixteen 
troyounces to alcohol Oij), 8 or 10 drops; of the fluid ex- 
tract, 4 or 5 drops. ,, 

VERATRUM ALBUM — WHITE HELLEBORE. 

The rhizoma of Veratrum Album [Nat. Ord. Melantha- 
cese), a mountainous European plant, is found in the shops 
in small, rough, wrinkled, conical, cylindrical pieces, black- 
ish externally, and whitish internally ; its odor, in the dried 
state, is feeble ; its taste at first sweetish, afterwards bitter- 
ish, acrid, and burning. It contains veratria, and other 
principles. 

Effects and Uses. — White hellebore is a local irritant. 
In moderate doses, it stimulates the secretions, and de- 
presses the pulse. In larger doses, it is a violent emetic 
and cathartic. It is an ancient remedy, now, however, from 
its severity of action, comparatively little used. Dose, gr. 
ij, to begin with. A wine is prescribed, and an ointment, in 
itch. As an errhine, it is sometimes mixed with five or six 
parts of powdered liquorice root, or other inert powder. 

Veratria (C 64 H 52 N 2 16 ) is usually obtained from Ceva- 
dilla, the seeds of Veratrum Sabadilla (Nat, Ord. Melan- 
thacese), a plant of Mexico. It is made by evaporating a 
strong tincture of the seeds to the consistence of an extract, 
from which the alkaloid is dissolved by diluted sulphuric 
acid, and afterwards precipitated by magnesia. For puri- 
fication, it is dissolved in alcohol, from which it is evapo- 
rated, again converted into a sulphate, decolorized by 
animal charcoal, and finally precipitated by ammonia. 



PREPARATIONS OF ANTIMONY. 185 

When pure it is white, but is usually a grayish or brown- 
ish-white powder, without odor, and of a bitter acrid taste, 
producing a sense of tingling or numbness in the tongue ; 
scarcely soluble in cold water, but readily soluble in alco- 
hol. It has an alkaline reaction, and strikes an intensely 
red color with concentrated sulphuric acid. The most 
delicate test for veratria is Trapp's — a permanent lilac red 
color, resembling a solution of permanganate of potassa, 
afforded by heating it in muriatic acid. Its effects are 
locally those of an irritant, and when rubbed on the skin, 
it causes a sensation of heat and tingling. Taken inter- 
nally, in small doses, it stimulates the secretions and de- 
presses the pulse, and in excessive doses, it is a violent 
poison, producing tetanic symptoms : it is without narcotic 
action on the brain, producing death from paralysis of the 
spinal cord. Stimulants and ethereal inhalation would be 
the proper treatment in case of poisoning. Veratria has 
been used internally, in nervous disorders, dropsies, gout, 
rheumatism, &c, in doses of gr. T ^ to gr. J, repeated ; but it 
is most used externally, in the form of ointment (gr. xx to 
lard a troyounce), or dissolved in alcohol, as an application 
to rheumatic and neuralgic parts. 

GELSEMIUM — YELLOW JASMINE. 

The root of Gelsemium Sempervirens (Nat. Ord. Scro- 
phulariacese), a beautiful climbing plant of our Southern 
States, possesses valuable sedative properties, without nau- 
seating or purgative effects, and is employed in febrile and 
inflammatory diseases. The tincture (four troyounces of the 
root to diluted alcohol Oj), is the form usually employed, 
in the dose of 20 to 50 drops. 

ANTIMONII PR^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 

ANTIMONY. 

Antimonii et Potass^: Tartras (Tartrate of Antimony 
and Potassa). This valuable salt, familiarly known as 



186 MATERIA MEDICA. 

tartar emetic, is prepared by boiling water and cream of 
tartar with oxide of antimony. It occurs in colorless, 
transparent, rhombic, octohedron crystals, which become 
white and opaque from efflorescence on exposure to the 
air. When pure, its powder is perfectly white ; but it is 
to be preferred in the crystalline state, as in this form it is 
less liable to adulteration. When dropped into a solution 
of hydrosulphuric acid, the crystals should have an orange- 
colored deposit formed on them. The powder is some- 
times adulterated with cream of tartar, which may be de- 
tected by adding a few drops of a solution of carbonate of 
soda to a boiling solution of the antimonial salt, and if the 
precipitate formed be not redissolved, no bitartrate of pot- 
ash is present. 

Tartar emetic consists of 1 equiv. of tartaric acid, pot- 
ash, and teroxide of antimony, each, with 3, or perhaps 2 
equiv. of water of crystallization. It is inodorous ; has a 
nauseous, metallic taste; is very soluble in water; insolu- 
ble in pure alcohol ; and is decomposed by the pure alka- 
lies, alkaline carbonates, and the vegetable astringents. 

Physiological Effects. — Tartar emetic is a powerful local 
irritant. Applied to the skin, it occasions an eruption of 
pustules, resembling those of variola or ecthyma. When 
taken into the stomach, in full doses, it causes vomiting, 
purging, griping pains, &c. ; and, in excessive quantity, it 
acts as an irritant poison, and has even produced death: 
very large doses have, however, of late years, been given 
medicinally with entire safety. The proper antidote is tan- 
nic acid ; and opium, stimulants, and demulcents should be 
also administered. The constitutional effects of tartar eme- 
tic, when taken internally, in small doses, are an increase 
in the secretions and exhalations generally, especially from 
the skin ; in somewhat larger doses, these effects are ac- 
companied with nausea and vomiting, relaxation of the 
tissues (particularly the muscular fibres), a feeling of great 
feebleness and exhaustion, and a powerful sedative action 
on the circulation and respiration. 



PREPARATIONS OF ANTIMONY. 187 

Medicinal Uses. — Tartar emetic is employed therapeuti- 
cally as an emetic, nauseant, sedative, sudorific, and ex- 
pectorant, and locally as a counter-irritant. As an emetic, 
it creates more nausea and depression than any other 
substance ; and hence, while other emetics are to be pre- 
ferred to it, when our object is merely to evacuate the 
contents of the stomach with as little constitutional dis- 
turbance as possible, it is of the greatest value, when 
vomiting is resorted to as a means of making an impres- 
sion on the system, and thereby checking the progress of 
disease. As a nauseant, tartar emetic is employed to relax 
the muscular system, in the reduction of dislocations, 
strangulated hernia, &c. As a sedative antiphlogistic, in 
large doses, it is a most powerful and valuable remedy in 
the treatment of acute inflammation, with fever, from its 
combined action in reducing the force of the circulation, 
moderating the heat of skin, and promoting diaphoresis. 
"When given in this way, at intervals, tartar emetic ceases 
to produce emesis, and a tolerance of the medicine by the 
system is established. In the treatment of pneumonia, it 
has long been extensively resorted to. From gr. \ to gr. \ 
may be given every two hours, in gradually increasing 
doses, until some amelioration of the symptoms takes 
place, when the doses are to be again decreased. As a 
diaphoretic, it is very useful, in small doses (as from gr. T g 
to gr. J, repeated), in continued fevers, inflammation from 
wounds, injuries, &c. ; and as an expectorant, in the same 
doses, it is employed in various pulmonary affections with 
advantage. As a local irritant, it is applied to the skin in 
the form of aqueous solution, ointment, or plaster, in 
chronic diseases of the chest, affections of joints, &c. 

Administration. — The dose of tartar emetic, as an emetic, 
is gr. j or ij, and it is frequently combined with ipecacuanha. 
As a sedative antiphlogistic, gr. \ or J, to gr. j or ij ; as nau- 
seant, gr. J to J ; and as a diaphoretic and expectorant, gr. 
ye to \, may be given in solution, and in each case repeated 
every two or three hours. For external use, the ointment 



188 MATERIA MEDICA. 

(unguentum antimonii — 5ij, to lard a troy ounce) may be 
employed ; or the plaster, made by mixing one part of 
tartar emetic with four parts of Burgundy pitch. 

Vinum Antimonii (Antimonial Wine), is a solution of 
tartar emetic (gr. xxxij), in boiling distilled water (f?>j), 
and sherry wine (f§xv). It is employed as an expectorant 
and sudorific, in the dose of from 10 to 30 drops, fre- 
quently repeated ; and as an emetic for children, in the 
dose of 30 drops to f5j, repeated every quarter of an hour. 

Antimonium Sulphuhatum (Sulphurated Antimony), is 
prepared by boiling the native tersulphuret of antimony 
with a solution of potassa, and adding diluted sulphuric 
acid to the strained solution ; the sulphate of potassa, which 
is formed, being afterwards washed away with hot water. 
It is a reddish -brown, odorless, almost tasteless, insoluble 
powder, and is chemically a mixture of teroxide and ter- 
sulphuret of antimony. Its effects are analogous to those 
of tartar emetic ; but it is chiefly employed as an alterative 
in cutaneous affections, secondary syphilis, &c, usually in 
conjunction with mercurials. Dose, as an alterative, gr. j 
to iij ; as an emetic, gr. v to xx. 

Antimonii Oxysulphuretum (Oxy sulphur et of Antimony, 
or Kermes Mineral), is another mixture of tersulphuret and 
teroxide of antimony, prepared by boiling tersulphuret 
with an alkaline carbonate or caustic solution. It is an 
odorless, tasteless, brownish-red, insoluble powder, some- 
times employed as an antiphlogistic in pneumonia; but 
it is uncertain in its operation, and probably possesses no 
advantage over tartar emetic. Dose, gr. J to gr. ij, or iij. 

By the addition of an acid to the liquor which remains 
after the precipitation of kermes, an orange-red, odorless, 
tasteless powder called golden sulphur of antimony, is ob- 
tained. It is a mixture of tersulphuret and teroxide with 
some free sulphur, and acts like kermes, but is weaker. 
Dose, gr. j to gr. ij, or iij. 

Pilulee Antimonii Composite [Compound Pills of Anti- 
mony), sometimes called Plammer's pills, contain equal 



PREPARATIONS OF ANTIMONY. 189 

parts of sulphurated antimony and of calomel, mixed with 
guaiac and molasses. They are nsed as an alterative in 
syphilitic, rheumatic, and cutaneous affections. Six grains 
of the mass contain a grain of calomel and antimony each. 

Pulvis Antimonialis. — An antimonial powder is prepared 
in imitation of the celebrated James s powder, by burning 
sulphur et of antimony with hartshorn shavings or bone 
shavings. It is a white, gritty, tasteless, odorless powder, 
consisting of a mixture of antimonious acid and phosphate 
of lime, with some teroxide of antimony and a little anti- 
monite of lime. It was formerly much employed in 
fevers; but it is unequal in its operation, owing its 
activity to the teroxide of antimony present. Hence, it 
has been dismissed from the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. In the 
British Pharmacopoeia, it is now directed to be made by 
mixing one part of oxide of antimony and two parts of 
precipitated phosphate of lime. Dose, gr. iij to viij. 

Antimonii Oxidum {Oxide of Antimony), is prepared, 
from the sulphuret, and is a heavy, grayish- white, insoluble 
powder. It has the general therapeutic properties of the 
antimonials, and, though not quite certain in its effects, is 
believed to produce the sedative operation of tartar emetic, 
with less nausea and derangement of the stomach. Dose, 
2 or 3 grains, repeated. 

Antimoniated Hydrogen is a gaseous substance, which 
has lately been employed, with much success, by inhala- 
tion, in acute bronchitis and pneumonia. It is prepared, by 
forming an alloy of a drachm of pure antimony and 
twice the quantity of pure zinc, which is to be mixed with 
a drachm of tartar emetic or chloride of antimony, and 
introduced into a bottle with a large tubulure ; and, from 
time to time, as the gas is wanted, from half a drachm 
to a drachm of muriatic acid is added. Muriatic acid 
gas is evolved at the same time, but this is prevented from 
reaching, the respiratory orifices by closing them with a 
sponge wet with an alkaline solution, which permits the 
antimoniated hydrogen to pass. The gas may be breathed 
for five minutes every hour. 



190 MATERIA MEDICA. 



POTASS.E NITRAS — NITRATE OF POTASSA. 

This salt, commonly called nitre and saltpetre, occurs in 
both the inorganized and organized kingdoms of nature. 
It is obtained, for medicinal use, principally by the purifi- 
cation of the native nitre of India ; and it is also found in 
saltpetre caves in various parts of the United States, asso- 
ciated with nitrate of lime, from which it is separated by 
lixiviation. It is artificially produced in several parts 
of Europe, in nitre beds or saltpetre plantations, by bring- 
ing together decayed organic animal and vegetable mat- 
ters. And it is manufactured sometimes by the double 
decomposition of nitrate of soda and chloride of potassium. 
Nitre is refined by re-solution and crystallization of the 
crude nitre. As purified for medicinal use, it is found in 
the shops in large, transparent, colorless crystals, of the 
form of six-sided prisms with dihedral summits. They 
have no odor, a sharp, cooling taste, are soluble in water, 
and insoluble in pure alcohol. They have no water of 
crystallization, but frequently have a portion of the mother 
liquid mechanically lodged in the spaces of the crystals, 
which may be driven off by heat, and the salt fused 
and cast into moulds. 

Physiological Effects. — In excessive doses, nitre may act as 
a fatal poison, producing irritation of the alimentary canal 
and derangement of the nervous system. There is no 
antidote for it; and cases of poisoning are to be treated by 
demulcents, opiates, &c, after evacuation of the contents 
of the stomach. In moderate doses, it is a refrigerant, seda- 
tive, diuretic, and diaphoretic, and, in large or continued 
doses, laxative. Its refrigerant properties are best seen 
when the body is morbidly hot, as in fevers. When mixed 
with the blood, after absorption, it produces several chemi- 
cal changes, the most important of which is an antiplastic 
effect, by impeding coagulation. 

Medicinal Uses. — Nitre is a very valuable refrigerant and 



BORATE OF SODA. 191 

sedative remedy in fevers, inflammations, hemorrhages, 
&e. In fevers, it is often prescribed with calomel and 
tartar emetic, under the name of nitrous potvders (nitre gr. 
x, tartar emetic gr. J, calomel gr. J to J). In large doses, 
it was given formerly in acute rheumatism, and this prac- 
tice has heen lately revived with success in France. Dose, 
gr. x to Sss. From 5iv to 5vj, are given in 24 hours, in 
acute rheumatism, and the quantity is increased to 5viij, 
x, or xij. The fumes of paper, impregnated with nitre, 
are used with advantage in spasmodic asthma. 

REFRIGERANTS. 
SODJ BORAS BORATE OF SODA. 

Borax occurs as a native product in several localities, 
the most important of which for a long time was Thibet, 
in Asia ; it is also made artificially by the direct combina- 
tion of native boracic acid, (obtained from the lagoons of 
Tuscany), with soda. The supply of the United States is 
now, however, exclusively derived from Borax Lake, in 
California, about one hundred miles north of San Fran- 
cisco. Borax occurs in the form of hexahedral prismatic 
crystals, terminated by triangular pyramids, of a sweetish 
alkaline taste, and an alkaline reaction. It is soluble in 
water, and slowly effloresces, and has the property of ren- 
dering cream of tartar very soluble in water. 

Effects and Uses. — Borax is a mild refrigerant and diu- 
retic, and has had emmenagogue virtues attributed to it. 
Dose, gr. xxx. It has been given in infantile diarrhoea as 
an enema, and is used externally in cutaneous affections, 
especially as a detergent in aphthous affections of the 
mouth in children, mixed with equal parts of sugar. Mel 
sodse boratis is made by mixing sixty grains of borax with 
a troyounce of clarified honey. 



192 MATERIA MEDICA. 



POTASSA CITRAS — CITRATE OF POTASSA. 

This salt is made by saturating a solution of citric acid 
with, bicarbonate of potassa, and evaporating to dryness. 
It is white, granular, deliquescent, and very soluble in 
water. It is an excellent refrigerant diaphoretic, much 
employed in febrile affections. Dose, gr. xx-xxv ; 5vj are 
usually dissolved in water Oss, and fgss of the solution is 
administered every hour or two. 

Liquor Potassse Citratis (Solution of the Citrate of Potassa) 
is made by dissolving half a troyounce of citric acid and 
330 grains of bicarbonate of potassa in half a pint of water — 
dose, fgss. 

Mistura Potassse Citratis (Mixture of Citrate of Potassa, or 
Neutral Mixture), is made by saturating fresh lemon-juice 
with bicarbonate of potassa : or, when the lemon-juice 
cannot be had, a solution of citric acid, flavored with oil 
of lemons, may be used as a substitute. This preparation 
contains some free carbonic acid, which renders it more 
grateful to an irritable stomach than the ordinary solutions 
of the citrate. Under the name of effervescing draught, the 
citrate of potassa is often prepared extemporaneously and 
given in the state of effervescence. 



LIQUOR AMMONIA ACETATIS — SOLUTION OF ACE- 
TATE OF AMMONIA. 

» 

This solution, termed also Spiritus Mindereri, or Spirit of 
Minder erus, is made by saturating diluted acetic acid with 
carbonate of ammonia. When pure, it is a colorless liquid, 
with a saline taste. In small doses, it is refrigerant ; in 
larger doses, diaphoretic, diuretic, and perhaps resolvent. 
It is employed in febrile and inflammatory affections, some- 
times in conjunction with nitre or tartar emetic, sometimes 
with camphor and opium. Dose, fgss to fgj, every two, 
three, or four hours, in sweetened water. 



VEGETABLE ACIDS. 193 

SPIRITUS .ETHERIS NITKOSI — SPIRIT OF NITROUS 

ETHER. 

This preparation, commonly known as Sweet Spirit of 
Nitre, is a solution of hyponitrous ether in alcohol. It is 
obtained b}? distilling nitric acid with stronger alcohol and 
carbonate of potassa, and is a mixture, in variable propor- 
tions, of nitrous ether (C 4 H 5 0,N"0 3 ) and alcohol. It is a 
colorless, volatile, inflammable liquid, soluble in water and 
alcohol, of a fragrant, ethereal odor, and a pungent, aro- 
matic, sweetish, acidulous taste. 

Effects and Uses. — Sweet Spirit of Nitre is antispas- 
modic, refrigerant, diaphoretic, and diuretic. It is much 
used in febrile affections, and, from its diuretic properties, 
is often combined with other diuretics in the treatment of 
dropsies. Dose, f5ss to f5j, frequently repeated. 

ACIDA VEGETABILIA — VEGETABLE ACIDS. 

The vegetable acids are refrigerant, and, when properly 
diluted, form useful drinks in fevers, &c. Those chiefly 
employed are aciclun aceticum {acetic acid), acidum citricum 
{citric acid), and acidum tartaricum {tartaric acid). Acetic 
Acid is employed only in the form of diluted acetic acid (one 
part of strong acid to seven parts of distilled water), or 
vinegar {acetum). Externally, strong acetic acid is employed 
as an escharotic to remove warts, in the cure of lupus, &c. 
It is less used internally as a refrigerant than citric acid, 
from its liability to produce colic and diarrhoea, except in 
typhus, scarlet, and other malignant fevers, owing to its 
supposed possession of antiseptic virtues. Spongings with 
vinegar and water are useful to relieve the heat of skin in 
fevers, and the vapor is grateful to the sick. The dose of 
vinegar is f5j-iv. Citric Acid may be agreeably admin- 
istered in the juice of lemons, limes, sour oranges, and 
tamarinds. When these cannot be obtained, a solution of 
citric acid (3j to water Oj) may be substituted. Citric 

13 



194 MATEIUA MEDICA. 

acid is manufactured from lemon or lime juice, by saturat- 
ing it with carbonate of lime, and afterwards decomposing 
the citrate of lime, which is formed, by the addition of sul- 
phuric acid. It occurs in colorless crystals, having the 
form of rhomboidal prisms with dihedral summits, freely 
soluble in water, and soluble in alcohol ; Sixss, added to 
distilled water Oj, form a solution of the average strength 
of lemon-juice. In the dose of fSj every hour or two, 
lemon-juice, limonis suceus (the juice of the fruit of Citrus 
Limonum), has been employed with much success in acute 
rheumatism and gout, and, though an uncertain remedy, 
is occasionally of undoubted efficacy. Properly diluted 
and mixed with sugar, it forms the delightful refrigerant 
known as lemonade. Lemon-juice is the best known re- 
medy for scurvy. Syrup of citric acid consists of 20 grains 
of powdered citric acid and four minims of oil of lemon 
rubbed up with a fiuidounce of syrup, and afterwards dis- 
solved in a pint and fifteen fluidounces more of syrup, at 
a gentle heat. Lemon syrup, which is pleasanter, is made 
by dissolving 48 troyounces of sugar in a pint of strained 
lemon-juice mixed with a pint of water, at a gentle heat. 
Tartaric Acid is the acid of grapes, and is extracted from 
tartar, or crude cream of tartar. It is a white crystallized 
solid, in the form of irregular six-sided prisms, and is found 
in the shops as a fine, white powder. It is soluble in water 
and alcohol. Being cheaper than citric acid, it may be 
used as a substitute for that acid. It is employed in making 
soda and Seidlitz powders. 

ORDER VIII. — SPINANTS. 

Under the term, Spinants or Spastics, are comprised 
medicines which are employed to excite muscular con- 
traction. To this class belong vegetable substances con- 
taining the alkaloids strychnia and brucia, which are 
employed therapeutically in torpid or paralytic conditions 
of the muscular system — and ergot, which is used to excite 
.muscular contractions of the uterus. 



NUX VOMICA. 195 



NUX VOMICA. 



Stryclmos Xux vomica, or Poison-lNut (Nat. Ord. Apo- 
cynacese), is a middling-sized tree of the coast of Coro- 
mandel and other parts of India, which hears a round, 
smooth berry, the size of a pretty large apple, of a rich 
orange color, and containing numerous seeds embedded in 
a juicy pulp. The seeds are the officinal portion ; but the 
bark also is poisonous, and is known as false angustura 
bark, from its having been confounded with angustura bark. 
The seeds are round, peltate, less than an inch in diameter, 
nearly flat, or convex on one side and concave on the other, 
and surrounded by a narrow annular stria. They have two 
coats: a simple, fibrous, outer coat, covered with short, 
silky hairs, of a gray or yellowish color, and a very thin 
inner coat, which envelops the nucleus or kernel. This 
is hard, horny, of a whitish or yellowish color, and of very 
difficult pulverization. The seeds have no odor, but an in- 
tensely bitter taste, which is stronger in the kernel than in 
the investing membrane. They impart their virtues to 
water, but more readily to diluted alcohol, and contain two 
active alkaloid principles, strychnia (which is officinal), and 
brucia, both of which exist in combination with an acid 
called strychnic, or igasuric; another alkaloid, termed 
igasuria, much more soluble in water than the two first 
named, has been lately extracted from nux vomica. 

Physiological Effects. — In very small and repeated doses, 
nux vomica has a tonic and diuretic effect, and sometimes 
operates slightly on the bowels and skin. In somewhat 
larger doses, the stomach is often disturbed ; and in still 
larger doses, the muscular system becomes disordered. A 
sense of weight and weakness in the limbs, and increased 
sensibility to external impressions of all kinds, manifest 
themselves, with depression of spirits and anxiety; the 
limbs tremble, and slight convulsive movements of the 
muscles appear. If the medicine be continued, convulsive 
paroxysms of the whole muscular system ensue, with erotic 



196 MATERIA MEDICA. 

desires, painful sensations in the skin, and occasionally 
eruptions : the pulse is not much affected. In paralytic 
patients, the effects of the medicine are principally observed 
in the paralyzed parts. When taken in excessive doses it 
produces tetanus, asphyxia, and death. There is no che- 
mical antidote, unless, perhaps, tannic acid, and the 
ioduretted iodide of potassium ; after evacuating the 
stomach, opium, conium, ether, chloroform, extract of 
Indian hemp, camphor, tobacco, calabar bean, &c, may 
be exhibited, as physiological antidotes. 

Medicinal Uses. — This medicine is our chief resource in 
torpid or paralytic conditions of the motor or sensitive 
nerves, or of the muscular fibre. When, however, para- 
lysis is the result of inflammation of the nervous centres, 
it is injurious, and accelerates organic changes. It is 
most beneficial in those forms of paralysis which are 
independent of structural lesion, as lead palsy or paralysis 
from drunkenness. In paralysis, arising from cerebral 
hemorrhage, — after the absorption of the effused blood, 
and the paralysis remains, as it were, from habit, — the 
cautious employment of nux vomica is often attended with 
advantage. In amaurosis, free from cerebral complication, 
it is sometimes useful ; and it is occasionally serviceable 
in other nervous affections. It has also been found bene- 
ficial in chorea, constipation, dysentery, cholera, diarrhoea, 
impotence, incontinence of urine, and spermatorrhoea; 
and, in small doses, it has been used as a general tonic, 
and as a stomachic in dyspepsia. 

Administration. — Dose of the powder, gr. ij or iij, in pill, 
several times a day, and increased till an effect is produced ; 
of the extract (alcoholic), gr. J to gr. j, to be repeated and 
increased ; of the tincture (eight troyounces to alcohol Oij), 
gtt. v to xx, and this is sometimes used as an embrocation 
to paralyzed parts. 

Strychnia (C^H^^OJ is obtained by the following pro- 
cess : Eux vomica is digested and boiled in water acidu- 
lated with muriatic acid, and the resulting muriate of 



POISON-OAK. 197 

strychnia and brucia is decomposed b}^ lime. The strych- 
nia is separated from brucia and impurities, by boiling 
alcohol, from which it is deposited when cool, the brucia 
being left in solution. It is then converted into a sulphate 
by the addition of diluted sulphuric acid, next decolorized 
by animal charcoal, and again precipitated by solution of 
ammonia. Thus obtained, it occurs as a white powder, (but 
may be made to crystallize in the form of white, brilliant, 
rhombic prisms), of an intensely bitter taste, almost insolu- 
ble in water, slightly soluble in cold alcohol, but readily 
soluble in boiling alcohol. The best test for strychnia is 
the bichromate of potassa, which, added to a solution of 
strychnia in concentrated sulphuric acid, produces a violet 
color, which after a time changes to wine-red, and then to 
reddish-yellow. The effects of strychnia are similar to 
those of nux vomica, but more violent ; its local action is 
that of an irritant. It is employed for the same purposes 
as nux vomica, and should be given in very minute doses, 
as g r - 32 "to gr. T V to begin with, to be gradually increased 
and repeated. The salts of strychnia may be also em- 
ployed in the same doses, but they are more soluble, and 
therefore more active ; the sulphate is officinal. For en- 
dermic use, gr. \ of strychnia may be used. 

IGNATIA. 

The seed of Strychnos Ignatia, or St. Ignatius' Bean, a 
tree of the Philippine Islands, contains a large proportion 
of strychnia, and possesses medicinal properties analogous 
to those of nux vomica. It is used in this country in the 
form of alcoholic extract, which may be given to fulfil the 
same remedial indications as extract of nux vomica, in the 
dose of half a grain to a grain, three times a day. 

Toxicodendron {Poison-Oak). The leaves of Rhus 
Toxicodendron, or Poison-Oak (Nat. Ord. Anacardiacese), 
an indigenous shrub from one to three feet high, and 



198 MATERIA MEDICA. 

other species of Rhus, possess properties somewhat analo- 
gous to those of nux vomica, and have been employed 
with success in paralysis. They contain a peculiar acid 
principle (toxic odendric acid), to which their poisonous and 
medicinal activity is due. Dose, gr. j'to gr. iij, or more, 
to be repeated and increased. 

ERGOTA — ERGOT. 

The term ergot is applied to the diseased seed .of Secale 
cereale, or Rye (Nat. Ord. Graminacese). The disease is 
the result of the presence of a parasitical fungus — the first 
appearance of which is observed, by the young grain and 
its appendages becoming covered with a white coating 
composed of multitudes of sporidia, mixed with cobweb- 
like filaments. Its predisposing cause is unknown, and it 
is not peculiar to rye, many other grasses being subject to 
it. "When mature, the ergot projects beyond the envelopes 
of the grain, has a violet-black color, and presents scarcely 
any filaments and sporidia. As found in the shops, it 
consists of cylindrical or somewhat prismatical tapering 
grains, curved like the spur of a cock, of a purplish color 
externally, and of a yellowish or grayish-white color 
within. Its smell is peculiar and nauseous ; its taste is at 
first faint, but becomes bitterish, acrid, and disagreeable. 
It yields its virtues to water and alcohol, and does not 
keep well, being liable to the attacks of a minute worm. 

Numerous analyses have been made of ergot, but there 
is still uncertainty as regards its active principles. The 
oil of ergot is not now believed to be, when pure, the medi- 
cinal constituent. A volatile alkaloid, termed secalia 
(identical with prophylamia, the odorous principle of 
pickled herring), exists in ergot; and, lately, two fixed 
alkaloids (ergotina and ecbolina), have been discovered, in 
combination with an acid termed ergotic. Ecbolina is 
believed to be the principle which causes uterine contrac- 
tion, half a grain of it having been found to produce the 
effects of 30 grains of ergot. 



ERGOT. 199 

Physiological Effects. — The effects of ergot, in medicinal 
doses, are unimportant on the male system. On the fe- 
male, it excites powerful contraction of the uterus. After 
labor has commenced, in ten or twenty minutes from its 
administration, it increases the violence, frequency, and 
continuance of labor pains, which usually never cease until 
the child is born. Administered before labor, it frequently 
originates the process, though its effects in this respect are 
less constant. And even on the unimpregnated uterus, it 
produces painful contractions, and evinces an influence 
over morbid conditions of the organ, by checking uterine 
hemorrhage, and expelling polypi. In large doses, it pro- 
duces vomiting, purging, and a marked sedative effect on 
the circulation, and in excessive quantity it acts as an 
acro-narcotic poison on both sexes. When it is used for a 
length of time as an article of food, it produces a peculiar 
morbid condition, termed ergotism, which assumes two 
forms, — one attended with convulsions, the other with dry 
gangrene of the limbs. 

Medicinal Uses. — The chief employment of ergot is to 
promote the action of the uterus in parturition, when its 
expulsatory efforts are feeble and inefficient. It is, how- 
ever, admissible, only when there is a proper conformation 
of the pelvis and soft parts, when the os uteri, vagina, and 
os externum are dilated, or readily dilatable, and when 
the presentation of the child is such as to offer no great 
mechanical impediment to delivery. It is also useful — 
when from any cause it is important to accelerate delivery ; 
in women subject to flooding, given just before delivery; 
to promote the expulsion of the placenta, when it is re- 
tained from a want of contraction of the uterus ; to expel 
clots, hydatids, polypi, &c. ; to restrain uterine hemor- 
rhage, whether puerperal or non-puerperal; to excite and 
promote abortion, &c!; and sometimes as a styptic. By 
many, ergot is believed to exercise a dangerous sedative 
influence on the child during labor, and its use may occa- 
sionally produce foetal death, which a timely resort to the 
forceps would have prevented. 



200 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Administration. — Dose, of the powder, 3j, every twenty 
minutes, till its effects are produced, or three doses are 
taken ; of the wine, vinum ergotae (two troyounces to sherry 
wine Oj), f5j to f5ij, repeated as above. The fluid extract 
(made with diluted alcohol and acetic acid), is the best 
preparation (a fluidounce represents a troy ounce of ergot) 
— dose, 20 to 30 drops. 

GtOSSypii Eadix (Cotton Boot). The root of Gossypium 
herbaceum, the well-known cotton plant, is said by South- 
ern physicians to possess decided influence in exciting ute- 
rine contractions. A decoction (made by boiling four troy- 
ounces of the inner bark of the root in a quart of water 
to a pint), has been used in doses of a wineglassful re- 
peated. Cotton is a useful application to burns, and parts 
affected with erysipelas and rheumatism. 



CLASS II. — EC CRITICS. 

ORDER I. — EMETICS. 

Emetics (from epeu, I vomit), are medicines which are 
employed to promote vomiting; when they are used merely 
to excite nausea, they are termed nauseants. When an 
emetic is administered, usually within fifteen or twenty 
minutes afterwards, a feeling of nausea, relaxation, and 
faintness is experienced, with coolness and moisture of the 
skin, and a small, feeble, irregular pulse. These symp- 
toms increase, till the contents of the stomach are ejected. 
During the act of vomiting, the face becomes flushed, the 
pulse is full and frequent, and the temperature of the body 
is increased. After vomiting is over, the skin is moist, 
the pulse soft and feeble, the patient becomes languid and 
drowsy, and, under peculiar circumstances, alarming and 
even fatal syncope has been induced. Vomiting is a reflex 
spinal act. Dr. Marshall Hall gives the following summary 



IPECACUANHA. 201 

of its mechanism: "During the act of vomiting, 1, the 
larynx is closed; 2, the cardia is opened; and 3, all the 
muscles of expiration are called into action ; but 4, actual 
expiration being prevented by the closure of the larynx, 
the force of the effort is expended upon the stomach, the 
cardia being open, and vomiting is effected." 

Susceptibility to the action of emetics differs in different 
individuals and in different diseases. In fevers, and where 
gastric irritation is present, their influence is increased; 
and, on the other hand, when the brain is oppressed by 
disease or by narcotic medicines, the stomach is exceed- 
ingly insensible to their action. 

Emetics are employed therapeutically: 1, to evacuate 
the stomach, for the purpose of removing poisons, undi- 
gested food, &c. ; and with this view, the emetics should 
be selected which occasion least nausea and distress ; 2, to 
expel foreign bodies lodged in the throat or oesophagus ; 
3, to excite nausea, and thereby depress the vascular and 
muscular systems; 4, to relieve spasm, as in spasmodic 
croup ; 5, to promote secretion and excretion, &c. ; and 6, 
sometimes, to break up a train of morbid association, by 
giving a shock to the system, as in the forming stage of 
certain fevers, as typhus and scarlatina, and of delirium 
tremens. They are improper in congestion of the brain, 
pregnancy, hernia, &c. The act of emesis is promoted by 
the free use of tepid drinks ; excessive vomiting may be 
checked by demulcents, opiates, counter-irritation to the 
stomach, &c. 

VEGETABLE EMETICS. 
IPECACUANHA. 

Ipecacuanha is the root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (Nat. 
Ord. Cinchonaceae), a small shrubby perennial plant of 
Brazil, where it grows to the height of about five or six 
inches. The roots, as met with in the shops, are in pieces 
about the size of a quill, several inches long, of an irregu- 



202 MATERIA MEDICA. 

lar, twisted, contorted shape, with numerous circular rings 
or rugse, from which they have been termed annulated. 
"When broken, they are seen to consist of two distinct 
parts, — a thin ligneous axis or centre, which is nearly 
inert, and a thick cortical layer, which has an herbaceous, 
acrid, rather bitter taste, and a slightly nauseous odor. A 
distinction is made of brown, red, and gray ipecacuanha, 
from differences in the color of the epidermis, but they are 
all derived from the same plant, and are the same in pro- 
perties and composition; the brown is the most common 
variety in our market. The powder is of a light grayish- 
fawn color, and has a peculiar nauseous odor, which in 
some persons excites violent sneezing, in others dyspnoea. 
Ipecacuanha imparts its virtues to both water and alcohol, 
but they are injured by decoction. Its emetic property 
depends on the presence of a peculiar alkaline principle, 
termed emetia, a whitish, inodorous, slightly bitter sub- 
stance, sparingly soluble in water, and very soluble in al- 
cohol. It produces vomiting in the dose of gr. \, and in 
overdoses may occasion dangerous and even fatal symp- 
toms. 

Effects and Uses. — In full doses, ipecacuanha is a mild 
and certain emetic, well adapted to the treatment of spas- 
modic croup in children, and to all cases where a simple 
evacuation of the stomach is desired. In smaller doses, it 
produces nausea, depression of the pulse, expectoration, 
and diaphoresis, and with these views it is employed in the 
treatment of pulmonary affections, dysentery, and inflam- 
matory disorders generally. In still smaller doses, it is 
useful as a tonic and stomachic. Ipecacuanha was first in- 
troduced as a remedy in dysentery, and, after being for a 
time laid aside, has been again recently used with marked 
success. 

Administration. — Dose, as an emetic, gr. xv to gr. xx, 
often combined with a grain of tartar emetic; as a nause- 
ant, gr. ss to gr. ij, three or four times a day; as an expec- 
torant or diaphoretic, gr. \ to gr. J, repeated; as a tonic, gr. 



BLOODROOT. 203 

T V, repeated. Vinum Ipecacuanha (a troyounce to sherry 
wine Oj) — dose, as an emetic, f§ss; as an expectorant and 
diaphoretic, \X\x to xxx; the fluid extract (made with acetic 
acid, alcohol, and water), is used as an addendum to ex- 
pectorant and diaphoretic mixtures, a fluidounce represent- 
ing an ounce of the root ; one part of fluid extract, mixed 
with fifteen parts of simple syrup, makes Syrwpus Ipecacu- 
anha, an excellent preparation for children — f?j containing 
gr. xxx of ipecacuanha ; for a child a year or two old, f5ss 
-j, may he given as an emetic, and v-xx drops, as an expec- 
torant. Pulvis Ipecacuanhse Compositus, Compound Powder 
of Ipecacuanha, or Dover's Powder (see Opium, p. 49). 
Troches of Ipecacuanha contain also arrow-root, sugar, and 
mucilage of tragacanth (ipecacuanha half a troyounce, 
arrow-root four troyounces, sugar fourteen troyounces, 
made into a mass with mucilage of tragacanth, which is 
to he divided into troches each weighing ten grains). 

SANGUINARIA — BLOODROOT. 

The rhizoma of Sanguinaria Canadensis, or Bloodroot 
(Nat. Ord. Papaveraceae), a small indigenous plant, with 
radical, cordate, lohate leaves, and a handsome, white, 
eight-petalled flower, which appears in early spring — is 
usually classed with emetics. When dried, it is in flat- 
tened pieces, much wrinkled and contorted, of a reddish- 
hrown color, with a faint narcotic odor, and a "bitterish, 
very acrid taste. It yields its virtues to water and alco- 
hol, and loses them rapidly "by keeping. An active alka- 
line principle, sanguinarina, has heen obtained from it, 
which possesses the properties of the root, and two other 
alkaloids have been discovered in it. 

Effects and Uses. — Bloodroot is an acrid emetic, and in 
large doses, an acro-narcotic poison. Locally, it acts as an 
irritant, and upon fungous surfaces as an escharotic. It is 
not much used as an emetic ; hut is occasionally employed 
with this view, or as a nauseant, in pulmonary affections. 



204 



MATERIA MEDICA. 

Fig. 18. 




Dose, as an emetic, gr. x to xx, in pill ; or in infusion (half 
a troyounce to boiling water Oj), of which fgss is the dose. 
Tincture (four troy ounces to diluted alcohol Oij) — dose, as 
an emetic, f 5iij or iv ; as an expectorant, 30 to 60 drops. It 
is also employed externally, dissolved in vinegar. 



GILLENIA. 



205 



EUPHORBIA COROLLATA — LARGE FLOWERING 

SPURGE. 




Euphorbia Ipecacuanha (Ipecacuanha Spurge). The roots 
of these indigenous plants (Nat, Ord. Euphorbiacese), pos- 
sess emetic properties ; but they are apt to operate on the 
bowels, and, in overdoses, prove extremely violent. Dose, 



gr. x to xv. 



GILLENIA. 



G-illenia trifoliata, Indian Physic, or American Ipecacu- 
anha (Nat. Ord. Rosacese), is an indigenous herbaceous 
plant, with a perennial root, consisting of a number of 



I 



206 MATERIA MEDICA. 

fibres, arising from a tuber; one or more stems, two or 
three feet high, of a reddish-brown color ; trifoliate leaves ; 
and white flowers, with a tinge of red. West of the Al- 
legheny Mountains, another species, GT. stipulacea, is 
found, which is identical with the trifoliata in its proper- 
ties, and is distinguished from it by having its lower leaves 
pinnatifid. The officinal portion of both is the root. As 
found in the shops, it consists of pieces not thicker than 
a quill, wrinkled, of a reddish-brown color, and composed 
of an easily separable and pulverizable cortical portion, 
and a comparatively inert internal ligneous cord, which 
should be rejected. The bark has a feeble odor, and a 
nauseous, bitter taste, and makes a light-brownish powder. 
Effects and Uses. — Grillenia is a safe and efficacious eme- 
tic, resembling ipecacuanha in its action, and, like it, in 
small doses proves a useful diaphoretic, expectorant, tonic, 
&c. Dose, as an emetic, gr. xxx ; as an expectorant or dia- 
phoretic, gr. ij to iv ; and as a tonic, gr. J. 

Sinapis (Mustard). The powdered seeds of Sinapis 
nigra and Sinapis alba (Wat. Ord. Brassicaceee), in doses of 
from a teaspoonful to a tablespoonful, are very useful eme- 
tics, particularly in atonic conditions of the stomach. 

Tobacco and Lobelia act as emetics in large doses, but 
their employment is attended with danger, owing to the 
great prostration which they produce (see pp. 58, 60). 
Squill also possesses emetic powers, but it is too irritating 
for use in this respect. 

MINERAL EMETICS. 

Tartar Emetic Dose, gr. j or gr. ij (see p. 187). 
Sulphate of Zinc Dose, gr. x to gr. xx (see p. 132) 
Sulphate of Copper. Dose gr. iij to gr. v (see p. 131). 
Alum. Dose, a teaspoonful (see p. 161). 



CATHARTICS. 207 



ORDER II. — CATHARTICS. 



Cathartics (from mdaipu, I purge), termed also purgatives, 
are medicines which, produce evacuations from the bowels. 
Some operate by increasing the peristaltic motion of the 
intestines ; others stimulate the mucous follicles and exha- 
lants, and occasion watery evacuations, whence they are 
termed hydragogues. The more violent of the hydragogues, 
if given in overdoses, produce inflammation of the alimen- 
tary canal, characterized by violent vomiting and purging, 
abdominal pain and tenderness, cold extremities, and sink- 
ing pulse. From their activity, they are denominated 
drastics. Different cathartics affect different parts of the 
alimentary canal unequally, some acting more particularly 
on the upper portion, some on the lower, and others affect- 
ing all parts equally. Mercurial preparations purge chiefly 
by inducing a flow of bile from the liver. 

Cathartics may be arranged into five groups : 1. Laxa- 
tives, which gently evacuate the contents of the bowels, 
without causing any obvious irritation, or affecting the 
general system. 2. Saline cathartics, which increase both 
the peristaltic action of the bowels and the effusion of 
fluids from the mucous surface, but are devoid of. any 
stimulant action on the general system, and are therefore 
adapted to the treatment of febrile and inflammatory 
cases. 3. Mild acrid cathartics, which are acrid and stimu- 
lant, but not sufliciently violent in their local action to 
cause inflammation. 4. Drastics, comprising the more 
powerful and irritating cathartics, which, in large doses, 
act as acrid poisons. 5. Mercurial cathartics. 

Cathartics are employed therapeutically, — 1. To evacuate 
the bowels in constipation, and remove noxious matters, 
as retained feces, undigested food, morbid secretions, 
worms, poisons, &c. 2. To relieve inflammation, conges- 
tion, and plethora, by the depletion of the bloodvessels, 
which results from increased secretion and exhalation 



208 MATERIA MEDICA. 

from the gastro-intestinal canal. 3. To promote absorp- 
tion. 4. To affect remote organs, particularly the brain, 
through the agency of revulsion and counter-irritation. 
5. To stimulate the secretion of the liver and pancreas, 
by irritating the orifice of the ductus communis choledo- 
chus. 6. To restore the catamenia, by the irritating or 
stimulating influence which they exert on the pelvic ves- 
sels. The more active cathartics are contra-indicated in 
cases of inflammation or ulceration of the gastro-intestinal 
mucous membrane, peritonitis, the advanced stages of 
typhoid fever, pregnancy, &c. 

The operation of cathartics is promoted by the addition 
of small doses of emetics, and of the bitters. By com- 
bining those which act upon different portions of the ali- 
mentary canal, their operation is rendered less irritant, 
without any diminution of purgative efficiency. The grip- 
ing and nauseating tendency of the drastic cathartics may 
be corrected by the addition of aromatics ; carbonic acid 
water is a grateful vehicle for administering the saline pre- 
parations. Cathartics operate most speedily and favorably 
when given on an empty stomach, and susceptibility to 
their action is diminished during sleep, and increased by 
exercise. Mild diluent beverages promote their operation. 
In the event of hypercatharsis, opium should be adminis- 
tered by the mouth or rectum. 

LAXATIVES. 

Several articles of diet have a laxative operation on the 
bowels, and are useful in cases of habitual costiveness, as 
most of the ripe and dried fruits, — particularly tamarinds, 
peaches, apples, raisins, figs, and prunes, — West India mo- 
lasses, honey, oatmeal, bran, &c. 

The following medicinal substances are usually arranged 
under the head of laxatives, and are employed in cases 
where we wish to open the bowels with the least possible 
irritation, — as in children and pregnant women, in inflam- 



MANNA. 209 

mations or surgical operations about the abdomen and pel- 
vis, in typhoid fever, hernia, piles, affections of the rectum 
or womb, &c. 



MANNA. 

Manna is the concrete juice, inflaJces, of Fraxinus ornus, 
and of Fraxinus rotundifolia [Nat. Ord. Oleacese), small 
trees of Sicily and Southern Italy. It is obtained from 
incisions into the stems of the trees. The best kind is 
produced during the height of the season, when the juice 
flows vigorously, and from the upper stems, where it is less 
fatty. It is called flake manna, or manna cannulata, and 
consists of pieces from one to six inches long, one to two 
inches wide, and from half an inch to an inch thick, of 
irregular form, but more or less stalactitic, hollowed out 
on one side (from the shape of the tree or substance on 
which they are concreted), of a white or yellowish-white 
color, an odor like that of honey, and a sweet, afterwards 
rather acrid taste. A commoner manna, called common 
manna, or manna in sorts, is obtained from incisions later 
in the season, and from the lower stems. It occurs in small 
pieces, which seldom exceed an inch in length, and are 
softer, more viscid, and darker than the flake manna. A 
still inferior variety is termed fat manna, and consists of 
small, soft, viscid fragments, of a dirty, yellowish-brown 
color, mixed with a few pieces of the flake manna. Manna 
is soluble in both water and alcohol, and contains a white, 
crystalline, saccharine principle, termed mannite, (found 
also in mushrooms, the olive tree, and other plants,) some 
sugar, and a resin, to which it probably owes most of its pur- 
gative effect. 

Effects and Uses. — In moderate doses, manna is nutri- 
tive ; in larger, mildly laxative. It is principally given to 
children, to whom its sweet taste renders it acceptable ; 
and it is sometimes combined with the more active cathar- 
tics. It may be taken in substance, or dissolved in warm 

14 



210 MATERIA MEDICA. 

milk or water. Dose for an adult, Sj to §ij ; for children. 
5j to 5iij. 



CASSIA FISTULA — PURGING CASSIA. 

This is the fruit of Cassia Fistula (Nat. Ord. Fabacese), 
a large tree of Egypt and the East Indies, now naturalized 
in the "West Indies and South America. It consists of 
long, woody, dark-brown pods, about an inch in diameter, 
and nearly two feet in length, which contain numerous 
seeds imbedded in a soft black pulp. The pulp is the part 
used, and has a faint, nauseous odor, and a sweet, rather 
pleasant, mucilaginous taste. It is, in small doses, a mild, 
agreeable laxative, but its chief use is as an ingredient in 
the Confection of Senna, Dose, 5j to Sj. 

Oleum Oliv^i (Olive Oil). The well-known oil obtained 
from the fruit of Olea Europsea, or Olive Tree (Nat. Ord. 
Oleacese), is nutritive, demulcent, emollient, and laxative. 
It is frequently prescribed as a constituent of laxative ene- 
mata. 

Oleum Amygdala Dulcis (Oil of Sweet Almond), is used 
for the same purposes as olive oil. 

OLEUM RICINI — CASTOR OIL. 

Castor oil is the oil obtained from the seeds of Ricinus 

-communis, or Palma Christi (Nat. Ord. Euphorbiacese), a 

r small perennial tree of India, now naturalized in many 

warm climates, and cultivated extensively in the United 

States. In this country, it is an annual plant, about five or 

six feet in height, with round, thick-jointed, furrowed 

stems, of a purplish color above; large peltato-palmate 

leaves, divided into seven or nine segments, on long round 

footstalks; and prickly, three-celled capsules, with a seed 

in each cell. The seeds are ovate, about the size of a small 



CASTOR OIL. 211 

bean, and of a gray color, marbled with reddish-brown 
spots and stripes. They possess considerable acridity, and, 
in large quantities, have produced death. They consist of 
a thin outer pellicle, an inner, hard, blackish shell — both 
of which are inert — and a white, oleaginous kernel, which 
contains the acrid principle. 

Castor oil is obtained by expression, by decoction, and 
by the agency of alcohol. The first method is the best, 
and is that which is pursued in this country, where large 
quantities are made both for home consumption and expor- 
tation ; heat should not be employed in preparing it, as it 
renders it rancid. Thus procured, it is nearly colorless, or 
of a pale-yellow color, of a thick viscid consistence, a faint, 
unpleasant odor, and a mild, nauseous taste, and becomes 
rancid and thick by exposure to the air. It is not soluble 
in water, but is extremely soluble in alcohol, readily so in 
ether, and forms soap with alkalies. Its composition is not 
well understood : its constituents would seem to be mainly 
ricinolein, and a little stearin and palmitiu. 

Effects and Uses. — Castor oil is a mild and tolerably cer- 
tain laxative, operating, when pure, without uneasiness in 
the bowels. It is admirably adapted to all cases where a 
free evacuation of the bowels is desired, without abdomi- 
nal irritation, as in dysentery, pregnancy, typhoid fever, 
&c, and is an excellent purgative for children. The leaves 
are said to possess galactagogue properties, and are applied 
to the breasts, in the form of decoction, to induce the secre- 
tion of milk. 

Administration. — For adults the dose is f §ss to f §j ; for 
children f5j to fgss. To cover its unpleasant flavor, it is 
sometimes taken floating on spirit, coffee, mint-water, com- 
pound spirit of ether, &c, or made into an emulsion, or 
mixed with the froth of porter, or a little oil of bitter 
almonds. 

Flaxseed Oil and Melted Butter are laxative in the 
same doses as castor oil. 



212 MATERIA MEDICA. 



SULPHUR. 



Sulphur exists in both kingdoms of nature. It is pro- 
cured by the purification of native sulphur, and by the de- 
composition of the native sulphurets. The sulphur of 
commerce is generally obtained in the former way, chiefly 
from Sicily, and is termed crude sulphur ; it comes also 
from Romagna in Italy, and, of late years, from California. 
After importation, it is purified by sublimation, and is 
• known as sublimed sulphur — sulphur sublimatum. It is 
sometimes sublimed in the form of an impalpable powder, 
when it is called the flowers of sulphur. Sometimes it is 
cast in wooden moulds, and forms the roll sulphur or brim- 
stone of commerce. Sublimed sulphur contains more or 
less sulphuric acid, and for medicinal use, it is further 
purified by washing, when it constitutes the Sulphur Lo- 
tum or Washed Sulphur of the Pharmacopoeia. As met 
with in the shops, it is a fine bright-yellow powder, with a 
feeble odor and taste, .insoluble in water, but soluble in 
alcohol, ether, chloroform, alkaline solutions, and the oils; 
and, when perfectly pure, it is wholly volatilized by heat, 
and ought not to change the color of litmus paper. 

Effects and Uses. — In small and repeated doses, sulphur 
is a gentle stimulant to the skin and mucous membranes ; 
and in larger doses, it acts as a mild purgative, without 
exciting the pulse or occasioning griping. It is employed 
in the cases to which laxatives are applicable, and also as 
an alterative diaphoretic in chronic cutaneous diseases, 
rheumatism, and gout, and as an expectorant in pulmonary 
affections. To increase its cathartic effect, it is often com- 
bined with cream of tartar or magnesia. Externally, it is 
a valuable remedy in various skin diseases, particularly 
scabies. 

Administration. — Dose, 5j to 5iij or 5iv, in syrup, treacle, 
or milk. Externally, it is applied in the form of vapor- 
bath or ointment. Unguentum Sulphuris consists of one 
part of sulphur and two parts of lard. 



MAGNESIA. 213 

Sulphur Prjecipitatum (Precipitated Sulphur, or Lac 
Sulphuris), is prepared by boiling together sulphur, slacked 
lime, and water, and afterwards precipitating the sulphur 
by muriatic acid. It is a finer and softer powder than sub- 
limed sulphur, is of a paler yellow color, with a grayish 
tint, and is not gritty between the teeth. When exposed 
to the air, however, it is liable to become contaminated 
with sulphuric acid, and, as found in commerce, it is often 
adulterated with sulphate of lime. Its effects, uses, and 
doses are the same as those of sub-limed sulphur. 

SALINE CATHARTICS. 
MAGNESIA. 

Magnesia, sometimes called calcined magnesia, from the 
mode in which it is prepared, is procured by exposing the 
carbonate of magnesia to a red heat', till the carbonic acid 
is wholly expelled. It is a light, fine, white, colorless, 
odorless powder, of a feeble alkaline taste, very slightly 
soluble in water, and more soluble in cold than in hot 
water. Henry's Magnesia, a patent English medicine, has 
the advantage over the ordinary magnesia, of greater den- 
sity and softness, and more ready miscibility with water. 
Magnesia, prepared by Mr. Husband and Mr. Ellis, of Phi- 
ladelphia, is very similar in properties to Henry's. 

Effects and Uses. — Magnesia is antacid and laxative. A 
good deal of its cathartic effect is the result of its combi- 
nation with the free acids of the stomach and intestines, in 
which soluble magnesian salts are formed. When taken 
in large quantities, and for too long a period, it sometimes 
accumulates in the bowels; and hence it is best to increase 
its solubility by giving it with lemonade. It is an excel- 
lent laxative where much acidity exists in the stomach ; 
and is particularly useful in infantile cases. As an antacid, 
it is employed in heartburn, sick headache, and nephritic 
complaints. Dose, as a laxative, 5j ; as an antacid, 3j, in 
water or milk. Of Henry's, half the quantity. 



214 MATERIA MEDICA. 



MAGNESIA CARB0NAS — CARBONATE OF MAGNESIA 

Carbonate of magnesia, as found in the shops, is pre- 
pared by decomposing sulphate of magnesia with an alka- 
line carbonate. It occurs in the form of light white cubi- 
cal cakes or powder; is inodorous, almost insipid, and 
nearly insoluble in water, but soluble in carbonic acid 
water. 

Its effects and uses are nearly the same as those of calcined 
magnesia; but, from its effervescence with the acids of the 
stomach, it is apt to create flatulence, though sometimes, 
on this account, more acceptable to delicate stomachs. 
Dose, as a laxative, 5j to 5ij ; as an antacid, gr. x. 



MAGNESIA SULPHAS — SULPHATE OF MAGNESIA. 

This salt, commonly called Epsom Salt, from its having 
been first procured from the Epsom mineral waters in Eng- 
land, occurs in native crystals, and is a constituent of sea- 
water and many saline springs. It is obtained in England 
from dolomite, or magnesian limestone; and also from bit- 
tern, or the residual liquor of sea-water, from which com- 
mon salt has been separated. In this country, it is exten- 
sively manufactured at Baltimore and Philadelphia, by the 
action of sulphuric acid on magnesite, the silicious hydrate 
of magnesia. It is usually met with in small acicular 
crystals, which are colorless, transparent, and odorless, but 
have an extremely bitter taste. They effloresce on expo- 
sure to the air, are very soluble in water and insoluble in 
alcohol. The chemical composition of the salt is one 
equivalent of acid, one of magnesia, and seven of water of 
crystallization. 

Effects and Uses. — Epsom salt is a mild, safe, refrigerant 
purgative, which, from its cheapness, is by far the most 
commonly employed of all the cathartics. It is sometimes 
combined with senna, sometimes with the bitter infusions, 



SULPHATE OF SODA. 215 

and is most agreeably administered in solution in carbonic 
acid water. Dose, §j- 



LIQUOR MAGNESIA CITRATIS — SOLUTION OF 
CITRATE OF MAGNESIA. 

The citrate of magnesia, employed medicinally in solu- 
tion, is termed the two-thirds citrate, and has the formula, 
2MgO,HO, C 12 H 5 O n ; it has never been obtained in a dry state. 
It is only in solution, with a slight excess of acid, and in 
the effervescing state, that it is officinal. The effervescing 
solution has a pleasant acid taste, without anything dis- 
agreeable. It is a very grateful cathartic, and has lately 
been much employed as a substitute for Epsom salt. As 
prepared, according to the directions of the Pharmacopoeia, 
the solution of citrate does not keep well, the amount of 
magnesia employed being too large. The following for- 
mula is better: Dissolve 450 grains of citric acid in four 
nuidounces of water, and to this add gradually 100 grains 
of ordinary magnesia, stirring till it is dissolved. Filter 
the solution into a strong twelve ounce bottle, containing 
one nuidounce of syrup of citric acid ; then add 40 grains 
of bicarbonate of potassa, and water enough nearly to fill 
the bottle, which must be closed with a cork secured with 
twine ; the mixture is to be shaken till solution occurs. 
From six to twelve nuidounces of the solution may be 
given. 

SOD^l SULPHAS — SULPHATE OF SODA. 

Sulphate of soda, commonly called G-laubers Salt, is a 
constituent of many mineral springs, and is prepared in 
various chemical processes. It occurs as a residuum in the 
manufacture of muriatic acid, made by adding sulphuric 
acid to chloride of sodium ; and it is obtained from sea- 
water in the winter season. It is found in colorless, six- 
sided, efflorescent crystals, which are inodorous, but have 



216 MATERIA MEDICA. 

a cooling, saline, very bitter taste. It is soluble in water, 
more readily in hot than in cold water, and is insoluble 
in alcohol. Its chemical composition is one equivalent of 
soda, one of acid, and ten of water. 

Its effects and uses are very similar to those of Epsom 
salt, but it is more bitter and nauseous, and is now little 
used. It has an anaplastic action on the blood. Dose, 
oj ; in an effloresced state, Sss. 

MANGANESII SULPHAS — SULPHATE OF MANGANESE. 

This salt, lately introduced into the Pharmacopoeia, is 
made by heating the native black oxide with concentrated 
sulphuric acid, and consists of one equivalent of sulphuric 
acid and one of protoxide of manganese. It occurs in 
rhombic, prismatic crystals, of a pale-rose or pink color, 
and an astringent, bitterish taste. It is very soluble in 
water, insoluble in alcohol. 

In its effects it is said to resemble Glaubers Salt, acting 
also as a cholagogue. Dose, as a purgative, 5i-ij- As a 
tonic, it has been given in doses of gr. v-xx. 

SOD^l PHOSPHAS — PHOSPHATE OP SODA. 

This salt is prepared by digesting powclered burnt bone 
with diluted sulphuric acid, and decomposing the resulting 
superphosphate of lime with carbonate of soda. It occurs 
in large, rhombic, colorless, transparent, very efflorescent 
crystals, which are wholly soluble in water, and insoluble 
in alcohol, and have a pleasant saline taste, resembling 
that of common salt. 

Effects and Uses. — Phosphate of soda is a mild saline 
cathartic, well adapted, from its agreeable taste, to the 
cases of children and delicate persons, but too expensive 
for general use. It is a constituent of the blood in health, 
and has been recommended in cholera as a restorative of 
deficient saline matters, and also in diseases where there 



BITARTRATE OF POTASSA. 217 

is a deficiency of phosphatic matter in the bones. Dose, 
as a cathartic, 5vj to 5xij, in broth or soup; as an alterative, 
3j or 3ij, three or four times a day. 



P0TASSJ3 SULPHAS — SULPHATE OF POTASSA. 

This salt exists in both kingdoms of nature, and is ob- 
tained artificially from the residuum of the distillation of 
nitric acid, from nitrate of potassa and sulphuric acid. . It 
occurs in small, hard, colorless, inodorous crystals, of a 
saline, bitter taste, which have no water of crystallization, 
and are unalterable in the air. They are moderately 
soluble in water, and are insoluble in alcohol. 

Effects and Uses. — In small doses, it is considered a 
mild and safe cathartic ; but, in large doses, it has proved 
a violent and even fatal poison, producing symptoms of 
cholera. It is thought to act as a lactifuge, or represser of 
milk, and is administered with this view in France. Dose, 
as a cathartic, gr. xv to 5j, or 5ij ; but it is little employed 
in this country. From its hardness and dryness it is use- 
ful to promote the trituration and division of powders, 
and for this purpose is employed in making Dover's 
powder. 

POTASS^ BITARTRAS — BITARTRATE OF POTASSA. 

This salt, well known as Cream of Tartar, and termed 
also the acid tartrate of potash, exists in many vegetable 
juices, particularly the juice of grapes, from which it is 
obtained. It is deposited in an impure form, during fer- 
mentation, on the sides of wine-casks, and in this state 
occurs in crystalline cakes, of a reddish color, known as 
argol or crude tartar. This is purified by solution and 
crystallization, and forms a white crystalline mass or pow- 
der, termed cream of tartar. It is without smell, has an 
acidulous and gritty taste, is very slightly soluble in water, 
and insoluble in alcohol. Its chemical composition is one 



218 MATERIA MEDICA. 

equivalent of potash, one of tartaric acid, and one of 
water : the water acts the part of a base, as it cannot be 
expelled without decomposing the salt, which, when 
heated in a close vessel, is converted into a black flax, a 
compound of charcoal and carbonate of potash. 

Effects and Uses. — In small doses, it is diuretic and 
refrigerant ; in larger doses, cathartic ; and, in excessive 
doses, it will produce gastro-intestinal inflammation. It 
is employed to form a refrigerant drink, and as a gentle 
aperient, in fevers ; and as a diuretic and hydragogue 
cathartic in dropsies. Dose, as an aperient, 5j or 5ij ; as a 
cathartic, §ss to Sj ; as a diuretic, 3j to 5j> in repeated 
doses. It enters into the compound powder of jalap. 

POTASSiE TARTRAS — TARTRATE OF POTASSA. 

This salt, formerly called Soluble Tartar, is obtained by 
saturating the excess of acid in cream of tartar with car- 
bonate of potassa. It occurs in white deliquescent crystals 
or grains, of a saline, somewhat bitter taste, and is very 
soluble in water. It consists of two equivalents of potassa 
and one of acid. It is a gentle cathartic and diuretic, at 
present not much used. Dose, §ss to §j- 

POTASSiE ET SOD^ TARTRAS — TARTRATE OF POTASSA 

AND SODA. 

This salt, commonly called Rochelle Salt, is made by 
saturating the excess of acid in cream of tartar with car- 
bonate of soda. It occurs in large, transparent, colorless, 
prismatic, slightly efflorescent crystals, of a mildly saline 
and bitter taste, readily soluble in cold water, and still 
more so in hot water. It consists of 1 eq. of soda, 1 of 
potassa, 1 of acid, and 10 of water. It is a mild and plea- 
sant aperient, but it renders the urine alkaline, and should 
not therefore be given to persons suffering with phosphatic 
deposits in the urine. Dose, §ss to Sj. It is usually ex- 



RHUBARB. 219 

hibited in the form of Pulveres Effervescentes Aperientes 
(Aperient Effervescing Powders), or Seidlitz Powders, which 
consist of Rochelle salt (5\j) and bicarbonate of soda (3ij), 
in a blue paper, and tartaric acid (gr. xxxv), in a white 
paper. They are taken, dissolved in half a pint of water, 
while the liquid is in a state of effervescence, and form a 
very agreeable, mild aperient. They should not be kept 
in a damp place. 

MILD ACRID CATHARTICS. 
RHEUM — RHUBARB. 

Rhubarb is the root of Rheum palmatum, and of other 
species of Rheum (Nat. Ord. Polygonacese). It is not 
known with certainty what species yields the officinal 
rhubarb, but it is attributed by most writers to R. palma- 
tum, a perennial plant, with large, roundish, cordate, half- 
palmate leaves, growing spontaneously in Chinese Tartary 
and Mongolia, and cultivated in Europe and this country, 
together with several other varieties, for the leaf-stalks, 
which make excellent tarts. Rhubarb roots are prepared 
for the market by being cleansed, deprived of their cortical 
portion, cut into pieces, pierced through their centre, 
strung upon a cord, and dried in the sun. Three principal 
sorts were long known : Chinese, Russian or Turkey, and 
European. The first two were obtained, by different 
routes, from Central Asia. 1. Chinese rhubarb is the most 
common variety, and is imported principally from Canton. 
It occurs in roundish pieces, sometimes flattened, of a 
dirty brownish-yellow color externally (the cortical portion 
apparently scraped oft), having a ragged fracture (which 
presents red, yellowish, and white veins), and it is often 
perforated with holes, with portions of the cord on which 
it was dried occasionally remaining. It has a peculiar 
odor, an astringent, somewhat bitter taste, is gritty when 
chewed, and tinges the saliva of a yellow color ; its powder 



220 MATERIA MEDICA. 

is yellowish, with a reddish-brown tinge. It is heavier 
than the Russian variety, and is generally inferior in 
quality to it ; but the best pieces answer very well. 2. 
Russian rhubarb had probably the same source as the Chi- 
nese, but it was selected with greater care, and was rigor- 
ously inspected by the Russian government. It was carried 
in caravans through Russia to St. Petersburg, whence it 
was exported. The pieces are irregular in shape, and are 
often angular, from the cortical portion having been cut 
oif and not scraped. They are less heavy and compact 
than the Chinese, of a livelier color both externally and 
internally, and are perforated with larger holes, which 
have been made for the purpose of inspection. The taste 
and smell are very like those of the Chinese, but are more 
aromatic; the powder is bright yellow. Russian rhubarb 
has, however, within a few years past disappeared as an 
article of commerce, the Russian government having aban- 
doned the inspection long practised on the frontiers of 
Bucharia, whence the supply was derived. 3. European 
rhubarb is of uncertain quality, and is seldom found in the 
shops. The kind most frequently met with is English 
rhubarb, which generally comes in pieces five or six inches 
long, and about an inch thick, and is called stick rhubarb. 
It is lighter, more spongy, and redder than the Asiatic 
varieties, with a feebler odor and less bitter taste. 

Rhubarb imparts its virtues to both water and alcohol, 
but they are impaired by long boiling. Its most import- 
ant chemical constituents are — chrysophanic acid, sl yellow, 
odorless, tasteless, granular substance; two, or perhaps 
three resins, soluble in alcohol, and insoluble in water; 
and bitter extractive. It is supposed that the therapeutical 
properties of the drug depend chiefly on the conjoint ope- 
ration of these principles. It contains also tannic and 
gallic acids, sugar, pectin, oxalate of lime, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — In small doses, rhubarb is an astrin- 
gent tonic. In larger doses, it is a slow and mild cathartic, 
occasionally causing griping and accelerating the pulse, 



RHUBARB. 221 

but never inflaming the mucous membrane of the alimen- 
tary canal like the drastics. It is much employed as a 
purgative in diarrhoea, in which it is particularly useful 
from its secondary astringent effect, and in dyspepsia, 
attended with costiveness, where it acts both as a stoma- 
chic and laxative. It is not adapted to febrile or inflam- 
matory cases. In the bowel-complaints of children, rhu- 
barb deservedly enjoys great popularity, and it is also 
highly esteemed in infantile scrofula. Made into a cata- 
plasm, and applied to the abdomen, it acts as a purgative, 
on children. 

Administration. — Dose, as a stomachic laxative, gr. v. to 
gr. x; as a purgative, 3j to 5j- The following are the 
officinal preparations : Infusion (5j to boiling water Oss), 
dose, foj to fSij, repeated; Extract (alcoholic), dose, gr. x 
to gr. xxx ; Fluid Extract (made with alcohol, and con- 
taining also sugar), dose, f5ss, containing half a drachm 
of the root; Tincture (§iij to diluted alcohol Oij, with car- 
damom oss) ; Tincture of Rhubarb and Senna (containing 
rhubarb a troyounce, senna and red saunders each 120 
grains, coriander, fennel, and extract of liquorice, each 30 
grains, raisins 6 troyounces, to diluted alcohol Oiij, and 
popularly known as Warner § Gout Cordial) ; Tincture of 
Rhubarb and Aloes and Tincture of Rhubarb and Gentian 
are no longer officinal; the dose of all the tinctures is 
f5ss to foj, and they are chiefly adapted to low forms of 
disease and persons accustomed to the use of stimulants ; 
Pills of Rhubarb (rhubarb 360 grains, beaten with water into 
a pilular mass with soap 120 grains, and divided into 120 
pills); Compound Pills of Rhubarb (rhubarb a troyounce, 
aloes 360 grains, myrrh half a troyounce, oil of pepper- 
mint half a fluidrachm, beaten with water into a pilular 
mass, and divided into 240 pills); Compound Powder of 
Rhubarb (containing 2 parts of rhubarb, 6 parts of mag- 
nesia, and 1 part of ginger) ; Syrup (fluid extract 3 fluid- 
ounces mixed with syrup 29 fluidounces); Aromatic Syrup 
(rhubarb two troyounces and a half, cloves and cinnamon 



222 MATERIA MEDICA. 

each half a troyounce, nutmeg 120 grains, percolated with 
diluted alcohol till a pint of tincture is obtained, and this 
mixed with six pints of syrup — much used in infantile 
cases, under the name of Spiced Syrup of Rhubarb), dose 
for an infant f5i ; and wine (rhubarb two troy ounces, ca- 
nella 60 grains, sherry wine 14 fluidounces, and diluted 
alcohol enough to make a pint — dose f5i-fSss). Roasting 
impairs the cathartic power of rhubarb, and is said to in- 
crease its astringency. 

Juglans (Butternut). The inner bark of the root of 
Juglans cinerea, or Butternut (Nat. Ord. Juglandacese), an 
indigenous forest tree, possesses cathartic properties, re- 
sembling those of rhubarb. Dose of the bark, or of the 
extract, which is preferred, gr. x to gr. xxx. 

ALOE — ALOES. 

Aloes is the inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe 
spicata, Aloe Socotrina, Aloe vulgaris, and other species 
of Aloe (Nat. Ord. Liliacese), succulent, herbaceous plants, 
growing in warm countries. The finest kinds are obtained 
by exudation ; those prepared by expression and by boil- 
ing are inferior. Three principal varieties are known in 
commerce : Cape, Socotririe, and Barbadoes aloes, the first 
two of which are the most used in the United States. I. 
Cape aloes (aloe capensis), which is much the most common, 
is obtained from the Cape of Good Hope, where it is col- 
lected indiscriminately from A. spicata, and other species. 
It has a shining, resinous appearance, is of a deep-brown 
color, with a greenish tint, translucent at its edges, and 
has a glossy or resinous fracture. Its powder is greenish- 
yellow; its odor is strong and disagreeable, but not nau- 
seous. 2. Socotrine aloes (aloe Socotrina), when genuine, is 
the choicest variety. It is produced in the island of Soco- 
tra, and on the eastern coast of Africa, from A. Socotrina, 
and occurs in pieces of a yellowish or reddish-brown color, 
becoming darker on exposure to the air, with a smooth 



ALOES. 223 

and conchoidal fracture, the interior being lighter-colored 
than the exterior. Its powder is golden-yellow ; its odor 
peculiar, but not unpleasant, and its taste bitter and dis- 
agreeable, but aromatic. Socotrine aloes should always be 
preferred, and is the variety directed by the Pharmacopoeia 
in all preparations into which aloes enters. Hepatic aloes 
is probably an inferior variety of Socotrine, and is seldom 
met with in our shops. It is of a reddish-brown color, 
but darker and less glossy than the Socotrine. 3. Barba- 
does aloes (aloe Barbadensis), comes from the West Indies, 
the product chiefly of A. vulgaris ; it is imported in gourds, 
weighing from sixty to seventy pounds. Its color is not 
uniform, varying from a dark-brown or black to a liver 
color. It has a dull fracture ; makes an olive-yellow 
powder; and is distinguishable by its particularly dis- 
agreeable, nauseous odor. The taste of all the varieties 
of aloes is intensely bitter, and very tenacious. 

Aloes yields its virtues to water and alcohol. A proxi- 
mate neutral crystalline principle, termed aloin, has been 
extracted from it, which produces the cathartic action of 
aloes in doses of gr. j to gr. ij. It is slightly soluble in 
cold water, but readily soluble in hot water and alcohol. 

Effects and Uses. — Aloes, in small doses, is tonic, and in 
large doses, purgative. As a cathartic, it is remarkable 
for the slowness of its operation, and its special action on 
the large intestine and the pelvic viscera generally. Hence, 
it is objectionable in cases of hemorrhoids, irritation of the 
genito-urinary apparatus, pregnancy, &c. ; and, on the other 
hand, is useful in amenorrhoea. It stimulates the hepatic 
secretion also. It is principally employed in cases of dys- 
pepsia, accompanied by costiveness, dependent on a torpid 
condition of the large intestine or liver. It is also useful 
as a revulsive in cerebral affections, and has proved effica- 
cious as an anthelmintic. As a purgative, it holds an in- 
termediate rank between rhubarb and senna. 

Administration. — Dose, gr. v to gr. x-xx, in pill ; it is 
usually given in combination with other cathartics. Aloes 



224 MATERIA MEDICA. 

is so often mixed with impurities, that, for medicinal use, 
it is best employed under the form of aloe purificata (puri- 
fied aloes), which is prepared by straining and evaporating 
an alcoholic solution. The officinal preparations are: 
Pills of Aloes, consisting of equal parts of aloes and soap, 
one pill containing two grains of aloes ; Pills of Aloes and 
Mastic, three parts of aloes to one part of mastic and red- 
rose, each ; Pills of Aloes and Assafetida, consisting of equal 
quantities of aloes, assafetida and soap, useful in flatulent 
constipation; Pills of Aloes and Myrrh, or Rufms Pills, 
aloes four parts, myrrh two parts, and saffron one part, 
made into pills with syrup, employed in amenorrhcea ; 
Powder of Aloes and Canella, known as hiera piera, four 
parts of aloes to one of canella ; Tincture (a troyounce to 
alcohol Oss, distilled water Ojss, with extract of liquorice 
three troyounces), dose, f§ss to fojss; Tincture of Aloes and 
Myrrh (aloes and myrrh each three troyounces, saffron a 
troyounce, to two pints of alcohol) ; Wine of Aloes (aloes a 
troyounce, cardamom and ginger each 60 grains, to a pint 
of sherry wine). 

LEPTANDRA. 

The root of Leptandra Virginica, Culver's Root, or Cul- 
ver's Physic (Nat. Ord. Scrophulariacese), an herbaceous, 
perennial plant, three or four feet high, with leaves in 
whorls, and a long spike of white flowers, is now ranked 
as a valuable cholagogue cathartic. It consists of a dark- 
brown rhizoma, from two to four lines in thickness, seve- 
ral inches in length, with numerous long slender radicles. 
The odor is feeble and disagreeable, the taste bitterish, 
somewhat nauseous and acrid. Water and alcohol extract 
its virtues, which depend on a peculiar principle, termed 
leptandrin. Dose of the powdered root, gr. xx to 5j ; of an 
impure resin (made by precipitating a tincture of the root), 
gr. ij-iv; a fluid extract has been used. 



SENNA. 225 



SENNA. 



Senna consists of the leaflets of several species of Cas- 
sia (Nat. Ord. Fabaceee), small shrubs, which grow in the 
tropical regions of Asia and Africa. The species recog- 
nized as officinal are C. acutifolia, C. obovata, and C. elon- 
gata ; and besides these, C. lanceolata, and C. ^Ethiopica, 
are also generally received as sources of the drug. The 
commercial varieties of senna, which are found in the United 
States, are the Alexandria, the Tripoli, the India, and the 
Mecca senna. 1. Alexandria senna, which comes from the 
port of this name in Egypt, is made up chiefly of the leaf- 
lets of C. acutifolia (which are yellowish-green, acute in 
shape, and less than an inch in length), intermingled with 
the pods, leafstalks, flowers, &c, of this plant. It contains 
also leaflets of C. obovata, known by their rounded, obtuse 
summits ; and is, moreover, occasionally adulterated with 
the leaves of Cynanchum olesefolium, distinguishable, by 
their greater length, thickness, and firmness, from the 
genuine leaves. 2. Tripoli senna, brought from Tripoli, 
consists of the leaflets of C. ^Ethiopica, which are shorter, 
less acute, thinner, and more fragile than those of C. acu- 
tifolia, and are generally much broken up. 3. India senna 
is produced in Arabia, but comes into commerce through 
the ports of Hindostan. It consists of the leaflets, inter- 
mixed with the leafstalks and pods, of C. elongata, and 
is readily recognized by the long, narrow, pike-like shape, 
and dark hue of the leaflets. A finer variety of India 
senna, cultivated at Tinnevelly, in Hindostan, has been 
known for some years past, which is distinguishable from 
the common sort of India senna, by the bright-green color 
of the leaflets. 4. Mecca senna is a variety lately intro- 
duced, and consists of leaflets, intermediate in length be- 
tween those of C. acutifolia and C. elongata, and has in 
mass a yellowish, tawny hue. Its source is not known with 
certainty, but it is probably the product of C. lanceolata. 

15 ' 



.226 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Cassia obovata has been lately found growing wild in 
abundance in Jamaica. 

Commercial senna is prepared for use by separating the 
leaflets from the stalks, adulterations, &c. ; the pods pos- 
sess cathartic properties, but are less active than the leaves. 
The odor of senna is faint and sickly ; its taste bitter, sweet- 
ish, and nauseous. It imparts its virtues to water and 
alcohol, its infusion being of a reddish-brown color. The 
chemical composition of senna has long been an unsettled 
point. By the latest analysis, it has been found to contain 
a glucoside, cathartic acid (C 180 H 96 I^ 2 O 82 S), which is insolu- 
ble in strong alcohol. Catharto-mannite, sennepicrin, and 
a reddish-brown compound, soluble in ether, resembling 
chrysophanic acid, have been also obtained. 

Effects and Uses. — Senna is a prompt, efficient, and safe 
cathartic, well adapted to febrile and inflammatory cases ; 
it operates on the entire track of the intestinal canal, and 
produces watery, feculent discharges. Its tendency to 
gripe may in a great measure be counteracted by combining 
aromatics or neutral salts with it ; the addition of bitters 
promotes its cathartic activity. 

Administration. — The dose in powder is Sss to 5ij ; but it 
is usually given in infusion (a troyounce to boiling water 
Oj with coriander, 5j), one-third for a dose, repeated. Con- 
fectio sennse (made with senna, coriander, sugar, figs, and 
pulps of prunes, tamarinds, and purging cassia), is an ex- 
cellent mild cathartic, much used for pregnant women; 
dose, 5ij- Of the fluid extract, the dose is f5i to fgss. 

CASSIA MARILANDICA — AMERICAN SENNA. 

Cassia Marilandica, American Senna, or Wild Senna 
(Wat. Ord. Fabaceae), possesses cathartic properties similar 
to those of imported senna, but is less active. It is an in- 
digenous plant, common in the Southern and Western 
States, growing to the height of three or four feet, with 
alternate leaves, composed of from eight to ten pairs of 




227 



oblong, lanceolate, pale-green leaflets, and bearing band- 
some golden-yellow flowers and a pendulous fruit two to 
four incbes long. An infusion of tbe leaflets is given in 
doses one-tbird larger tban tbose of senna. 



DRASTIC CATHARTICS. 



JALAPA — JALAP. 



Jalap is tbe root of Exogonium Purga, or Ipomsea Jalapa 
{Nat. Ord. Convolvulacese), a climbing plant of Mexico, 



228 MATERIA MEDICA. 

which derives its name from the city of Jalapa, near Vera 
Cruz. The roots are imported either whole or in slices. 
When entire, they vary in size and shape from a walnut to 
a large pear, are hard and heavy — externally, brown and 
wrinkled, and internally grayish. They have a heavy, 
sweetish, rather nauseous smell, and a sweetish, acrid, dis- 
agreeable taste. They yield their virtues partly to water, 
partly to alcohol, and completely to diluted alcohol. In 
the shops, jalap is kept in the state of powder, which is of 
a yellowish-gray color. Its active principle is a peculiar 
resin, which consists^of two portions, one of which has been 
termed rhodeoretin ; it contains also gum and starch, which 
is apt to be attacked by worms, the worm-eaten pieces be- 
coming thus the most active. 

Effects and Uses. — Jalap is a powerful hydragogue ca- 
thartic, operating with great promptness, and often causing 
much pain. In overdoses, it may produce dangerous hy- 
percatharsis. It is employed as a hydragogue in dropsy, 
when it is often combined with cream of tartar ; as a re- 
vulsive in cerebral and other affections, and to increase the 
activity of calomel in bilious fevers. • Dose, gr. xv to xxx; 
in combination, gr. x. Of the extract, which is made with 
diluted alcohol, and contains the resin and gum, the dose 
is one half that of jalap. The compound powder of jalap 
contains one part of jalap and two parts of cream of tartar. 
The resin is extracted by solution in alcohol, and afterwards 
precipitated from the tincture by water (16 troy ounces of 
jalap percolated with alcohol to four pints, then reduced 
to half a pint by distillation, and precipitated with four 
pints of water) ; dose, from four to eight grains. The 
tincture (six troyounces to alcohol, diluted with one-half a 
measure of water, Oij) is added to cathartic mixtures. 

PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM — MAY-APPLE. 

Podophyllum peltatum, May-apple, or Mandrake (Nat. 
Ord. Ranunculacese), is a very common indigenous, herba- 



MAY-APPLE. 

Fie. 21. 



229 




ceous plant, with a long, creeping, perennial root, and an 
upright stem about a foot high, separating at the top into 
two petioles, each supporting a large peltate leaf, divided 
into five or six lobes. At the fork of the petioles, it bears 
a single flower, which appears in May, the fruit ripening in 
September. The rhizoma, which is the part used, is found 
in the shops in wrinkled, jointed pieces, about two lines in 
diameter, of a brown color externally, and yellowish 
within. The powder is yellowish-gray, and has a sweetish 
smell ; its taste is at first sweetish, afterwards bitter, acrid, 
and nauseous. Diluted alcohol is the best solvent of podo- 
phyllum, which has been found to contain two resinous 
cathartic principles, both soluble in alcohol. 

Effects and Uses. — This is an active hydragogue cathartic, 



230 MATERIA MEDICA. 

with an especial determination to the upper portion of the 
alimentary canal, and a pretty decided cholagogue action. 
It is an ingredient in several cathartic nostrums. Dose, 
in powder, 3j ; of the extract (prepared like the extract of 
jalap), gr. v. to gr. xv ; of the resin (made in the same way 
as the resin of jalap), gr. \ to gr. j. 

SCAMMONIUM — SCAMMONY. 

Scammony is the concrete juice of the root of Convol- 
vulus Scammonia (Nat. Ord. Convolvulacese), a twining 
plant of Syria. The finest kind is the product of exuda- 
tion from the sliced root ; but most of the drug which 
reaches us is probably obtained by expression. It comes 
from the Levant. Genuine scammony, termed Virgin 
Scammony, occurs in light, irregular, friable pieces, covered 
with a whitish-gray powder, and breaking with a bright- 
greenish fracture. The scammony of the shops, which is 
always more or less adulterated, is in hard, heavy, saucer- 
shaped cakes, from four to six inches in diameter (some- 
times broken into pieces), of a dark ash or slate color. The 
powder is light-gray ; the smell disagreeable, like that of 
old cheese ; the taste at first feeble, afterwards bitterish 
and acrid. Scammony is a gum-resin, its active ingredient 
being resin, which constitutes from 80 to 90 per cent, of 
the weight of good scammony. Its proper solvents are 
alcohol and ether. 

A factitious scammony, made in France, and known as 
Montpelier Scammony, is occasionally imported into the 
United States. It is blacker than the genuine article, has 
a feeble, balsamic odor, and a very bitter nauseous taste. 

Effects and Uses. — Scammony is an energetic hydragogue 
cathartic, operating sometimes with great violence, and 
seldom given, except in combination with other cathartics. 
Dose, gr. v to gr. xv of the pure drug, gr. x to gr. xxx of 
the drug of the shops ; of the resin (made by digesting six 
troyounces of scammony with successive portions of alco- 



COLOCYNTH. 231 

hol until exhausted, mixing the tinctures, afterwards re- 
ducing the mixture to a syrupy consistence by distilling 
off the alcohol, and then precipitating with a pint of 
water), gr. iv to gr. viij. This is much used in the form 
of compound extract of colocynth. 

Helleborus {Black Hellebore). The root of Helleborus 
Niger, Black Hellebore, or Christmas Rose (Nat. Ord. Ra- 
nunculaeese), a mountainous European plant, at one time 
enjoyed much reputation as a hydragogue cathartic and 
emmenagogue. It is now little used, and only as an em- 
menagogue. Dose of the powdered root, gr. x to gr. xx ; 
of the alcoholic extract, gr. v to gr. x ; of the tincture (four 
troyounces to diluted alcohol Oij), f5ss to f5j. 

COLOCYNTHIS — COLOCYNTH. 

Colocynth is the fruit (deprived of its rind) of Citrullus 
Colocynthis or Bitter Cucumber (Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacese), 
an annual plant of the south of Europe and parts of Asia 
and Africa, resembling the common watermelon. The 
fruit is peeled and dried for exportation, and comes to us 
from the Levant. It consists of light, whitish, spongy 
balls, about the size of a small orange, filled with nume- 
rous seeds. For medicinal use, the pulp only is employed, 
and the seeds, which are inactive, are rejected. The pulp 
has a feeble odor, and a nauseous, intensely bitter taste. 
It yields its virtues to both water and alcohol, and contains 
a peculiar bitter principle, termed coloct/nthin, resin, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — Colocynth is a violent hydragogue 
cathartic, acting sometimes very harshly even in small 
doses, and in overdoses producing dangerous, and occa- 
sionally fatal enteric inflammation. The dose is gr. v to 
gr. x. It is seldom, however, administered alone. The 
alcoholic extract is made by depriving 48 troyounces of 
colocynth of seeds, grinding, macerating in 8 pints of dilu- 
ted alcohol for four days, expressing, percolating the resi- 



232 MATERIA MEDICA. 

due with diluted alcohol till the tincture and expressed 
liquid measure 16 pints ; the alcohol is then recovered, 
and the residue evaporated to dryness and powdered. This 
is used chiefly in the preparation of the compound extract, 
which is made by mixing three troy ounces and a half of 
alcoholic extract, twelve troyounces of aloes, three troy- 
ounces of resin of scammony, a troyounce of cardamom, 
and three troyounces of soap ; this is a favorite prescrip- 
tion, but it is apt to gripe, and it is well to combine some 
aromatic with it, as a little oil of cloves or capsicum — dose, 
gr. v-x. 

GAMBOGIA — GAMBOGE. 

Gamboge is a gum-resin, procured in Siam and Cochin- 
China, the concrete juice of a tree which has never yet 
been examined by botanists. The juice is said to be col- 
lected, as it exudes from the wounded bark of the tree, in 
cocoa-nut shells, and is afterwards rolled into cylinders, or 
transferred to earthen jars to dry; it is sometimes also 
received into the hollow joints of the bamboo. It is im- 
ported from Canton and Calcutta, and occurs in cylindrical 
rolls from one to three inches in diameter, of an orange 
color, known as pipe gamboge, or in irregular masses (which 
are less pure), weighing two or three pounds or more, 
called cake or lump gamboge. Good gamboge is opaque, 
brittle, inodorous, nearly insipid, and breaks with a vitre- 
ous fracture ; its powder is bright-yellow. It is a gum- 
resin, forming a yellow opaque emulsion with water, and 
a golden-yellow solution with alcohol. 

Effects and Uses. — Gamboge is a powerful hydragogue, 
and in overdoses has proved fatal. It is employed in ob- 
stinate constipation — in dropsies, combined with cream of 
tartar or jalap — and has been given to destroy taenia. Dose, 
gr. ij to gr. vj. It is often prescribed with other and 
milder cathartics, to promote and accelerate their action. 
Compound cathartic pills are made by mixing half a troy- 



ELATERIUM. 233 

ounce of compound extract of colocynth, 180 grains of ex- 
tract of jalap and calomel each, and 40 grains of gamboge, 
I and with water forming a pilular mass, to be divided into 
180 pills. Three of the pills, containing lOf grains of the 
mass, represent 4 grains of compound extract of colocynth, 
3 of extract of jalap and calomel each, and § grain of 
gamboge. 

ELATERIUM. 

Elaterium is a substance deposited by the juice of the 
fruit of Momordica Elaterium, Ecbalium agreste, or 
Squirting Cucumber (Nat. Ord. Cucurbitaceee), an annual 
vine of the south of Europe, now cultivated in England. 
The fruit has the shape of a small oval cucumber, and, 
when fully ripe, separates from the peduncle, and throws 
out its juice and seeds with considerable force, through an 
opening in the base. Pure elaterium is obtained by slicing 
the fruit, and allowing the juice to drain througb a sieve. 
The juice deposits a sediment, which dries in very light, 
thin, nearly flat, pulverulent, greenish-gray cakes, and is 
the genuine elaterium. It is almost inodorous, and has a 
bitter, acrid taste. The commercial elaterium, which is 
obtained chiefly from England, is made by expression. 
The drug is to be considered inferior when it is dark- 
colored, much curled, and hard. Elaterium yields its vir- 
tues to alcohol and not to water. Its active principle is 
called elaterin, and proves powerfully cathartic in doses of 
m to 2 2 o of a grain. 

Effects and Uses. — Elaterium is a hydragogue cathartic 
of great violence of operation, and in overdoses has fre- 
quently proved fatal. It has also a diuretic action. It is 
a very efficient remedy in the treatment of dropsies, and 
is also a useful revulsive in cerebral affections ; but, in 
administering it, considerable caution is required. Dose 
of the pure drug (termed Clutterbuck' 's elaterium), gr. J; of 
the drug of the shops, gr. j to gr. ij ; but it is most safely 



234 MATERIA MEDICA. 

given in divided doses. Of elaterin, the dose is gr. T ' 2 to 
gr. tV- 



OLEUM TIGLII — CROTON OIL. 

Croton oil is obtained from the seeds of Croton Tiglium 
(Nat. Ord. Euphorbiacese), a small tree of the East Indies. 
The Croton seeds resemble the Castor seeds in shape and 
size, and consist of a blackish shell, sometimes covered 
with a yellowish-brown epidermis, and inclosing a yellow- 
ish oily kernel. They are highly irritant and cathartic, 
but are not imported into this country. They contain a 
volatile oil, a fixed oil, resin, crotonic acid, &c. The 
croton oil of the shops is obtained by expression, and is 
a mixture of the fixed oil proper, the resin, and crotonic 
acid. It is made both in India and England; the Indian 
oil being of a pale straw-color, and the English reddish- 
brown ; the latter is the variety now found in the shops. 
It has a viscid consistence, which is increased by age, a 
faint peculiar odor, and an extremely acrid, pungent taste; 
it is soluble in ether and the volatile and fixed oils, and 
partially so in alcohol. 

Physiological Effects. — Croton oil, taken internally, is a 
powerful hydragogue purgative, occasionally increasing 
also the secretion from the kidneys. One or two drops 
are usually sufficient to produce active catharsis, but 
sometimes as much as eight or ten drops may be taken 
without affecting the bowels. It operates very speedily, 
often causing evacuations in half an hour, and is apt to 
produce considerable depression of the vascular sy&tem. 
In overdoses it has frequently proved fatal. Rubbed on the 
skin, croton oil causes rubefaction and a pustular or vesi- 
cular eruption ; and rubbed over the abdomen, it will 
sometimes purge. 

Medicinal Uses. — Croton oil, from the smallness of the 
dose required, and the speediness of its action, is an ex- 
tremely valuable purgative in obstinate constipation, and 



MERCURIAL CATHARTICS. 235 

in cerebral disorders, particularly coma. As a counter- 
irritant, it is extensively employed in pulmonary and 
laryngeal affections, diseases of the' joints, &c. Dose, one 
or two drops, made into pill, with bread-crumb. For 
external use, it may be diluted with one or two parts of 
olive oil or oil of turpentine. 

4 

MERCURIAL CATHARTICS. 

The preparations of mercury, employed as cathartics, 
are calomel, blue pill, and mercury with chalk. Their purga- 
tive effects depend partly on the increased flow of bile 
which they occasion, and partly on the stimulus which 
they give to secretion from the mucous follicles of the 
intestinal canal, and from the pancreas. They are rarely 
employed alone, owing to the slowness and uncertainty of 
their action ; but are usually combined with, or followed 
by other cathartics (as jalap, senna, rhubarb, compound 
extract of colocynth, or some of the saline preparations). 
The mercurial cathartics are usually administered with a 
view of combining a purgative action with an effect on 
the secretions, particularly that of the liver; also, as 
anthelmintics ; and as revulsives in cerebral and other 
affections. They are well adapted to infantile cases, from 
the facility of their administration, and are especially 
beneficial in the ephemeral febrile attacks to which chil- 
dren are subject ; they, moreover, rarely produce salivation 
in children. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite (Mild Chloride of Mercury, 
or Calomel). (Noticed at length under the head of Altera- 
tives). Dose, as a cathartic, gr. vj to xij, in pill or in pow- 
der, with syrup or molasses ; to be followed, in from four 
to six hours, by some other cathartic. Sometimes, when 
it is exhibited with a view to a full action on the liver, 
gr. j or ij may be given every hour or two until the whole 
purgative dose is taken ; or, it may be administered at 
bedtime, with an aperient draught the next morning. For 



236 MATERIA MEDICA. 

children, larger doses are required in proportion than for 
adults: gr. iij-vj may be given to a child from three to six 
years old. Calomel occasionally causes griping pain in the 
bowels, with bilious vomiting ; this is attributable, not to 
any irritable qualities in the medicine, but to the acrid 
character of the bile secreted. Calomel is an ingredient 
of the Compound Cathartic Pills. 

PiLULiE Hydrargyri {Pills of Mercury), commonly called 
Blue Pills (see Alteratives), are analogous in their cathartic 
action to calomel, but milder. ..They are given in about 
the same doses, and in the same combinations, &c. 

Hydrargyrum cum Creta (Mercury with Chalk), — (see 
Alteratives), — combines antacid with mercurial effects. It 
is a very mild preparation — weaker than even blue pill. It 
is used as a laxative, in bowel-complaints and other affec- 
tions of children. Dose, gr. v-xx for adults; for children, 
gr. ij or iij to viij or x, in poivder, and not in pill. 

ENEMATA. 

In cases of irritability of the stomach — or with the view 
of hastening the action of cathartics taken by the mouth — 
or to remove feculent accumulations in the lower bowels — 
or to relieve tympanites — or for the purpose of revulsion, 
cathartic enemata are frequently administered. 

When it is desired simply to open the bowels mechani- 
cally, tepid water, flaxseed tea, or other demulcent infu- 
sion may be employed. The common laxative enema con- 
sists of a tablespoonful of common salt, molasses, and lard 
or olive oil, each, in two-thirds of a pint of warm water; 
castor oil, or Epsom salt, may be added to increase the 
cathartic effect. Senna tea, or some other cathartic infu- 
sion, is often employed. To relieve flatulency, oil of tur- 
pentine (f§ss to f§j, in emulsion), or milk of assafetida (fSij 
to fSiv), may be given. The latter is an excellent prepa- 
ration in infantile cases. 



DIAPHORETICS. 237 



ORDER III. — DIAPHORETICS. 



Diaphoretics (from 6ia<j>opeo 9 I transpire), called also sudo- 
rifics, are medicines which promote transpiration from the 
skin. The action of the cutaneous exhalants may be in- 
creased by various means. The mere introduction of a 
large quantity of fluid into the system will produce sweat- 
ing, if the skin be kept warm. Exercise and a warm tem- 
perature, by determining a flow of blood to the cutaneous 
vessels, act in the same way. Nauseants occasion diapho- 
resis, by relaxing the orifices of the cutaneous vessels ; 
stimulants, by exciting them to increased secretion. Dia- 
phoretics are employed therapeutically, for their evacuant, 
revulsive, and alterative effects, and to promote absorption. 
Different classes of diaphoretics are required for different 
morbid conditions. 

1. Nauseating Diaphoretics. — Most of the emetics, in nau- 
seating doses, produce a powerful relaxing diaphoretic 
action, and are much employed, with this view, in inflam- 
matory cases, when not contraindicated by the presence of 
gastric irritability. The Preparations of Antimony (see 
p. 185), and Ipecacuanha (see p. 201), are chiefly resorted 
to as nauseating diaphoretics. Ipecacuanha is often given 
as a diaphoretic, in combination with opium, in the form 
of Dover s Powder (see p. 49). 

2. Refrigerant Diaphoretics. — The saline and ethereal pre- 
parations classed as refrigerants (see p. 191), produce a gen- 
tle relaxing diaphoretic action, unattended with nausea. 
They are used to allay febrile excitement. 

3. Stimulating Diaphoretics. — This group includes the dif- 
fusible stimulants, aromatic substances generally, of every 
class, and many narcotics, particularly opium and camphor. 
They are contraindicated in high inflammation, but are 
very serviceable in rheumatic and pulmonary affections, 
after vascular excitement has been reduced, and in all dis- 
eases where the surface of the body is cold. Opium, in 



238 MATERIA MEDICA. 

the form of Dover's Powder, may be employed in inflamma- 
tory cases, where other stimulating diaphoretics are inad- 
missible, and is given with advantage in an early stage of 
acute rheumatism, dysentery, and catarrh, unless the ac- 
tion of the pulse be very strong, when depletion should be 
previously resorted to. The operation of the diaphoretic 
stimulants is promoted by the free use of warm diluent 
drinks, and warm covering to the body. 

4. Alterative Diaphoretics. — Under this head are com- 
prised a class of diaphoretic medicines, which produce a 
gradual and nearly insensible increase of the cutaneous 
secretion, and are supposed to promote the elimination of 
noxious matters from the blood, through the vessels of the 
skin. They are employed chiefly in chronic rheumatic and 
cutaneous affections, and in secondary syphilis. 

ALTERATIVE DIAPHORETICS. 
SARSAPARILLA. 

The name Sarsaparilla is applied to the roots of Smilax 
officinalis and other species of Smilax {Nat. Ord. Smila- 
cese), twining, prickly shrubs of Mexico, Guatemala, and 
the warm countries of South America. The roots consist 
of numerous wrinkled, slender pieces, of the average thick- 
ness of a writing quill, several feet long, springing from a 
common head or rhizoma, and are frequently found in the 
shops with portions of the stems attached. Several varie- 
ties are known : 1. Honduras Sarsaparilla, the most com- 
mon variety in the United States, comes in bundles two or 
three feet long, composed of several roots folded length- 
wise, of a dirty grayish or reddish-brown color. 2. Ja- 
maica Sarsaparilla, which is probably derived also from 
Central America, comes in shorter bundles, and is known 
by the red color of the epidermis. 3. Vera Cruz Sarsapa- 
rilla comes in large, loose bales, bound with cords or 
leather thongs, containing the roots folded on themselves, 



SARSAPARILLA. 239 

consisting of a head with numerous long radicles. 4. Bra- 
zilian Sarsaparilla is distinguished by the amylaceous cha- 
racter of its interior structure. 5. Guatemala Sarsaparilla 
resembles the Brazilian. 

Sarsaparilla roots are several feet in length, about the 
thickness of a goose-quill, cylindrical, more or less wrinkled 
longitudinally, and consist of a whitish, brown, or pink 
cortical portion, covered with a thin gray, brown, or red 
epidermis, and inclosing a layer of whitish ligneous fibre, 
and a central pith. The cortical portion is more active than 
the interior portions ; the central medulla contains a good 
deal of starch. Sarsaparilla, in the dried state, is nearly 
inodorous, but its decoction has a strong smell. It has a 
mucilaginous, slightly bitter taste, and, when chewed for 
some time, produces a persistent acrid impression on the 
mouth ; this acridity of taste is the criterion of good sar- 
saparilla. Water and diluted alcohol extract its virtues, 
but they are impaired by long boiling. It contains an ac- 
tive principle, called smilacin or sarsaparillin, starch, resin, 
extractive, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — The physiological effects of sarsapa- 
rilla, beyond a slight diaphoretic action, are not very ob- 
vious; in large doses, it occasionally produces nausea and 
vomiting. Its efficacy, however, in eradicating various 
morbid symptoms is well established, and its mode of ac- 
tion, though obscure, is generally attributed to a purifying 
influence on the blood, through the function of the skin. 
It is employed in secondary syphilis, particularly where the 
disease resists or is aggravated by the use of mercury ; also 
in chronic rheumatism, skin diseases, and cachectic condi- 
tions of the system generally. 

Administration. — Dose, of the powder, 5ss, three or four 
times a day — not much used, however, in this form. The 
compound decoction is made by macerating six troyounces 
of sarsaparilla, a troyounce of bark of sassafras root, guaia- 
cum wood and liquorice root, each, and 180 grains of me- 
zereon, in 4 pints of water for 12 hours, then boiling for a 



240 MATERIA MEDICA. 

quarter of an hour, and adding water enough to make the 
decoction measure 4 pints — dose, fgiv-vi, 3 times a day. 
The compound syrup (which contains also guaiacum wood, 
pale rose leaves, senna, liquorice root, and the oils of sassa- 
fras, anise, and partridge-berry), is a favorite preparation ; 
corrosive sublimate should not be given with it, as it is de- 
composed into calomel. Dose, fgss, three times a day. 
Of the fluid extract, the dose is f5ss. The compound fluid 
extract contains the ingredients of the compound decoc- 
tion, except the guaiacum — dose, f5j, three or four times a 
day. 

ARALIA NUDICAULIS — FALSE SARSAPARILLA. 

The root of Aralia Nudicaulis, False Sarsaparilla, or 
Small Spikenard (Nat. Ord. Araliacese), a small, indige- 
nous, perennial plant, possesses alterative diaphoretic pro- 
perties similar to those of sarsaparilla, and is employed as 
a substitute for it, in the same manner and doses. 

The root of A. racemosa or American Spikenard, and the 
bark of A. spinosa, or Angelica- Tree, are also employed as 
alterative diaphoretics. 



GUAIACI LIGNUM — GUAIACUM WOOD. 
GUAIACI RESINA — GUAIAC. 

Guaiacum Wood, or Lignum Vitse, and Guaiac, are pro- 
ducts of Guaiacum officinale (Nat. Ord. Zygophyllaceee), a 
large evergreen tree of South America and the West In- 
dies. The wood, which is remarkable for its hardness and 
density, is imported in logs or billets, covered with a thick 
gray bark; the outer portion or sapwood is of a pale yel- 
low color, the inner of an olive-brown. It is usually kept 
in the shops in the state of shavings or raspings ; they are 
inodorous, unless heated, and, when chewed for some time, 
they have a bitterish, pungent taste. Guaiacum wood 



MEZEREON. 241 

« 

yields its virtues to alcohol, and partially to water ; they 
depend on the guaiac contained in the wood. 

Guaiac is the concrete juice of Guaiacum officinale. It 
is obtained by spontaneous exudation, or by boring and 
heating billets of the wood, or by boiling the chips in a 
solution of salt, and skimming off the matter which rises 
to the surface. It comes in large, irregular, semi-transpa- 
rent, brittle pieces, of varying size — externally, of a deep- 
green or olive color, and internally, red. It has a slight, 
balsamic odor, which is rendered stronger by heat, and, 
though at first nearly tasteless, leaves a hot, acrid sensation 
in the mouth and throat. Water dissolves it partially, al- 
cohol completely. It consists chiefly of a peculiar resinoid 
principle, called guaiacin or guaiacic acid, which is decom- 
posed by the mineral acids. 

Effects and Uses. — Guaiacum wood and guaiac are stimu- 
lant diaphoretics, and in large doses cathartic. They are 
principally used for their alterative virtues in chronic rheu- 
matism, secondary syphilis, and skin diseases ; guaiac has 
been used as a laxative. They are considered also to 
possess emmenagogue properties, and are employed in 
amenorrhoea and dysmenorrhoea. 

Administration. — Gruaiacum wood is used only as an in- 
gredient in the compound decoction and syrup of sarsapa- 
rilla. Dose of guaiac, gr. x to gr. xxx, in pill or emulsion, 
sometimes combined with alkalies. The tincture (six troy- 
ounces to alcohol Oij), and ammoniated tincture (six troy- 
ounces to ar. sp. of ammonia Ojss), are much used in 
chronic rheumatism ; the former is given also in amenor- 
rhoea; dose, f5j three or four times a day. They are de- 
composed by water, and should be administered in mucil- 
age, syrup, or milk. 

MEZEREUM — MEZEREON. 

Mezereon is the bark of Daphne Mezereum and Daphne 
Gnidium (Nat. Ord. Thymelaceae), European shrubs, which 

16 



242 MATERIA MEDICA. 

grow to the height of four or five feet. The root-bark is 
the part employed in Great Britain, but the bark of our 
shops, which is brought from Germany, is the stem-bark. 
It comes in strips, from two to four feet long, and an inch 
or less in breadth, folded in bundles, or wrapped in the 
shape of balls. It has a thin, grayish, or reddish-brown, 
wrinkled epidermis, and a tough, pliable, whitish inner 
bark. "When fresh, it has a faint nauseous smell, but, when 
dry, it is nearly inodorous. Its taste is at Krst sweetish, 
afterwards highly acrid. It yields its virtues to water and 
alcohol, and contains a peculiar crystalline principle, called 
daphnin, and a resin, to which it owes its acridity. 

Effects and Uses. — The topical action of mezereon is irri- 
tant and vesicant. When swallowed in large quantities, it 
is highly acrid ; in medicinal doses, it promotes the action 
of the secreting and exhaling organs, particularly the skin 
and kidneys. It is chiefly employed in conjunction with 
sarsaparilla (in the compound decoction, &c), as an altera- 
tive diaphoretic, in rheumatic, syphilitic, and cutaneous 
affections. As a masticatory, it has been chewed for the 
relief of paralysis of the muscles of deglutition . The oint- 
ment (4 troyounces mixed with 14 troyounces of lard melted 
with 2 troyounces of white wax) is used as a stimulating 
application to blistered surfaces and indolent ulcers; it is 
not now < officinal. 



-SASSAFRAS RADICIS CORTEX — BARK OF SASSAFRAS 

ROOT. 

This is the bark of the root of Sassafras officinale (Nat. 
Ord. Lauraceae), an indigenous tree of middling size. The 
bark is found in the shops in small irregular pieces of a 
cinnamon color, sometimes invested with a brownish epi- 
dermis. It has a highly fragrant odor, and a sweetish aro- 
matic taste. Its virtues are extracted by water and alco- 
hol, and reside in a volatile oil (oleum sassafras). 

Effects and Uses. — Sassafras bark is a mild stimulant al- 



DIURETICS. 243 



terative diaphoretic, used chiefly in combination with sar- 
saparilla. Its principal virtues are probably aromatic. 
Dose of the oil, two to ten drops. (For Sassafras Pith, see 
Demulcents*) 



ORDER IV. — DIURETICS. 

Diuretics (from &«, thoroughly, and ovpe^ J make water), 
are medicines which excite the secretion of urine. The 
flow of urine may be promoted indirectly, by increasing 
the quantity of fluid taken into the stomach, or by the re- 
moval of causes which check its secretion, or by mental 
emotion, a cool temperature, &c. It is promoted directly 
by the use of medicinal agents which specifically affect the 
kidneys; they are termed diuretics. A large proportion 
of diuretic medicines are found among the agents which 
influence other secretions, particularly diaphoretics. The 
functions of transpiration and urination are to some ex- 
tent vicarious, and the same articles will prove diaphoretic 
or diuretic, as their action may be directed to the skin or 
kidneys. External warmth and warm drinks determine 
the action of such medicines to the skin; and, on the 
other hand, if the skin be kept cool, and cool diluents 
freely administered, the secretion from the kidneys is pro- 
moted. 

Blennorrheas, or medicines which have a special action 
on the mucous membranes, exert also a diuretic influence 
— probably the result of the stimulating impression which 
they make on the mucous membrane of the urinary pass- 
ages. When the action of the kidneys is obstructed by 
disease of the heart, sedatives prove diuretic, by their tran- 
quillizing influence on the action of the heart. In cases 
of obstruction of the portal system, mercurials increase the 
efficacy of the diuretics proper; and also cathartics, by 
stimulating the flow of bile and of the pancreatic juice. 

The principal therapeutic employment of diuretics is to 
promote the absorption of dropsical effusions. They are also 



244 MATERIA MEDICA. 

useful, in nephritic disorders attended with obstructed se- 
cretion ; in stone or gravel, with the view of rendering 
the urine more dilute ; and they may be resorted to as 
evacuants, to reduce inflammation. 

As diuretics act by becoming absorbed, they should be 
administered in a very diluted state, to prevent a cathartic 
effect. 

The following groups of medicines, noticed under other 
heads, are employed also as diuretics : 

1. The Saline and Ethereal Refrigerants (see p. 191). 

2. The Alkaline Carbonates (see Antacids)', and the Alka- 
line Salts, which contain a vegetable acid, as the acetates, ci- 
trates, and tartrates. The acid tartrate of potassa, or cream 
of tartar (see p. 217), is a very active diuretic. 

Potassa Acetas (Acetate of Potassa). This salt, formerly 
termed sal diureticus, from its decided diuretic action, is 
made by saturating acetic acid with carbonate of potassa. 
It is white, when pure, of a warm, pungent, taste, very 
deliquescent, and soluble in water and alcohol. In small 
doses, it is diuretic ; in larger doses, gently cathartic. It 
is a good deal employed as a diuretic in dropsies, as an 
antacid in acute rheumatism, and has also been found 
useful as an alterative in cutaneous affections. As is the 
case with all the alkaline salts containing vegetable acids, 
the acid of this salt is decomposed in the system into car- 
bonic acid. Dose, 3j to 5j, three or four times a day. 

3. Sedatives (see p. 180), particularly Digitalis (see p. 
181), which is very much employed in cardiac dropsies, in 
combination with squill. 

4. Blennorrhetics (see p. 254), particularly the oleoreslns. 

5. Most of the Stimulating Diaphoretics. 

6. Among Astringents, Uva ursi (p. 149), and Pipsissewa, 
(p. 150). 



SQUILL. 245 

SPECIAL DIURETICS. 
SCILLA — SQUILL. 

Squill is the bulb of Scilla maritima (Nat. Ord. Lilia- 
cese), a perennial plant, which grows on the shores of the 
Mediterranean. It has fibrous roots, attached to a roundish- 
ovate bulb, from which both the leaves and flower-stem 
spring directly, the latter appearing first; the leaves are 
broad-lanceolate, and from twelve to eighteen inches long; 
the stem is about two feet high, and bears pale, yellowish- 
green flowers. 

The fresh bulb is pyriform, of the size of the fist to that 
of a child's head, and consists of thick, fleshy, concentric 
scales, attenuated at their edges, and attached to a rudi- 
mentary stem ; the outer scales are very thin and papery. 
Two kinds of squill bulbs are met with, the white and the 
red, which differ only in the color of their scales, and are 
identical in medicinal virtues. Both abound in a viscid, 
acrid juice, which is very much diminished by drying, with 
little loss of medicinal power. For importation, squill is 
usually sliced and dried, and is found in the shops in white 
or yellowish-white pieces, which, when dry, are brittle, 
but, when moist, flexible. They absorb moisture readily, 
and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. They have 
a feeble odor, a bitter, nauseous, acrid taste, and yield 
their virtues to water, - alcohol, and vinegar. Two active 
principles have been found in squill : one an acrid, poi- 
sonous, resinoid substance, soluble in alcohol and not in 
ether, the other, a bitter, yellow principle, soluble in water 
and alcohol ; the bitter principle is much less powerful. 

Physiological Effects. — In small doses, squill promotes se- 
cretion from the mucous membranes and the kidneys — its 
diuretic effect being much the most marked and constant. 
In larger doses, it excites nausea, vomiting, and occasion- 
ally purging ; and, in excessive doses, it acts as an acro- 
narcotic poison — gr. xxiv having proved fatal. 



246 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Medicinal Uses. — Squill is employed principally in the 
treatment of dropsy ; it should not be used, however, in 
cases complicated with granular disease of the kidneys or 
inflammation of the bladder. Digitalis is much prescribed 
in combination with squill in the treatment of cardiac drop- 
sies, and calomel is often added with a view to its action 
on the absorbents. As a blennorrhetic expectorant, squill is 
an excellent remedy in chronic and subacute bronchial 
affections ; it is, however, improper in inflammatory cases. 
As an emetic, squill is too dangerous for general use ; but it 
forms an ingredient in some emetic preparations adminis- 
tered in croup. 

Administration. — Dose, as a diuretic or expectorant, gr. j, 
repeated and gradually increased till nausea supervenes. 
Gr. vj to gr. xij will vomit. Of the acetum scillse (four troy- 
ounces to diluted acetic acid Oij), the dose is TT[xxx to 
f5\j ; of the syrup, made by dissolving 24 troyounces of 
sugar in a pint of vinegar of squill, at a gentle heat, f 5j ; of 
the compound syrup, known as hive-syrup (which is prepa- 
red by percolation, by first making a solution of seneka 
and squill, in diluted alcohol and water, converting it into 
a syrup, and dissolving in it tartar emetic, one grain of 
which is contained in every ounce of the syrup), 10 drops 
to f 5j, according to the age; of the tincture (four troy- 
ounces to diluted alcohol Oij), 20 to 40 drops. The com- 
pound pills of squill contain also ginger, ammoniac, and 
soap, and are used as a stimulant expectorant ; dose, one 
pill three or four times a day, each pill containing half a 
grain of squill and one grain of ammoniac. 

COLCHICUM. 
Colchici Radix, Colchicum Root ; Colchici Semen, Colchicum Seed. 

Colchicum autumnale, or Meadow-Saffron {Nat. Ord. 
Melanthacese), is a small, biennial, bulbous plant, which 
grows wild, in moist meadows, in England and other tem- 
perate parts of Europe. The bulb, or corm, as it is bota- 



COLCHICUM. 247 

nically termed, appears in midsummer as the lateral offset 
from the corm of the preceding year, and sends np the 
flower-stem in the autumn — the leaves and fruit following 
in the succeeding spring. The leaves are broadly lanceo- 
late, about iive inches long ; the flowers of a lilac or light- 
purple color ; and the fruit oblong, elliptical, and three- 
celled. 

The corms and seeds are the portions used medicinally. 
The corms are gathered in July, just before the sprouting 
of the flower from the young corm. They are somewhat 
like tulip bulbs in appearance, but solid and not composed 
of scales. They are covered by an external brown mem- 
brane, and an inner reddish-yellow one. Internally, they 
are white, fleshy, and solid, and contain an acrid, bitter, 
milky juice. As found in the shops, they are in the dried 
state, sometimes whole, but usually cut into transverse 
slices about an eighth of an inch thick, with a notch on 
one side, and deprived of the outer brown membrane. 
They have a hircine odor, and a bitter, hot, and acrid 
taste. The seeds are brown, about the size of black mus- 
tard-seeds, inodorous, and have a bitter, acrid taste ; they 
are less apt to be injured by drying than the corms. 

Colchicum corms and seeds yield their virtues to vinegar 
and alcohol ; they both contain a peculiar non-crystalliza- 
ble alkaloid active principle, soluble in water and alcohol, 
but insoluble in ether, termed colchicia y (C 3 JI 19 N0 10 ), which 
is a powerful poison. 

Physiological Effects. — Colchicum is a local irritant. 
Taken internally, in small doses, it stimulates the secre- 
tions generally ; in larger doses, it produces nausea, vomit- 
ing, and purging, and commonly a reduction of the fre- 
quency of the pulse ; in excessive doses, it is an acro-nar- 
cot'ic poison, producing death by a sedative action on the 
heart. Although placed among the diuretics, colchicum 
does not evince a more decided action on the kidneys than 
on other secretions, as those of the skin, liver, and mucous 
membranes. 



248 MATERIA MEDICA. 

Medicinal Uses. — Colchicum has long enjoyed a high re- 
putation in the treatment of gout ; and, although its modus 
medendi is rather obscure, it is universally admitted to pos- 
sess a more decided control over the disease than any other 
remedy. Its efficacy has been attributed to a combined 
sedative, anodyne, and eccritic action ; but, besides this, 
an influence on the blood probably contributes to its anti- 
arthritic effect. It is usually administered in repeated 
doses, till an effect is produced on the bowels ; Epsom salt 
and magnesia are often combined with it, as in the cele- 
brated Scudamore 's draught (magnesia, gr. xv to xx ; sul- 
phate of magnesia, 5j to 5\j ; vinegar of colchicum, f5j to f5ij, 
in any pleasant vehicle). An excellent combination, in 
the treatment of gout, is colchicum (wine of the seed, fgi), 
with iodide of potassium (5ij), dissolved in cinnamon 
water (f Sviij), — dose, fgss, three times a day, until purga- 
tion is produced. When it is desired to act on the 
kidneys and skin rather than the bowels, opiates are some- 
times given with colchicum. In rheumatism, it is also em- 
ployed, but with less marked success than in gout. It has 
been occasionally resorted to as a diuretic in dropsy, as a 
sedative in febrile and inflammatory diseases, as an anthel- 
mintic, as an expectorant, and in some nervous affections. 
Administration. — Dose of the corm or seeds, in powder, 
gr. ij to gr. viij ; the seeds are preferred. The liquid pre- 
parations, which are more generally used than the powder, 
are : The vinegar (acetum) (two troyounces of the root to 
diluted acetic acid Oij), dose, 30 drops to fSij ; wine of the 
root (twelve troyounces to sherry wine Oij), dose, Tt|x to 
f5j ; wine of the seed (four troyounces to wine Oij), dose, 
f 5i-ij ; tincture (four troyounces of the seed to diluted alco- 
hol Oij) ; dose, f5ss to f 5ij- An acetic extract of the root is 
also employed — dose, gr. i-ij ; and & fluid extract of the seed, 
and also the root — doses, 4 to 12 drops. 



INDIAN HEMP. 249 

ERIGERON — FLEA BANE. 

Three varieties of Erigeron are officinal : E. Canadense, 
or Canada Fleabane, E. heterophyllum, or Various-leaved 
Fleabane, and E. Philadelphicum, or Philadelphia Flea- 
bane {Nat. Ord. Asteracese). They are herbaceous indige- 
nous plants, two or three feet high, with ovate or lanceo- 
late, toothed leaves, and white, blue, or purple flowers. 
The whole herb is officinal. Canada Fleabane has an 
agreeable odor, and a bitter, acrid, somewhat astringent 
taste. It contains bitter extractive, tannic and gallic acids, 
and volatile oil ; and is diuretic, tonic, and astringent. The 
oil of Canada Fleabane possesses haemostatic properties, 
and has been used in hemorrhagic dysentery and uterine 
hemorrhage — dose, 5 to 10 drops. Various-leaved and Phila- 
delphia Fleabane, popularly known as scabious, have an aro- 
matic odor, and a slightly bitterish taste. Their most 
striking medicinal action is diuretic, and they have long 
been favorite remedies in dropsical and nephritic affec- 
tions. An infusion or decoction, to the amount of a pint 
(containing a troyounce of the herb), may be taken daily. 

APOCYNUM CANNABINUM — INDIAN HEMP. 

This is an indigenous herbaceous plant {Nat. Ord. 
Apocynacese), growing to the height of two or three feet, 
with oblong-ovate leaves, and small, greenish, campanulate 
flowers. The root is the officinal portion ; it is of a } 7 el- 
lowish-brown color when young, and of a dark-chestnut 
when old, has a strong odor, and a nauseous acrid, bitter 
taste. The fresh root, when wounded, pours out a milky 
juice : it yields its virtues to water and alcohol, and con- 
tains tannic and gallic acids, gum, resin, a bitter principle, 
&c, and a peculiar active principle termed apocynin. 

Effects and Uses. — Indian hemp (which is not to be 
confounded with Cannabis Indica, p. 66), is an emeto- 



250 



MATERIA MEDICA. 

Fig. 22. 




cathartic, diuretic, diaphoretic, and sedative. It is chiefly 
employed in the treatment of dropsy, in the form of decoc- 
tion (half a troyounce to water Ojss, boiled to Oj), of which 
fgi-ij may be taken two or three times a day. 



TARAXACUM — DANDELION. 

Taraxacum Dens-leonis, or Dandelion (Nat. Ord. Cicho- 
raceae), is a small herbaceous, perennial plant, common to 
most parts of the world, and found abundantly throughout 
the United States. It has a fusiform root, which sends up 
numerous long, sinuated, bright-green leaves, and flower- 



JUNIPER. 



251 



stems, about six inches high, bearing golden-yellow flow- 
ers. The root is the officinal portion, and should be 
gathered in the autumn. In the fresh state, it is several 

Fig. 23. 




inches long, branched, fleshy, of a light-brown color exter- 
nally, whitish within, and abounds in a milky juice ; the 
fresh root is preferable for use. "When dried, it is shrunken, 
wrinkled, and brittle. It is without smell, but has a bitter 
taste. Boiling water extracts its virtues, which depend on 
a peculiar bitter cry stalliz able principle, termed taraxacin, 
soluble in boiling water, alcohol, and ether. 

Effects and Uses. — Taraxacum is diuretic and slightly 
aperient, with some tonic action, and a special determina- 
tion to the liver. It is a valuable remedy in hepatic drop- 
sies, and is also employed in dyspepsia, accompanied by 
derangement of the liver. It is given in the form of infu- 
sion (two troyounces to boiling water Oj), — dose f^ij, three 
times a day; extract (an inspissated juice, which should 
not be kept above a year), — dose, ^ to 5j three times a 
day; and fluid extract, — dose, f3i-ij, three times a day. 



JITNIPERUS JUNIPER. 



The fruit, or berries, of Juniperus communis {Nat: Ord. 
Pinacese), an evergreen European shrub, naturalized in 
the United States, are used as adjuvants to the more active 



252 MATERIA MEDICA. 

diuretics. When dried, they are about the size of a pea, 
and of a blackish-purple color ; they are given in infusion 
(a troyounce to boiling water Oj). Their virtues depend 
on a volatile oil (Oleum Junlperi), the dose of which is five 
to fifteen drops, two or three times a day. The compound 
spirit of Juniper (a fluidrachm and a half of the oil, with 
10 minims each of the oils of caraway and fennel, dissolved 
in 8 pints of diluted alcohol), is a pleasant addition to 
stimulating diuretic infusions, — dose, f5i-ij. 

CAROTA — CARROT SEED. 

Daucus Carota, or Wild Carrot {Nat. Ord. Apiacese), is 
a very common indigenous plant, which is found also wild 
in Europe. It has a biennial spindle-shaped root, an erect 
branching stem two or three feet high, tripinnate leaves 
with narrow, pointed leaflets, and small white flowers, 
arranged in umbels. The fruit or seeds, which are the 
officinal portion, are light, of a brownish color, an oval 
shape, convex and bristly on one side, and flat on the 
other. They have an aromatic odor, a warm, pungent, 
bitterish taste, and contain a volatile oil, on which their 
virtues depend. 

Effects and Uses. — Carrot-seeds are aromatic and diuretic, 
and are a good deal employed in dropsical and nephritic 
affections, agreeing well with the stomach, from their 
aromatic oil. The infusion is a popular remedy for the 
relief of strangury from blisters. Dose, 5ss to 5j, or an 
infusion (half a troyounce to water Oj), ad libitum. 

The root of this plant possesses the same properties as 
the seeds. The root of the cultivated plant, the well- 
known garden carrot, is employed as an application to 
sloughing ulcers. 

CANTHARIS — SPANISH FLIES. 

The properties, &c, of cantharides will be noticed fully 
under the head of Irritants (subdivision Upispastics). Taken 



HORSE-RADISH. 253 

internally, they sometimes prove diuretic, and generally 
excite irritation of the genito-urinary passages, as stran- 
gury, priapism, &c. ; and in overdoses, act as an acro- 
narcotic poison. They are employed in atonic dropsies, 
incontinence of urine, amenorrhcea, seminal weakness, 
impotence, &c. Dose, gr. i-ij, twice a day, in pill. They 
are most commonly administered in tincture (a troyounce 
to diluted alcohol Oij), — dose, gtt. x, or more, three or 
four times a day, till strangury supervenes. 

The following medicines, though less frequently resorted 
to than the foregoing, possess very decided diuretic pro- 
perties, and may be employed with advantage in the treat- 
ment of dropsical and nephritic affections : 

The root of Hydrastis Canadensis, or Yellow Eoot 
(Nat. Ord. Ranunculacese), a small indigenous plant, which 
contains the alkaloid berberina (previously noticed), and 
another alkaloid hydrastia, is a very efficacious diuretic in 
promoting the discharge of calculi from the kidneys. 

The root of Delphinium Consolida, or Larkspur (Nat. 
Ord. Ranunculacese), a European plant, cultivated in our 
gardens, and to some extent naturalized. 

The fresh tops (and also the seeds) of Cytisus Scopa- 
rius or Broom (Nat. Ord. Fabacese), a European shrub, 
cultivated in our gardens. 

The root of Petroselinum Sativum, or Parsley (Nat. 
Ord. Apiacese), a European plant, cultivated in our vege- 
table gardens, for its leaves. Parsley contains a peculiar 
principle, termed apiol, a yellowish oily liquid, which has 
been used in amenorrhcea and dysmenorrhea, in the dose 
of four grains, morning and evening. 

The root of Cochlearia Armoracia, or Horse-radish 
(Nat. Ord. Brassicacese), a European plant, cultivated here 
for its root, which is used as a condiment. 



254 MATERIA MEDICA. 



ORDER V. — BLENNORRHETICS. 

Blennorrhetics (from pfawa, mucus, and pew, I flow), are 
medicines which promote the secretion of the mucous 
membranes. They are employed therapeutically in mor- 
bid conditions of these membranes, with a view to the re- 
storation of healthy action, in cases of deficient, abnormal, 
or excessive secretion. 

When administered with the object of stimulating the 
secretion of mucus from the bronchial or laryngeal mem- 
brane, this class of agents is termed expectorants. They 
are prescribed in the subacute and chronic forms of bron- 
chitis and laryngitis, and in the declining stages of the 
acute forms of these affections and pneumonia. In the 
early or inflammatory stages of acute bronchitis and laryn- 
gitis, the stimulating expectorants are inadmissible, until 
nauseants and depletion have been resorted to. 

The blennorrhetics are less employed in gastro-enteric 
affections than in those of other mucous membranes, 
owing to their tendency to produce catharsis. Several of 
the oleoresins are, however, used with advantage in cer- 
tain forms of chronic diarrhoea, and the oil of turpentine 
is highly esteemed in the treatment of the diarrhoea of 
typhoid fever. 

The oleoresinous articles of this group are extensively 
employed in diseases of the urino-genital mucous mem- 
branes, — gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea, incontinence of 
urine, cystitis, &c. 

The following are the articles chiefly resorted to for their 
influence on the mucous membranes : 



S E N E a A — S E N E K A. 

Polygala Senega, or Seneka Snakeroot (Nat, Ord. Poly- 
galacese), is a small indigenous plant, found in all parts of 
the United States, but most abundantly in the South and 




255 



"West. It lias a perennial, branching root, several erect 
annual stems, about a foot in height, alternate lanceolate 
leaves, and small, whitish flowers, arranged in a terminal 
spike. The root is the officinal portion. It occurs in the 
shops in twisted pieces, varying in thickness from the size 
of a quill to that of the little finger, attached to a knotty 
head, and marked with a ridge along their whole length, 
and numerous annular protuberances. The cortical portion 
is hard, resinous, of a yellowish-brown color, and contains 
the active qualities of the root. The central ligneous portion 
is white and inert. The odor of seneka is peculiar and 
disagreeable, but faint in the dried root ; the taste is at first 
mucilaginous and sweetish, but afterwards becomes acrid 
and very irritating. 

The virtues of seneka are extracted by cold and hot 
water and alcohol. It contains a peculiar acrid acid prim 
ciple called polygalic acid, on which its activity chiefly de- 
pends. 

Effects and Uses. — Seneka, in small doses, is an active 



256 MATERIA MEDICA. 

excitant of the mucous membranes and secretions gene 
rally, and in large doses proves emetic and cathartic. It is 
chiefly prescribed as a stimulating expectorant in chronic 
and subacute bronchial affections, and in the latter stages 
of acute bronchitis, pneumonia, &c. As an ingredient in 
the compound syrup of squill, it is much employed in the 
treatment of croup, but, except in some such combination 
with tartar emetic or other emetic nauseant, it is scarcely 
admissible in the early stages of this disease. Seneka is 
also thought to possess emmenagogue properties, and is 
highly extolled by many practitioners in the treatment of 
amenorrhea. It has been occasionally used as a diuretic 
in dropsies, and, in emeto-cathartic doses, has been found 
useful in rheumatism. 

Administration. — Dose, in powder, gr. x to 3j ; but it is 
chiefly given in decoction (a troyounce boiled for fifteen 
minutes in water enough to make the decoction measure 
Oj), dose f§ij, three or four times a day. An alcoholic ex- 
tract is given in the dose of from one to three grains ; and 
a syrup is also used, in the dose of f5i-ij (made by perco- 
lating four troyounces of seneka with two pints of diluted 
alcohol, evaporating to half a pint, and dissolving in this 
tincture fifteen troyounces of sugar by a gentle heat). 

CIMICIFUGA — BLACK SNAKEROOT. 

Cimicifuga racemosa, Black Snakeroot, or Cohosh (Nat. 
Ord. Ranunculacese), is a very common indigenous peren- 
nial plant, growing to the height of from four to eight 
feet, with ternate leaves, oblong-ovate, incised, and toothed 
leaflets, and small, white flowers disposed in a long raceme. 
The root is the part employed. It consists of a rugged, 
blackish-brown caudex, from a third of an inch to an inch 
in thickness, often several inches in length, furnished with 
numerous slender radicles. Internally, its color is whitish; 
it has a peculiar, faint, disagreeable odor, and a bitter, 
somewhat astringent taste. It imparts its virtues to boil- 



BLACK SNAKEROOT. 
Fig. 25. 



257 



*Hfc 




ing water, and contains gum, starch, resin, tannic and 
gallic acids, salts, and a portion of volatile oil. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of cimicifuga are not very 
accurately known, but it is undoubtedly an active stimu- 
lant of the secretions, particularly those of the mucous 
membranes, skin, and kidneys, with, probably, in large 
doses, a sedative and antispasmodic action on the nervous 
system. It has been employed with great advantage as 
an expectorant in chronic bronchial affections, and even 
phthisis pulmonalis, and has been also used as a diapho- 
retic in rheumatism, and as a diuretic in dropsies. As an 

17 



258 MATERIA MEDICA. 

antispasmodic in chorea, it enjoys a high reputation, and 
it is also recommended in the spasmodic forms of hysteria, 
particularly when connected with amenorrhcea. A satu- 
rated alcoholic solution has been used, with good effect, as 
an application to the eyelids in ophthalmia. 

Administration. — Dose, in powder, 3j to 5j ; a decoction 
and acetous tincture (though not officinal) are employed. 
Of the fluid extract, the dose is f5ss-j. 

ALLIUM — GARLIC. 

Allium sativum {Nat. Ord. Liliacese), is a small, peren- 
nial, bulbous plant, which grows wild in the south of 
Europe, and is cultivated in all parts of the world. The 
bulb is the portion used. As found in the shops, it is 
somewhat spherical in form, about an inch in diameter, 
with a portion of the stem attached, covered with a white, 
membranous envelope, and consists of five or six smaller 
bulbs, of a curved, oblong shape, called cloves of garlic. 
They have a strong, irritating, characteristic odor, and a 
bitter, acrid taste. Water, alcohol, and vinegar extract 
their virtues, which depend on an essential oil, which is of 
a yellow color, very volatile and irritating. 

Effects and Uses. — Garlic is a local irritant and rubefa- 
cient, and, taken internally, quickens the circulation and 
stimulates the secretions generally. It is a good deal em- 
ployed as an expectorant in chronic and subacute catarrhal 
affections, particularly in infantile cases, and, occasionally, 
as a stomachic in flatulence, and as a diuretic in atonic 
dropsies. Externally, it is used as a revulsive rubefacient 
to the feet, as a resolvent of indolent tumors, and as a lini- 
ment in infantile convulsions. 

Administration. — A clove may be swallowed entire, or 
cut into small pieces. Dose of the fresh bulbs, 5i-ij> in pill; 
of the juice, f5ss, mixed with sugar; of the syrup (made 
by macerating 6 troyounces of garlic in 10 fluidounces of 
diluted acetic acid, expressing, mixing the residue with 6 



TURPENTINE. 259 

fluidounces more of diluted acetic acid, expressing, and 
dissolving in the expressed liquid 24 troyounces of sugar), 
j, for children. 



SCILLA — SQUILL. 

Squill, already noticed among diuretics, is one of the 
most powerful and valuable stimulating expectorants in 
the Materia Medica. (For properties, doses, preparations, 
&c, see p. 245.) 

T ERE BIN THIN A — TURPENTINE. 

The term turpentine is applied to liquid or concrete vege- 
table juices, consisting of resin combined with a peculiar 
essential oil, called oil of turpentine. Two kinds of tur- 
pentine are recognized by the U. S. Pharmacopoeia : 1. 
The common American or white turpentine, which is pro- 
cured chiefly from Pinus palustris (Nat. Ord. Pinacese), a 
large indigenous evergreen tree of our Southern States, 
where it is called Long-leaved Pine, Yellow Pine, and Pitch 
Pine, and in part also from Pinus Tseda, found in Virginia, 
and other species of Pinus. 2. Canada turpentine, kept in 
the shops, under the name of Canada balsam or balsam of 
fir, the product of Abies balsamea, the American Silver 
Fir, or Balm of Gilead Tree (Nat. Ord. Pinacese), a hand- 
some tree about 40 feet in height, inhabiting the northern 
portions of North America. Many other varieties of tur- 
pentine are known in commerce, as Bordeaux turpentine, 
Venice turpentine, Chian turpentine, &c. 

White turpentine comes from North Carolina and other 
Southern States, and is collected from excavations made in 
the trunks of trees, into which the turpentine runs in the 
mild weather. It is yellowish- white, and somewhat trans- 
lucent, semi-fluid in summer, firm and hard in winter, but 
becoming permanently hard by exposure to the air, and 
has a peculiar aromatic odor, and a warm, pungent, bitter- 



260 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ish taste. Canada turpentine comes from Canada and Maine. 
It is procured by breaking the vesicles, which are found 
between the bark and woocl of the trees, and collecting the 
liquid contents in a bottle. When fresh, it has the con- 
sistence of honey, but gradually solidifies by age. It is 
yellow, transparent, tenacious, of a peculiar, pleasant tere- 
binthinate odor, and a slightly bitter, acrid taste. 

Chemical Constituents. — The turpentines yield, by distilla- 
tion, a volatile oil, known as oil of turpentine, and leave a 
residue consisting exclusively of resin. Both the oil and 
resin are officinal. The turpentines are inflammable, nearly 
insoluble in water, but almost wholly soluble in alcohol 
and ether. 

Physiological Effects. — The local operation of the tere- 
binthinates is irritant. When applied to the skin, they 
produce a rubefacient effect, and when swallowed, in large 
doses, promote the peristaltic motion of the intestines. 
Taken internally, in small doses, they are absorbed, and 
prove excitant to the vascular system and the secretions 
'generally, especially the mucous membranes ; they com- 
municate a violet odor to the urine. The activity of the 
terebinthinates depends on their volatile oil. 

Medicinal Uses. — Turpentine is employed chiefly in dis- 
eases of the various mucous membranes, as gonorrhoea, 
gleet, leucorrhoea, cystorrhoea, chronic bronchitis, and 
chronic mucous diarrhoea. It is also used in rheumatic 
complaints ; and, in cathartic doses, in cases of ascarides, 
constipation, and colic. 

Administration. — Dose, as a blennorrhetic, 3[j to 5j> in fill, 
emulsion, or electuary ; as an anthelmintic or cathartic, half 
a troyounce to an ounce, in emulsion. The white turpentine 
is generally used in this country. 

Oleum Terebinthdo3 {Oil of Turpentine), (C 20 H 16 ) com- 
monly called Spirit of Turpentine, is the active principle of 
turpentine, obtained by distillation. It has already been 
noticed under the head of aromatic stimulants (p. 173). Its 



TAR. 261 

effects and medicinal uses are the same as those of turpen- 
tine, for which it is usually substituted in practice. Locally, 
it acts as a rubefacient. When swallowed in large doses, 
as fSi-ij, it commonly passes off by the bowels; and, taken 
in small doses, it is absorbed, and stimulates the circula- 
tion and the secretions of the mucous membranes, kidneys, 
and skin. It often produces strangury and considerable 
irritation of the urino-genital passages. In large doses, it 
is employed as an anthelmintic and cathartic, and is much 
used as a clyster for the relief of tympanites. In small 
doses, it is greatly prescribed in chronic discharges from 
the various mucous membranes; in the latter stages of 
typhoid fever as a combined stimulant and blennorrhetic ; 
as a diaphoretic in rheumatism and neuralgia; in infantile 
diabetes, nephritic disorders, dropsy, &c. As a rubefacient, 
it is a valuable counter-irritant in numerous diseases. 

Dose, gtt. v-xxx, repeated, as a blennorrhetic stimulant; 
fgss-fSj, as a cathartic enema, or anthelmintic, in emulsion. 
Linimentum terebinthinse (oil of turpentine Oss, melted with 
resin cerate twelve troyounces), is used as an application 
to burns and scalds. 

Pix Liquida {Tar), is an impure turpentine, procured 
by burning, from the wood of Pinus palustris, and other 
species of Pinus. It is a brownish-black, viscid, semi- 
liquid substance, of a peculiar empyreumatic odor, and a 
bitterish, resinous, somewhat acid taste — soluble in alcohol, 
ether, and' the volatile and fixed oils. It consists of resin, 
united with acetic acid, oil of turpentine, and various 
volatile, empyreumatic products. By distillation, it yields 
pyroligneous acid and oil of tar — the residuum being pitch. 

The oil of tar contains, besides oil of turpentine, creasote 
(see p. 153), and other principles. 

Effects and Uses. — Tar resembles the turpentines in its 
effects, and is employed in chronic catarrhal affections and 
other diseases of the mucous membranes. Its vapor has 
been employed in bronchitis ; and, externally, it is an 



262 MATERIA MEDICA. 

excellent application in tinea capitis, psoriasis, and other 
cutaneous affections. Dose, 5ss to 3j, several times a day, 
in pill or electuary; or tar water — aqua picis liquidse — 
(made by digesting tar Oj with water Oiv), may be taken 
in the quantity of Oi-ij, daily. The ointment (unguentum 
picis liquidse), is made by mixing equal parts of tar and 
melted suet. 

Resina (Resin), commonly called rosin, is the residuum 
after the distillation of the oil from white turpentine. It 
is a yellowish-brown, semi-transparent, solid, brittle sub- 
stance, with a slight terebinthinate odor and taste — insolu- 
ble in water, soluble in ether, alcohol, and the essential 
oils, readily uniting by fusion with wax and the fixed oils, 
and forming soluble soaps with alkalies. When agitated 
with water, in a state of fusion, it becomes opaque and 
white. It is not used internally, but is extensively employed 
in the formation of plasters and ointments, to which it com- 
municates great adhesiveness and slightly stimulant pro- 
perties. 

Ceratum Resinae (Resin Cerate), commonly called basilicon 
ointment, is made by melting resin (5 parts), lard (8 parts), 
and yellow wax (2 parts), together : it is an excellent mild 
stimulant application to burns, blistered surfaces, &c. 
Compound Resin Cerate, made by melting 12 troyounces of 
resin, suet, and yellow wax, each, with 6 troyounces of 
turpentine, and 7 troyounces of flaxseed oil, is a good 
stimulant cerate, very popular under the name of Deshler's 
Salve. Emplastrum Resinae (Resin Plaster), made by melt- 
ing one part of resin with six parts of lead plaster, is the 
well-known adhesive plaster, used for retaining the edges of 
wounds in contact, &c. 

COPAIBA. 

Copaiba is the juice of several species of Copaifera (Nat. 
Ord. Amyridacese), large trees peculiar to South America. 



COPAIBA. 263 

C. officinalis has been thought to be a principal source of 
copaiba, but it yields little of that now in use, and most of 
the copaiba of commerce is probably derived from C. 
multijuga, which grows in the province of Para, in Brazil. 
The juice is obtained from incisions in the stems of the 
trees : as it first exudes, it is clear, colorless, and very thin, 
but it soon acquires a thicker consistence, and a yellowish 
hue. As found in the shops, it is a clear, transparent 
liquid, of the consistence of olive oil, of a pale-yellow color, 
a peculiar agreeable smell, and a pungent, nauseous, acrid 
taste. By exposure to the air it acquires a deeper color, 
and denser consistence. Copaiba is imported both from 
Brazil and Central America. 

Copaiba is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, 
ether, and the volatile and fixed oils; with alkalies and 
alkaline earths, it forms a soap. It is, chemically, an oleo- 
resin, with a minute portion of acetic acid ; the volatile 
oil is officinal ; the resin possesses acid properties, and is 
called copaivic acid. By exposure to the air, copaiba 
gradually becomes darker and thicker, and finally hard 
and brittle, owing to the volatilization and oxidation of its 
oil. Copaiba was formerly called a balsam, but this title 
is incorrect, as it contains no benzoic or cinnamic acid. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of copaiba are very analo- 
gous to those of the terebinthinates. In large doses, it 
proves cathartic, and occasionally emetic, and, in small 
doses, it is absorbed, communicating its peculiar odor to 
the secretions and exhalations, and stimulating the secre- 
tions from the mucous membranes and kidneys; it is also 
a gentle excitant to the circulatory system. It is employed 
in diseases of the mucous membranes, particularly those 
of a chronic character, as chronic bronchitis, chronic diar- 
rhoea, leucorrhcea, gonorrhoea, gleet, catarrh, and irritation 
of the bladder, &c. As a remedy in gonorrhoea, it has 
long enjoyed great popularity, and is given with advantage 
even in the earliest stages of the disorder. 

Administration. — Dose, gtt. xx to £5j, three times a day, 



264 MATERIA MEDICA. 

in emulsion, with some aromatic water, or in pills {pills of 
copaiba), made by mixing 2 troyounces of copaiba with 60 
grains of magnesia, and dividing the mass after it con- 
cretes into 200 pills, or inclosed in capsules of gelatin. It 
is also administered as a clyster, in emulsion. Cnbeb is 
frequently prescribed with copaiba, in the treatment of 
gonorrhoea. 

Oleum Copaiba (Oil of Copaiba), (C 20 H 16 ), obtained by dis- 
tillation from copaiba, is usually colorless, with the odor 
and taste of copaiba, and produces the same effects on the 
system. Dose, gtt. x-xv, in emulsion, or dropped on sugar. 

CUBEBA — CUBEB. 

Cubeb is the berries of Piper Cubeba (Nat. Ord. Pipe- 
racese), a climbing, perennial plant of Java and other parts 
of the East Indies. The berries are gathered for use when 
unripe, and are dried. They are about the size of a small 
pea, of a blackish or grayish-brown color, a reticulated 
surface, and furnished with a stalk two or three inches 
long. The shell is hard, and contains a blackish seed, 
which is white and oily within. The odor of cubeb is 
aromatic ; the taste warm, acrid, and camphoraceous. The 
berries deteriorate by age, most rapidly in powder, owing 
to the escape of their volatile oil. Their most important 
constituents are a volatile oil (which is officinal), C 15 H 12 , 
a principle called cubebin, and resinous matter. The oil is 
carminative and stimulant, and the blennorrhetic and diu- 
retic properties of cubeb reside chiefly in the resin; cur 
bebin is inert. 

Effects and Uses. — In large doses, cubeb, like the other 
oleoresins, produces more or less gastro-enteric distur- 
bance. In small doses, it is absorbed, and acts as a gentle 
excitant to the vascular system, with a very decided stimu- 
lant action on the mucous surfaces, particularly those of 
the urino-genital apparatus ; it also frequently proves diu- 
retic. It is chiefly used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, 



MATICO. 265 

and should be given in the early stage of the disease. In 
other mucous discharges, as chronic catarrh with profuse 
secretion, leucorrhcea, gleet, cystitis, &c, cubeb has been 
also employed with advantage. 

Administration. — Dose of the powder, 5i-iij, three times 
a day, in gonorrhoea; in chronic mucous disorders, smaller 
doses are given. The oil is often employed, but it does 
not possess the full virtues of cubeb — dose, gtt. x-xij, to 
be repeated and gradually increased ; it may be taken in 
emulsion, or dropped on sugar, or made into gelatinous 
capsules with oil of copaiba. The oleoresin contains both 
the volatile oil and resin, with a portion of cubebin, and 
is an excellent preparation — dose, TT[y-xxx, suspended in 
water ; of the tincture (four troyounces to diluted alcohol 
Oij), the dose is f5i-ij, three times a day. Troches of cubeb 
are made with a fluidounce of the oleoresin, a fluidrachm 
of oil of sassafras, 3 troyounces each of sugar and gum 
Arabic, mixed with enough syrup of Tolu to form a mass, 
and divided into troches, weighing 10 grains. 

MATICO. 

This name is given to the leaves of Artanthe elongata 
(Nat. Ord. Piperacese), a shrub of Peru. They are two or 
three inches long, by about an inch in breadth, oval-lan- 
ceolate and acuminate in shape, crenate, reticulate, bright- 
green on the upper surface, paler beneath, of a pleasant 
aromatic odor, and a strong, spicy taste. They contain 
chlorophyll, resin, volatile oil, and a peculiar bitter prin- 
ciple, soluble in water and alcohol, termed maticin. 

Effects and Uses. — Matico is a pleasant aromatic tonic, 
w^ith a special determination to the mucous membranes. 
It is used as an alterative stimulant in the entire circle of 
diseased mucous membranes, especially those of the uri- 
nary passages. It is also used internally as a hemostatic, 
and locally as a styptic. Dose, of the poivder, 5ss-j, three 
times a day. An infusion (not officinal) may be made by 



266 MATERIA MEDICA. 

dissolving a troyounce in a pint of boiling water — dose, a 
wineglassful. 



PAREIRA — PAREIRA BRAVA. 

Pareira Brava is a root, brought from Brazil, which is 
generally supposed to be derived from Cissampelos Pareira 
(Nat. Ord. Menispermacese), a climbing plant of the West 
Indies and South America. It comes to us in wrinkled, 
twisted, or forked, cylindrical pieces, of variable thickness 
and length, covered with a thin, grayish-brown bark. The 
interior is ligneous, yellowish, porous, inodorous, and of a 
sweetish, nauseous, bitter taste. It imparts its virtues to 
water, and contains a bitter alkaline principle, termed cis- 
sampelina, resin, fecula, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — Pareira Brava is chiefly employed in 
chronic diseases of the urinary passages, particularly chro- 
nic inflammation or irritation of the bladder, with morbid 
secretion. It is said to be also tonic, aperient, and diu- 
retic. Dose, in substance, 5ss to 5j. But it is more con- 
veniently given in infusion (a troyounce to boiling water 
Oj), dose, fSi-ij. 

BUCHU. 

This is the name given to the leaves of Barosma crenata 
and other species of Barosma (Nat. Ord. Rutacese), shrubby 
plants, growing at the Cape of Good Hope. As found in 
the shops, buchu leaves are from three-quarters of an inch 
to an inch and a half long, from three to five lines broad, 
elliptical, lanceolate-ovate or obovate, sometimes pointed, 
sometimes blunt, notched and glandular at the edges, and 
of a green color, paler on the under surface. Three varie- 
ties are known, viz. : short or round buchu (derived from B. 
crenata), medium sized (from B. crenulata), and long buchu 
(from B. serratifolia). They have a strong, aromatic odor, 
and a bitterish taste, like that of mint. Water and alco- 



MYRRH. 267 

hoi extract their virtues, which depend on a volatile oil and 
extractive. 

Effects and Uses. — Buchu is a gentle stimulant to the se- 
cretions generally, particularly to the kidneys and urinary 
mucous membranes ; it may be made to act also as a dia- 
phoretic. It is employed in chronic catarrh of the ure- 
thra and bladder, nephritic complaints, retention or in- 
continence of urine — as a diuretic, in dropsies — and as a 
diaphoretic in rheumatic and cutaneous complaints. Dose, 
of the powder, gr. xx-xxx ; of the infusion (a troy ounce to 
boiling water Oj), f§i-ij. A fluid extract is officinal — dose, 
£5ss. 

MYRRH A — MYRRH. 

Myrrh is the concrete juice of Balsamodendron Myrrha 
(Nat. Ord. Amyridacese), a small tree of Arabia Felix and 
Africa ; the juice exudes spontaneously and concretes upon 
the bark. It is imported from the East Indies, and occurs 
in small, semi-transparent, reddish-yellow fragments or 
tears — sometimes agglutinated together in larger masses — 
of irregular shape and size, an agreeable, peculiar odor, and 
a bitter, aromatic taste. It is brittle and pulverizable, has 
a resinous fracture, and makes a light-yellowish powder. 
Inferior kinds of myrrh are darker and less translucent and 
odorous. Myrrh is a gum-resin, containing also a little 
volatile oil. It forms with water an emulsion, and is solu- 
ble in alcohol and ether. 

Effects and Uses. — Myrrh is a stimulant expectorant and 
emmenagogue, with some tonic effects. It is prescribed 
in chronic catarrhal and asthmatic affections, in which a 
combined corroborant and expectorant effect is desirable ; 
and also in chlororis, amenorrhcea, &c. Chalybeates and 
aloes are frequently united with it in uterine affections. 
Locally, it is a good application to spongy gums, aphthous 
sore mouth, &c. 

Administration. — Dose, gr. x to 5ss, in powder or pill, or 



268 MATERIA MEDICA. 

suspended in water, as in Mistura Ferri Composita (see p. 
125). The tincture (three troyounces to alcohol Oij), is 
chiefly employed externally — dose, internally, f5ss to f5j. 
Pills of Aloes and Myrrh, Compound G-albanum Pills, and 
Compound Iron Pills, are officinal emmenagogue prepara- 
tions of myrrh. 

BENZOIN UM — BENZOIN. 

Benzoin is the concrete juice of Styrax Benzoin, or 
Benjamin Tree (Nat. Ord. Styracese), a tall tree of Suma- 
tra, Java, Borneo, and Siam. It is obtained by incisions 
in the bark, from which it readily exudes, afterwards har- 
dening by exposure to the sun and air. Two kinds are 
known, the most valuable consisting chiefly of whitish 
tears, united by a reddish-brown connecting medium, and 
called benzoe amygdaloides, the other of brown or blackish 
lumps, without tears, known as benzoe in sortis (benzoin in 
sorts). Benzoin is volatile, has a fragrant odor, a feeble, 
slightly aromatic taste, is soluble in alcohol and ether, and 
is precipitated from its alcoholic solution by water. Its 
chief constituents are resin and benzoic acid, which places 
it among the balsams ; it contains also a trace of extractive 
and of volatile oil ; and sometimes cinnamic acid. 

Effects and Uses. — Benzoin is a topical irritant, and, after 
absorption, stimulates the mucous passages, especially the 
aerian membranes. It resembles myrrh in its effects, but 
is more acrid and stimulating, and less tonic. It is adapted 
to chronic bronchial affections, but is seldom employed 
alone. As a fumigation in chronic laryngitis, it has been 
recommended by Trousseau and Pidoux. Dose, gr. x to 
5ss. The compound tincture (containing benzoin 3 troy- 
ounces, aloes half a tro jounce, storax 2 troyounces, balsam 
of Tolu a troyounce, dissolved in alcohol 2 pints), is used 
as a stimulating expectorant and in bowel complaints — 
dose, f5ss to foij. Ointment of benzoin is made by heating 
together one part of benzoin and sixteen parts of lard. As 



, BALSAM OF PERU. 269 

beuzoin has the property of obviating the rancidity to 
which lard is liable, this is a very useful vehicle for medi- 
cated ointments. 

Acidum Benzoicum {Benzoic Acid), is obtained from ben- 
zoin by sublimation, or by the action of alkalies. It occurs 
in white, soft, feathery crystals, of a silky lustre, and not 
pulverulent. It has more or less of the odor of the balsam, 
a warm, acrid, and acidulous taste, is inflammable, spa- 
ringly soluble in cold water, rather soluble in boiling water, 
but perfectly soluble in alcohol, alkaline solutions, and 
fixed oils. It is a constituent of the balsams. 

Effects and Uses. — Benzoic acid is a local irritant, acting 
on the general system as a stimulant, with a particular di- 
rection to the mucous surfaces, especially the aerian. 
Dose, gr. x. In its passage through the system, it abstracts 
nitrogen from the elements of urea, and passes out with the 
urine in the form of hippuric acid. It is little employed 
in medicine, except as an ingredient in Paregoric Elixir. 

BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM — BALSAM OF PERU. 

Balsam of Peru is the juice of Myrospermum Perui- 
ferum (Nat. Ord. Leguminosse), a tree of Central America. 
It is obtained from incisions in the bark, and is collected 
on rags inserted in the openings, which are afterwards 
boiled in water, when the balsam settles at the bottom, and 
the water is poured off. A white balsam, obtained from the 
fruit of this tree by expression, and a tincture of the fruit 
in rum, are also known in Central America. Balsam of 
Peru has the consistence of honey, a dark, reddish-brown 
color, a pleasant smell, a warm, acrid taste, and is soluble 
in alcohol, and partially in boiling water. It is heavier 
than water. Its constituents are resin, essential oil, and cin- 
namic acid. 

Effects and Uses. — It is a stimulating blennorrhetic and 
tonic, occasionally employed in chronic catarrhs, asthma, 



270 MATERIA MEDICA. 

gonorrhoea, leucorrhcea, &c, but not much used in this 
country. Externally, it is applied to indolent ulcers. Dose, 
f5ss, in emulsion. 



BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM — BALSAM OF TOLU. 

Balsam of Tolu is the juice of Myrospermum Tolui- 
ferum {Nat. Ord. Leguminosse), a tree of the neighborhood 
of Carthagena. It is procured from incisions in the trunk 
of the tree, and concretes in the vessels in which it is re- 
ceived. It has a soft, tenacious consistence, varying with 
the temperature, and by age becomes hard and resin-like. 
It is shining, translucent, of a reddish-brown color, a fra- 
grant odor, and a warm, sweetish, pungent taste. It is in- 
flammable, entirely soluble in alcohol and essential oils, 
and, like the other balsams, yields its acid to boiling water. 
Its ingredients are mm, volatile oil, and einnamic acid. 

Effects and Uses. — It is a stimulant blennorrhetic and 
tonic, useful in chronic catarrhal affections, and from its 
agreeable flavor, much employed as an ingredient of cough 
mixtures. The vapor of an ethereal solution of this balsam 
is inhaled with advantage for the relief of cough. Dose, 
gr. x-xxx, in emulsion, frequently repeated. The tincture 
(three troyounces to alcohol Oij) is added to cough mix- 
tures ; dose, fSi-ij- The syrup (made by rubbing 2 fluid- 
ounces of tincture of Tolu with 120 grains of carbonate of 
magnesia, 2 troyounces of sugar, and a pint of water, fil- 
tering, and in the filtered liquid dissolving 24 troyounces 
of sugar at a gentle heat), is used as a vehicle for other 
medicines. Balsam of Tolu is an ingredient of the com- 
pound tincture of benzoin. 

The following gum-resins, previously noticed among an- 
tispasmodics, are employed as expectorants : 
Assafcetlda (Assafetida). (See p. 87). 
Ammoniacum [Ammoniac). (See p. 89). 
G-albanum. (See p. 89). 



EMMENAGOGUES. 271 



ORDER VI. — EMMENAGOGUES. 

Emmenagogues (from kfi^via, the catamenia, and ayuyog, 
exciting) are medicines which promote the menstrual dis- 
charge. This discharge may be suppressed from various 
causes, and hence very opposite classes of remedies are 
employed to restore it. Thus, when amenorrhcea depends 
on ansernia, the preparations of iron are the most effec- 
tual emmenagogues ; on the other hand, when it occurs in 
connection with plethora, bloodletting and evacuants are 
resorted to. There are probably no articles which exert 
any specific influence upon the catamenia, as the discharge 
from the uterus is not one of the excretions through which 
medicinal agents pass out of the system. Medicines, 
however, which excite the pelvic circulation, and stimu- 
late the organs in the neighborhood of the uterus, have a 
tendency to increase or excite the menstrual discharge. 
They are — 

1. The drastic cathartics, as Aloes (p. 222), Black Hel- 
lebore (p. 231), &c. 

2. Many of the stimulating diuretics, particularly Can- 
tharis (p. 252). 

3. Some of the hlennorrhetics, particularly Seneka (p. 
254). 

4. Guaiacum (p. 240), usually classed with the diapho- 
retics. 

Indirectly, the menstrual discharge is frequently pro- 
moted by — 

1. Chalybeates, which are the best emmenagogues in 
chlorotic and anaemic cases. 

2. Mercurials, which prove emmenagogue from thoir in- 
fluence in exciting the secretions generally. 

The following articles are employed exclusively as em- 
menagogues : 



272 MATERIA MEDICA. 



SABINA — SAVINE. 



Savine is the tops of Juniperus Sabina (Nat. Ord. Pina- 
cese), a small, evergreen, bushy shrub of the south of Eu- 
rope. They resemble closely the tops of Juniperus Virgi- 
niana, the indigenous Med Cedar, which are sometimes 
substituted for savine in the shops. The latter has a 
greenish color, a strong, peculiar, heavy odor, and a bitter, 
nauseous, resinous taste. Its virtues depend on a volatile 
oil, which is officinal. 

Physiological Effects. — Savine is a local irritant. Taken 
internally, in medicinal doses, it stimulates the circulation 
and secretions, with a very decided action on the uterus. 
In large doses, it will cause vomiting, purging, and other 
symptoms of gastro-intestinal inflammation ; and fatal re- 
sults have sometimes occurred from its use to provoke pre- 
mature labor. 

Medicinal Uses. — Savine is employed internally, almost 
exclusively as an emmenagogue, and is considered one of 
the best medicines that can be used to stimulate the action 
of the uterine vessels. Pereira pronounces it " the most 
certain and powerful emmenagogue of the whole Materia 
Medica." It has also been recommended in chronic rheu- 
matism, and as an anthelmintic. Topically, it is used to 
keep up the discharge from blisters, to destroy warts, &c. 
Dose, in powder, gr. v-x ; but it loses much of its oil by 
drying. Ceratum Sabinse (three parts of savine dissolved 
in ether, to twelve parts of resin cerate) is used to make 
perpetual blisters. 

Oleum Sabin^e (Oil of Savine) is the preparation princi- 
pally used internally. Dose, gtt. v-x. 

Ruta {Rue). The leaves of Ruta graveolens (Nat. Ord. 
Rutacese), a perennial European plant, are ranked among 
emmenagogues, and are used, popularly, to provoke abor- 
tion. Dose, gr. xv-xxx, two or three times a day. Of the 
volatile oil, the dose is gtt. ij-v. 



ALTERATIVES. 273 

Riibia {Madder). The root of Rubia tinctorum, or 
Dyer's Madder {Nat. Ord. Rubiacese), a European plant, is 
occasionally employed as an emmenagogue. Dose, Sss, 
three or four times a day. 



CLASS TIL— HAEMATICS. 

ORDER I. IL&MATINICS. 

This order (from ai/ianva, the red coloring matter of the 
blood), includes only the Preparations of Iron, or Chaly- 
beates. The chalybeates increase the number of blood- 
corpuscles, or the amount of hsematin in the blood, and 
are employed therapeutically in diseases dependent on a 
deficiency of these elements. They belong eminently to 
haematics (or medicines which occasion changes in the con- 
dition of the blood) ; but, as they possess also general and 
local tonic effects, independent of their action on the blood, 
they have been classed and treated of among the mineral 
tonics (see p. 122). 

ORDER II. — ALTERATIVES. 

Alteratives may be defined to be medicines, which pro- 
duce such a modification of the tissues, as enables the vital 
principle to restore healthy action, in morbid conditions 
of the system. Their effects are chiefly owing to a cor- 
recting influence on the quality of the circulating fluid. 
Thus, in- inflammations, they diminish the abnormal quan- 
tity of fibrin in the blood, render its red corpuscles less 
disposed to aggregation, and decrease the number and ad- 
hesiveness of its white globules. In part, also, their 
curative operation is of a substitutive character, by setting 
up an antagonistic action, which takes the place of dis- 
eased action in the system. 

Under the influence of alteratives, the secretions and 
exhalations are increased, the textures softened, inflamma- 

18 



274 MATERIA MEDICA. 

tory action is arrested, and morbid growths and deposits 
are absorbed. The exudation of plastic or coagulable 
lymph is checked, and, as a consequence, also the forma- 
tion of false membranes. Visceral and glandular enlarge- 
ments and indurations are diminished and often disappear, 
and phlegmonous inflammation, of every kind, is opposed. 

If pushed too far, the alteratives soften and even destroy 
the textures, impoverish the blood so as to interfere with 
the functions of nutrition, and produce a condition of ma- 
rasmus and cachexia. 

Their principal therapeutic employment is as antiphlogis- 
tics or resolvents. The mercurials are chiefly employed in 
acute inflammations, — the preparations of iodine, bromine, 
&c, in chronic inflammations. In the treatment of acute 
inflammatory affections, mercurials are among the most 
important of our resources — especially in such as have a 
tendency to terminate in effusions of coagulable lymph. 
The iodic and bromic preparations are adapted to inflam- 
mations of a chronic character — and are particularly ser- 
viceable in indurations or enlargements of glands and or- 
gans, and in affections of the bones and fibrous tissues. 

By their substitutive or antagonistic action, alteratives are 
highly efficacious in the treatment of many diseases. In 
this way, syphilis is cured by the use of mercury, and in- 
termittent fever by the use of arsenious acid. . 

Owing to the injurious results which follow the pro- 
longed exhibition of alteratives, they are to be adminis- 
tered with caution, and their effects closely watched. 

HYDRARGYRI PRilPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 

MERCURY. 

Metallic mercury or quicksilver is obtained chiefly from 
the sulphuret (native cinnabar). The chief supply of quick- 
silver was long derived from Spain and Austria, but the 
markets of the United States are now furnished from New 
Almaden, in California. Mercury is an odorless, tasteless, 
^volatile, liquid metal, of a whitish color. 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 275 

While it retains the liquid metallic state, mercury is 
inert; but, when taken internally, it sometimes combines 
with oxygen in the alimentary canal, and thus becomes 
active. In the state of vapor, it frequently proves inju- 
rious — in some instances, exciting salivation, ulceration of 
the mouth, &c. ; in others, inducing a peculiar affection of 
the nervous system, termed shaking palsy {tremor mercuri- 
alis}, which is often attended with loss of memory, vertigo, 
and other evidences of cerebral disturbance, and some- 
times terminates fatally. Workmen in quicksilver are 
liable to this affection. It is supposed by some chemists, 
that the activity of mercurial emanations is owing to the 
oxidation of the metal, before it is inhaled; by others, 
that, in the finely-divided state, in which it exists as a 
vapor, it is in itself poisonous. 

All the compounds of mercury possess activity. Some 
of them are violent caustic poisons; all of them are more 
or less irritant. When the mercurials are taken internally, 
their effects vary with the quantity administered. In small 
and repeated doses, their influence is first shown in an in- 
crease of the activity of the secernents and exhalants. 
The cutaneous, mucous, biliary, salivary, urinary, and, 
probably also, the pancreatic secretions, are all increased 
in amount, and, at the same time, the absorbent system 
becomes more active, so that accumulations of fluids, mor- 
bid enlargements, indurations, &c, will often disappear. 

When mercury is given in larger doses, these effects are 
more intense. The mucous membrane of the mouth and 
the salivary glands not only take on increased secretory 
action, but become irritated and inflamed. The gums first 
show the mercurial influence, and are tender and tume- 
fied ; the whole mouth soon becomes sore ; the tongue is 
swollen; and the saliva and buccal mucus flow abundantly, 
sometimes to the extent of several pints a day. At the 
same time, the breath acquires a peculiar fetidity, and the 
patient perceives a metallic taste in the mouth. The re- 
solvent action of mercury is now still more obvious than 



276 MATERIA MEDICA. 

when its impression is milder, and considerable emaciation 
usually ensues, from the absorption of fat. These effects, 
which are termed sialagogue (from the excessive flow of 
saliva), are commonly produced for the cure of diseases, 
and, as a general rule, gradually subside, leaving the health 
unimpaired. When, however, the use of mercury is pushed 
too far, or it is administered to persons peculiarly suscep- 
tible of its action, a train of very serious symptoms* en- 
sues — as excessive salivation, ulceration of the mouth, 
sloughing of the gums, loosening of the teeth, and, occa- 
sionally, necrosis of the alveolar processes. A peculiar 
febrile condition, called mercurial fever, diarrhoea, skin dis- 
eases, neuralgia, rheumatism, disorder of the nervous sys- 
tem, and marasmus, are other symptoms which are fre- 
quently noticed after the abuse of mercury. 

After its absorption, mercury produces several impor- 
tant changes in the quality of the blood. Immediately 
upon the establishment of salivation, the blood exhibits 
an inflammatory crust* but, at a later period, it loses color, 
consistence, and coagulability, and the proportion of fibrin 
to serum becomes diminished. This antiplastic action on 
the blood renders mercurials valuable as antiphlogistic 
remedies. 

Medicinal Uses. — Liquid metallic mercury was formerly 
administered to remove mechanical obstructions of the 
bowels, but its use has been abandoned. The prepara- 
tions of mercury are employed therapeutically with vari- 
ous objects. 

1. As indirect tonics and cholagogues, — with a view to 
their action on the secretions, — in dyspepsia and constipa- 
tion, accompanied with torpor of the liver, in gout, rheu- 
matism, chronic skin diseases, &c. Blue pill, mercury 
with chalk, and calomel, are employed with this view ; the 
two former are preferred as least irritating. 

2. As sialagogues. The chief value of mercurials is 
shown when a full impression is made on the system, as 
evidenced by salivation. This condition is usually estab- 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 277 

lished by the internal exhibition of mercurials, but it may 
be also produced by friction or by fumigation. In putting 
the system under the influence of mercury, it is not neces- 
sary to excite a high degree of ptyalism, though, in chro- 
nic diseases, it is often proper to keep up the effect for 
some time. During the maintenance of ptyalism, the pa- 
tient should use warm clothing, avoid exposure to cold, 
and take light and nourishing food. If excessive discharge 
or ulceration occur, astringent gargles, as brandy and 
water, solutions of chloride of soda or lime, alum, &c, 
may be employed. In cases of sloughing sores, nitrate of 
silver or the mineral acids should be applied. Gastro- 
enteric irritation is to be treated with laxatives and opiates. 
The mercurial cachexia requires change of air, generous 
diet, tonics, &c. When the system is contaminated with 
mercury, it may be eliminated by the use of iodide of po- 
tassium, which forms soluble compounds with the mercury 
retained in the economy. 

As sialagogues, mercurials are chiefly employed in 
fevers, inflammations, dysentery, cholera, and syphilis. 
In fevers, mercurials are used with, a view both to their 
action on the secretions, and to a gentle sialagogue influ- 
ence. It is in inflammations that the value of mercurials 
is most conspicuous. After depletion, the mercurial pre- 
parations, from their antiplastic action on the blood, are 
probably the most efficacious means at our command for 
the relief of internal inflammations. They are most useful 
in inflammations of serous tissues, especially where these 
are connected with the exudation of coagulable lymph, and 
also where there is a tendency to the formation of false 
membrane, as in plastic croup. In scrofulous, malignant, 
or gangrenous inflammations, mercury is objectionable. 
In dysentery and cholera, mercurials are highly valuable re- 
medies, and enter into nearly all the varieties of treatment 
adopted in these diseases. In syphilitic diseases, mercury 
has long been regarded as the only reliable curative agent. 
It has no direct curative influence on the primary symp- 



278 MATERIA MEDICA. 

toms ; but, after the system has been contaminated with 
the syphilitic virus, mercury is the most certain and rapid 
means of eradicating it. In hepatic and inflammatory 
dropsies, mercurials are employed with advantage, with a 
view to their action both on the secretions and absorbents. 
Where much debility exists, however, and in granular dis- 
eases of the kidneys, mercurials are objectionable. The 
preparations of mercury have been exhibited as sialago- 
gues in many other diseases, as paralysis, colica pictonum, 
chronic visceral diseases, particularly of the lungs and 
liver, &c. They must be always considered as contra- 
indicated in scrofulous or tuberculous subjects, in cases of 
malignant disease, in extensive suppurations, marasmus, 
Bright' s disease of the kidneys, &c. 

Blue pill and calomel are the sialagogues principally 
resorted to ; but other preparations, as the iodides, are 
employed in syphilis. In administering mercurials, for 
their sialagogue action, we sometimes observe a cumulative 
effect : they may be exhibited, particularly to children, for 
some time without result, when suddenly the most violent 
symptoms of mercurial saturation will be developed. 

3. As purgatives. The employment of calomel, blue 
pill, and mercury with chalk, as cathartics and anthelmin- 
tics, has been previously noticed (see p. 235). 

The following are the preparations of mercury which 
are employed medicinally : 

1. Metallic Mercury. When intimately mixed with 
pulverulent or fatty bodies, mercury loses its liquid cha- 
racter — is said to be hilled, extinguished, or mortifieU — and 
acquires medicinal activity. Its activity is probably owing 
to its reduction to a state of minute division, which enables 
it to enter into combinations in the stomach. The officinal 
preparations of metallic mercury are : Pilulse Hydrargyri 
{Pills of Mercury), Unguentum Hydrargyri {Mercurial Oint- 
ment), JEmplastrum Hydrargyri {Mercurial Plaster), Hydrar- 
gyrum cum Cretd {Mercury with Chalk). 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 279 

2. Oxides. — Hydrargyri Oxidum Nigrum (Black Oxide 
of Mercury), Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum (Bed Oxide of 
Mercury). 

3. Chlorides. — Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite (Mild Chlo- 
ride^ of Mercury, or Calomel), Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosi- 
vum (Corrosive Chloride of Mercury, or Corrosive Sublimate). 

4. Iodides. — Hydrargyri Iodidum Viride (Green Iodide 
of Mercury), Hydrargyri Iodidum Bubrum (Bed Iodide of 
Mercury). 

5. Hydrargyri Cyanidum (Cyanide of Mercury). 

6. Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum (Ammoniated Mercury). 

7. Hydrargyri Sulphas Flava (Yellow Sulphate of Mer- 
cury). 

8. Hydrargyri Sulphuretum Bubrum (Bed Sulphuret of 
Mercury). 

9. Nitrates. — Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis (Ointment 
of Nitrate of Mercury), Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis (Solution 
of Nitrate of Mercury). 

Pilule Hydrargyri (Pills of Mercury). This prepara- 
tion, geDerally known as Blue Pill, is made by rubbing 
-mercury (a troyounce) with confection of rose (a troy- 
ounce and a half), till all the globules disappear ; then 
adding powdered liquorice root (half a troyounce), and 
beating the whole into a mass. The trituration is now 
generally effected by machinery — usually by steam power. 
It is a soft, dark-blue mass, of a convenient consistence for 
making into pills. The mercury is in a state of minute 
division, and is chemically unaltered, though, perhaps, a 
very small portion of it is in a state of oxidation. Three 
grains of the pilular mass contain one grain of mercury. 
The preparation changes color from being kept, becoming 
of an olive and even reddish tint, in consequence of the 
further oxidation of the metal. As it is often adulterated, 
it is important that it should be purchased of a reliable 
house. 

Effects and Uses. — In full doses (gr. v-xv), blue pill acts 
as a laxative ; when given for this purpose, it is usually 



280 MATERIA MEDICA. 

followed in a few hours by a saline cathartic. In doses of 
gr. i-ij-iij, repeated at proper intervals, it is employed as 
an alterative or sialagogue, and is the favorite preparation 
for exciting salivation in chronic affections. When it 
moves the bowels, opium is combined with it. It may be 
pleasantly given suspended in mucilage or syrup. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri (Mercurial Ointment) is made 
by rubbing two parts of mercury with one part of suet and 
lard each, until the globules disappear. It is an unctuous, 
fatty body, of a bluish-gray color, consisting of equal 
weights of. fatty matter and finely divided mercury. A very 
small portion of protoxide is, perhaps, present, and, as the 
ointment becomes darker by age, a further oxidation of 
the mercury probably takes place. 

Effects and Uses. — Mercurial ointment, when either swal- 
lowed or rubbed into the integuments, produces the con- 
stitutional effects of mercury; locally, it has but little 
irritant effect. It is scarcely ever used internally in the 
United States or Great Britain, though, in France, it is 
highly esteemed as a sialagogue, in the dose of gr. ij, re- 
peated. Externally, it is used to mercurialize the system 
by friction, or applied to blistered surfaces ; to disperse 
non-malignant tumors ; as a dressing to syphilitic sores ; 
to destroy pediculi ; and to prevent suppuration and pitting 
in small-pox. 

Emplastrum Hydrargyri {Mercurial Plaster), is made by 
rubbing 6 troyounces of mercury with 2 troyounces of olive 
oil and resin each previously melted together, till the glo- 
bules disappear ; and then adding 12 troyounces of melted 
lead plaster. It is used as a discutient of venereal and 
other enlargements, &c, and is applied to the side in 
chronic hepatitis ; it may induce salivation. The plaster 
of ammoniac with mercury (made with ammoniac, mercury, 
olive oil, and sulphur) is more stimulating than the fore- 
going. 

Hydrargyrum cum Creta {Mercury with 'Chalk), is pre- 
pared by rubbing three parts of mercury with five parts 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 281 

of prepared chalk, till all the globules disappear. It is a 
grayish powder, containing mercury chiefly in a state of 
minute division. In full doses, it is a gentle laxative, 
milder even than blue pill ; in smaller doses, it is an ex- 
cellent alterative ; and the chalk renders it antacid. It is 
chiefly employed as an alterative in infantile cases. Dose, 
for adults, gr. v-xx ; for children, gr. ij or iij to gr. viij or 
x, in powder, and not in pills, as in the latter form the 
mercury becomes squeezed out of the chalk. 

Hydrargyri Oxidum Nigrum (Black Oxide of Mercury). 
This preparation, although discarded from the Pharma- 
copoeia, has still claims to notice. It is obtained by agita- 
ting calomel (protochloride of mercury) in a solution of 
potassa ; chloride of potassium is formed in solution, and 
protoxide of mercury (one equivalent of oxygen and one 
equivalent of mercury) precipitates. As first prepared, it 
is a greenish-black powder; but, on exposure to light or 
heat, it is converted into a mixture of metallic mercury 
and deutoxide, and becomes olive-colored. It is odorless, 
tasteless, insoluble in water, but soluble in nitric and acetic 
acids. Its effects are alterative, sialagogue, and purgative, 
and it is one of the least irritating of the mercurial prepa- 
rations — but it is little used internally, on account of the 
uncertainty of its composition. Dose, gr. \ to gr. i-ij, in 
pill. Externally, it has been employed as a fumigating 
agent; also, as an application to chancres and other sores, 
suspended in a weak solution of chloride of calcium, under 
the name of black wash (made extemporaneously by adding 
calomel Sj, to lime-water Oj). 

Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum (Bed Oxide of Mercury). 
This is the deutoxide or peroxide of mercury (consisting of 
one equivalent of metal and two equivalents of oxygen). 
It is usually made by dissolving mercury in diluted nitric 
acid, with a gentle heat, by which nitrate of the deutoxide 
of mercury is formed ; and the nitric acid is afterwards 
decomposed and driven off by calcination. The deutoxide 



282 MATERIA MEDICA. 

of mercury, which is commonly called red precipitate, occurs 
in small, shining scales, of a brilliant red color, with a 
shade of orange. It has an acrid taste, and is nearly inso- 
luble in water. Its effects are those of a powerful irritant, 
and, when taken internally, even in small doses, it excites 
vomiting and purging — in large doses, gastro-enteritis. It 
is rarely or never used internally (dose, gr. T V- J) ; exter- 
nally, it is applied as an escharotic, either in powder or 
ointment, to chancres, indolent ulcers, &c. The yellow 
wash (a favorite application to phagedenic venereal ulcers) 
consists of red oxide of mercury, suspended in a weak solu- 
tion of chloride of calcium and caustic lime ; it is made by 
adding corrosive sublimate (gr. ij, or less) to lime-water 
(f§j). Unguentum hydrargyri oxidi rubri (ointment of red 
oxide of mercury), consists of one part of red oxide mixed 
with eight parts of simple ointment : it is a very useful 
stimulating ointment in indolent ulcers, porrigo, ophthal- 
mia, &c. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite (Mild Chloride of Mercury). 
This preparation, well known as calomel, consists of one 
equivalent of chlorine and of mercury, each, and is a pro- 
tochloride of mercury. It is made by subliming a mixture 
of protosulphate of mercury and chloride of sodium (com- 
mon salt) ; a double decomposition takes place, by which 
chloride of mercury and sulphate of soda are formed. The 
protosulphate of mercury is previously obtained by boil- 
ing mercury in sulphuric acid, and afterwards triturating 
the resulting bisulphate of the deutoxide with mercury. 
Calomel, as thus procured in mass, is liable to contain a 
little corrosive sublimate. It should be reduced to pow- 
der, and washed repeatedly with boiling distilled water, 
until the absence of a white precipitate with ammonia 
shows that the corrosive sublimate has been removed. 
"With a view of obtaining. calomel in a state of very minute 
division, its vapor is condensed in a receiving vessel filled 
with steam, whereby it takes the form of a very fine powder, 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 283 

and is perfectly free from corrosive sublimate. The calomel 
thus prepared (known as Jewell's or Howard's calomel) is 
finer and more active than can be obtained by levigation 
and elutriation. 

Calomel, as usually manufactured by sublimation, is in 
the form of white, fibrous, crystalline cakes. It may be 
obtained in the shape of quadrangular prismatic crystals. 
As found in the shops, it is a light-buff or ivory-colored 
powder, tasteless, inodorous, insoluble in water, alcohol, 
and ether, unalterable in the air, but blackening by long 
exposure to light. It should be kept in bottles painted 
black or covered with black paper. JewelVs calomel is a 
perfectly white powder. When pure, calomel is completely 
vaporizable by heat ; it strikes a black color, free from red- 
dish tinge, with solutions of the fixed alkalies ; and should 
not, w T hen digested with water, form a white precipitate 
with ammonia, unless it contain corrosive sublimate. 

Incompatibles. — The alkalies, alkaline earths, alkaline 
carbonates, soaps, and hydrosulphates, are incompatible with 
calomel. Nitro-muriatic acid should not be prescribed with 
it, for fear of generating corrosive sublimate. Preparations 
containing hydrocyanic acid, the chlorides of sodium and 
potassium, and muriate of ammonia, produce the same 
change. It is asserted that calomel is converted into cor- 
rosive sublimate in the stomach by the muriatic acid which 
it encounters, but there are many reasons for rejecting this 
hypothesis. 

Effects and Uses. — Calomel produces the effects of the 
mercurials already described, and, in purgative doses, 
proves also a valuable anthelmintic. From the certainty 
and mildness of its operation, it is more employed than any 
of the other preparations of mercury, although blue pill, 
which if less certain, is milder, is preferred under some 
circumstances. Calomel has been frequently taken in very 
large doses, without any bad effects ; but cases are recorded 
in which, in excessive quantity, it has acted as an irritant 
poison. As a purgative, it is employed in doses of gr. 



281 MATERIA MEDICA. 

vi-xij, in fevers, hepatitis, colica pictonum, dysentery, and 
many other affections ; as an anthelmintic in the same doses; 
and, in both cases, it is to be followed in a few hours by a 
saline draught, castor oil, or senna. Calomel is often given 
in combination with other cathartics, as jalap, rhubarb, 
aloes, scammony, colocynth, and gamboge. In very large 
doses, as 3j to 5ss, or even more, it is said to possess seda- 
tive powers, and has beeu recommended in dysentery, cho- 
lera, puerperal fever, &c. As an antiphlogistic, in inflamma- 
tory cases, calomel is given in doses of gr. J to gr. j, every 
one, two, or three hours ; as an alterative, in these doses, 
twice or thrice a day. In the dose of gr. j, frequently re- 
peated, it is one of the best means of checking obstinate 
vomiting. It is frequently added to other medicines to in- 
crease their action on the secretions, as diuretics, antimo- 
nials, &c. To children, calomel may be given in propor- 
tionally larger doses than to adults, and it rarely salivates 
them. In infantile diarrhoea, very minute doses of calomel, 
as gr. J, f 2, y^, every hour or two, are highly efficacious. 
Externally, calomel is applied in powder, as an errhine, in 
amaurosis ; and, made into an ointment (a drachm to a 
troyounce of lard), it is an excellent application in a variety 
of cutaneous affections. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum (Corrosive Chloride 
of Mercury). This is the bichloride of mercury, commonly 
called corrosive sublimate, consisting of two equivalents of 
chlorine and one equivalent of mercury. It is made by 
subliming a mixture of chloride of sodium and bisulphate 
of the deutoxide of mercury (which is previously obtained 
by boiling mercury with sulphuric acid) ; a double decom- 
position takes place, resulting in the formation of bichlo- 
ride of mercury and sulphate of soda. Corrosive subli- 
mate occurs in the form of white, semi-transparent, crys- 
talline masses, permanent in the air, inodorous, and of an 
acrid, styptic taste. It is tolerably soluble in cold water, 
and very soluble in boiling water, alcohol, ether, and the 
mineral acids. The aqueous solution, when exposed to 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 285 

light, is decomposed, with the precipitation of calomel 
and evolution of hydrochloric acid. It is incompatible with 
many of the metals, the alkalies and their carbonates, 
soap, lime-water, tartar emetic, nitrate of silver, the ace- 
tates of lead, the sulphurets and iodides of potassium and 
sodium, and all the hydro sulphates. The tests for detecting 
corrosive sublimate as a poison are, in the order of their 
delicacy, ferrocyanide of potassium, lime-water, carbonate 
of potassa, iodide of potassium, ammonia, sulphuretted 
hydrogen, and protochloride of tin. 

Physiological Effects. — In medicinal doses, as gr. ye-J"? 
corrosive sublimate occasions a beneficial alterative effect, 
without any obvious activity. Its continued use may cause 
salivation, but it has less tendency to produce this result 
than any other preparation of mercury. Medicinal doses, 
if too large or too long-continued, frequently produce gas- 
troenteric symptoms and the constitutional effects of mer- 
cury. In excessive doses, corrosive sublimate is a violent 
caustic poison, from its affinity for albumen, fibrin, and other 
constituents of the tissues. It produces the most intense 
gastro-enteritis, sometimes followed by the ordinary con- 
stitutional effects of mercury. The best antidote is albumen 
(in the form of white of eggs) ; or, if this is not attainable, 
gluten (in wheat flour), or casein (in milk), may be substi- 
tuted. The p?~otosulphuret of iron (if given immediately), 
and a mixture of iron fillings (two parts) with gold dust 
(one part), also decompose corrosive sublimate. In cases 
of poisoning, the stomach must be evacuated as soon as 
possible, and the after treatment consists in the free use of 
demulcents, opiates, and topical depletion. 

Medicinal Uses. — Corrosive sublimate is chiefly used as 
an alterative in secondary syphilis ; also in cutaneous and 
rheumatic affections, and as a sorbefacient in old dropsies. 
Dose, gr. yg-i> three or four times a day, in pill or solution. 
Externally, it may be used as a caustic ; a weak solution 
(gr. J-i-ij to water f§j) is much employed as a wash to 
ulcers, an injection in gleet, a collyrium, &c. An oint- 



286 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ment (gr. §-i-ij to lard Sj), is a good application in 
porrigo. 

Hydrargyri Iodidum Yiride (Q-reen Iodide of Mercury), 
is made by rubbing mercury and iodine together, witb the 
addition of a little alcohol. It is a protiodide, consisting 
of one equivalent of iodine and mercury each, and is a 
yellowish-green powder, insoluble in water and alcohol, 
but soluble in ether. By exposure to light it is partially 
decomposed, and becomes of a dark-olive color. 

Effects and Uses. — This mercurial exercises a specific 
influence over the lymphatic and glandular system, and is 
employed in syphilis and scrofula occurring in the same 
individual. Dose, gr. j, gradually increased to gr. iij or 
iv ; it should not be given with iodide of potassium, which 
decomposes it. Externally, it is applied, in the form of 
ointment, to syphilitic ulcers, &c. 

Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum [Red Iodide of Mercury), 
is the biniodide, consisting of one equivalent of mercury 
and two equivalents of iodine. It is made by mixing 
solutions of iodide of potassium and bichloride of mercury, 
from which a double decomposition ensues, resulting in 
the formation of chloride of potassium in solution, and 
biniodide of mercury is precipitated. It is a scarlet-red pow- 
der, insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and solutions 
of iodide of potassium, chloride of sodium, &c. It is a 
powerful irritant and caustic, and is employed in the same 
cases as the protiodide, though much more energetic. 
Dose, gr. jq, gradually increased to gr. J, in pill or alco- 
holic solution. Externally, it is much used in the form of 
ointment. 

Hydrargyri Cyanidtjm [Cyanide of Mercury). This salt 
is made by adding a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium 
to sulphuric acid, by which hydrocyanic acid is produced, 
and this, being received in a vessel containing water and 
red oxide of mercury, generates water and bicyanide of 



PREPARATIONS OF MERCURY. 287 

mercury. It is usually found in the form of permanent, 
prismatic, white, and opaque crystals, of a disagreeable 
styptic taste, soluble in water, but not in alcohol. It is an 
active poison, and is used as an antisyphilitic remedy, as a 
substitute for corrosive sublimate, over which it has the 
advantage of not producing epigastric pain, and not being 
decomposed by alkalies and organic substances. Dose, 

Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum {Ammoniated Mercury). This 
preparation, commonly called white precipitate, is made by 
precipitating a solution of bichloride of mercury by am- 
monia; muriate of ammonia is formed in solution, and 
ammoniated mercury is thrown down. It consists of one 
equivalent of bichloride of mercury and one equivalent 
of a compound consisting of one equivalent of mercury 
combined with two equivalents of amidogen (or ammonia 
deprived of one equivalent of hydrogen). In symbols the 
reaction may be thus expressed : 4NH 3 +2HgCl 2 ==Hg,2NH 2 
+HgCl 2 +2(NH 3 ,HCl). It is a perfectly white powder, 
insoluble in water and alcohol, decomposed by boiling 
water, inodorous, and has an earthy, afterwards metallic 
taste. It is largely adulterated, chiefly with sulphate of 
lime. Its effects are poisonous, but it is used only as an 
external application, in the form of ointment (unguentum 
hydrargyri ammoniati, one part of ammoniated mercury to 
twelve parts of ointment of lard), to cutaneous eruptions, 
and to destroy pediculi. 

Hydrargyri Sulphas Flava (Yellow Sulphate of Mer- 
cury). This salt, commonly called turpeth mineral, is made 
by throwing the bisulphate of the deutoxide of mercury 
(as obtained from the action of sulphuric acid on mercury), 
into boiling water; the bisulphate is instantly decomposed, 
and a basic sesquisulphate of the deutoxide of mercury — 
turpeth mineral — is precipitated. It is an inodorous, lemon- 
yellow powder, of a rather acrid taste, and almost insoluble 



288 MATERIA MEDICA. 

in water. It has been employed as an alterative, in doses 
of gr. J-f ; as an emetic, in croup and chronic enlargement 
of the testis, in doses of gr. ij-v; and as an errhine, in 
chronic ophthalmia and diseases of the head. In an over- 
dose, it is poisonous, 5j having proved fatal. 

Hydrargyri Sulphuretum Eubrum (Bed Suljphuret of 
Mercury), or Cinnabar (which is found as a native combina- 
tion), is manufactured by subliming a mixture of one part 
of sulphur and five parts of mercury. It consists of one 
equivalent of mercury and two equivalents of sulphur, and 
occurs in the form of heavy, brilliant, deep-red, crystalline 
masses, which are inodorous, tasteless, entirely volatiliza- 
ble by heat, and insoluble in water and alcohol. It is not 
employed internally, but is used in the way of fumigation 
in venereal ulcers of the throat and nose; 5ss may be 
thrown on a red-hot iron and inhaled ; but the black oxide 
is a better substance for mercurial fumigation. Cinnabar 
is used as a paint, under the name of vermilion. 

Unguextum Hydrargyri Nitratis {Ointment of Nitrate 
of Mercury). The nitrate of mercury is employed chiefly in 
the form of ointment. This preparation, known as citrine 
ointment, is made by dissolving a troy ounce and a half of 
mercury in 3 J troy ounces of nitric acid, and adding the 
solution to a melted mixture of 12 troyounces of neat's- 
foot oil and 4J troyounces of lard, stirring until efferves- 
cence ceases. The chemical changes which result here are 
not precisely known ; but a subnitrate of the deutoxide of 
mercury is probably formed, with fatty acids and elaidin. 
Citrine ointment has a fine yellow color and unctuous 
consistence ; but, if not very carefully made, it becomes 
greenish, hard, and friable. It is an excellent stimulant 
and alterative application, much employed in porrigo, 
psoriasis, crusta lactea, impetigo, psor ophthalmia, and a 
wide range of ulcerated and eruptive affections. It is best 
to dilute it, at first, with lard. 



IODINE. 289 

Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis {Solution of Nitrate of 
Mercury), is made by dissolving 3 troyounces of mercury 
in 5 troyounces of nitric acid, mixed with 6 fluidrachms of 
distilled water. It is a dense, transparent, nearly colorless 
liquid, of a strongly acid taste, and is employed as a caustic 
application in malignant ulcers and cutaneous affections. 

10 D INI IT M — IODINE. 

Iodine is an elementary non-metallic substance, found in 
the vegetable, animal, and mineral kingdoms of nature, — 
as marine plants, oysters, sponges, mineral springs, &c. 
It is chiefly manufactured from kelp (the impure soda 
obtained from the incineration of sea-weeds), in which it 
exists as an iodide of sodium, by the action of sulphuric 
acid and deutoxide of manganese. It occurs in crystalline 
scales, of a bluish-black color and metallic lustre, of a 
strong, peculiar odor, and a hot, acrid taste. It is very 
volatile — evaporating even at common temperatures — is 
freely soluble in alcohol and ether, and but very slightly 
soluble in water. Its solubility in water is very much 
increased by the addition of certain salts, as the iodide of 
potassium, chloride of sodium, &c. "When heated, its 
vapor has a rich violet color, whence its name (from ^%, 
violet). Iodine may be detected in very minute quan- 
tity by starch, which produces with it a deep-blue color ; 
if in combination, the iodine must be first freed with a 
little nitric acid, or still better with chromic acid, (which 
may be evolved by the addition of a single drop of very 
dilute solution of bichromate of potassa, when starch and 
nitric acid have been employed ineffectually). Chloro- 
form has also been proposed as a test. 

Physiological Effects. — Iodine acts locally as an irritant ; 
when applied to the skin it stains it yellow, and causes 
itching, redness, and desquamation ; and, when inhaled in 
the form of vapor, it excites cough and heat in the air- 
passages. Taken internally, in medicinal doses, it fre- 

19 



290 MATERIA MEDICA. 

quently produces a remedial- alterative and resolvent effect, 
without any obvious disturbance of the functions. Usually, 
patients become thin under its use, though sometimes its 
alterative action on the nutrition produces embonpoint. 
If administered in too large doses, or to persons of irri- 
table stomachs, it produces subacute gastro-enteritis ; and, 
when continued for a long time, it will produce gastro- 
enteric symptoms — headache, giddiness, and other evi- 
dences of cerebro-spinal disturbance— marasmus— some- 
times discoloration of the skin — occasionally salivation — 
and frequently a wasting of the mammse and testicles. This 
train of symptoms is termed iodism. . The influence of 
iodine on the secretions is uncertain, but it commonly 
stimulates them. In excessive doses, it may act as an irri- 
tant poison, and has even produced death ; but such a re- 
sult is rare. Enormous quantities have been taken with 
very slight effects. The antidote is starch. The absorp- 
tion of iodine is shown by its presence in the blood and 
various secretions. 

Medicinal Uses. — Iodine is a most valuable resolvent 
remedy, in chronic visceral and glandular enlargements, 
indurations, thickening of membranes, tumors, &c. It is 
chiefly employed in bronchocele and scrofula, but it is useful 
in every variety of chronic tumor and enlargement; also 
as an alterative in secondary syphilis and other chronic 
affections; and as an emmenagogue. Its vapor has been 
inhaled with benefit in chronic bronchitis and phthisis. 
It is a valuable topical remedy, and is applied in the form 
of tincture, with the greatest advantage, in the various 
cutaneous affections, lupus, erysipelas, rheumatism, gout, 
phlegmons, carbuncles, wounds, diseases of joints, poisoned 
parts, to prevent pitting in smallpox, as an injection in hy- 
drocele, in encysted bronchocele, and even into the pleural 
cavity in chronic pleurisy, &c, &c. 

Administration. — Iodine is rarely exhibited alone, but 

usually in conjunction with iodide of potassium (see p. 

.292). To avoid gastric irritation, it is best given after a 



IODINE. 291 

meal, particularly when amylaceous substances have been 
taken, as it forms with them iodide of starch. Dose, gr: 
J-J, two or three times daily. Liquor lodinii Compositus — 
Compound Solution of Iodine — (Iodine 5vj, Iodide of potas- 
sium a troy ounce and a half, distilled water Oj), is the 
usual preparation in which iodine is administered inter- 
nally; dose, six drops, three times a day, in sweetened 
water, and gradually increased. The tincture (a troyounce 
to alcohol Oj) is of a deep-brown color, and undergoes a 
gradual change, when kept long; water precipitates the 
iodine from it, and hence it is little employed internally ; 
dose, gtt. x-xx, repeated and increased. Externally, it is 
extensively applied to erysipelatous and poisoned parts, 
chilblains, in cutaneous affections, &c, &c. The compound 
tincture (iodine half a troyounce, iodide of potassium a troy- 
ounce, alcohol Oj), has the advantage over the tincture, 
that it may be diluted with water without decomposition ; 
dose, gtt. xv-xxx. The ointment — unguentum iodinii — 
(made with iodine 3j, iodide of potassium gr. iv, water 
Tt|yj, and lard a troyounce), is employed as a local applica- 
tion in goitre, scrofulous tumefactions, &c. ; it does not 
keep well. Unguentum iodinii compositum (iodine 15 grains, 
iodide of potassium 30 grains, water 30 minims, lard a troy- 
ounce), is used for the same purposes as the preceding ; 
they both impart an orange color to the skin. Iodine baths 
have been employed, with iodine and iodide of potassium 
dissolved in water, in a wooden bath-tub, in the proportion 
of iodine gr. iij, and iodide gr. vj, to a gallon of water. 

Iodine is employed in medicine, in various chemical 
combinations. The iodides of iron, lead, and mercury, have 
been noticed. The iodide of starch is highly recommended ; 
dose, a teaspoonful, three times a day, to be increased. 
The iodide of zinc is employed as a tonic and astringent. 
The iodide of sulphur, in the form of ointment, is used in 
various skin diseases. 



292 MATERIA MEDICA. 



POTASSII I0DIDUM — IODIDE OF POTASSIUM. 

This salt is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of 
potassa with iodine in slight excess. By this process, a 
mixture of iodide of potassium and iodate of potassa is 
obtained, and the iodate is afterwards deoxidized and con- 
verted into iodide by heat and mixture with powdered 
charcoal. Iodide of potassium consists of one equivalent 
of iodine and potassium, each. It occurs in semi-opaque, 
white, or transparent crystals, permanent in a dry air, 
rather deliquescent in a moist one, of an acrid, saline 
taste, somewhat like that of common salt. It is readily 
soluble in water and alcohol, and its aqueous solution dis- 
solves iodine, forming ioduretted iodide of potassium. It is 
frequently adulterated with other salts. 

Effects and Uses. — The effects of iodide of potassium are 
analogous to those of iodine, but less energetic. Locally, 
it acts as an irritant, and, in large doses, sometimes occa- 
sions nausea, vomiting, heat of stomach, and purging ; but 
it may be given in larger doses, and for a longer period, 
than iodine, without causing gastro-enteric derangement. 
It stimulates the secretions, particularly those from mucous 
membranes, and very often produces coryza. Its consti- 
tutional effects are powerfully alterative and resolvent, and 
it is employed in bronchocele, scrofula, secondary syphilis, and 
other chronic diseases, particularly those accompanied with 
enlargements or indurations. It is superior to mercury as 
an anti-syphilitic remedy, when the bones and fibrous tissues 
are affected. In chronic rheumatism and gout, particularly 
where the fibrous tissues are attacked, it is of great effi- 
cacy. As a diuretic in dropsy, it has been found useful ; 
and in spasmodic asthma it often gives great relief. As an 
eliminative antidote, in mercurial and saturnine poison- 
ing, its action has been already noticed. It has been re- 
commended in hydrocephalus. 

Administration. — Dose, gr. v-xv, or even more, three 



BROMINE. 293 

times a day, in solution. An ointment (5j to lard a troy- 
ounce, with water £5j), is employed for the same purposes 
as iodine ointment, and does not discolor the skin ; it is, 
however, of feebler efficacy. 

Ammonii Iodidum — Iodide of Ammonium is made by the 
double decomposition of iodide of potassium and sulphate 
of ammonia in hot aqueous solution. It occurs as a cry- 
stalline powder, soluble in water, of a taste like that of 
iodide of potassium, but a little sharper. It has been used 
in the same way as the latter salt. 

Sodii Iodidum — Iodide of Sodium may be made by the 
double decomposition of iodide of iron and carbonate of 
soda. It is a soluble, white, crystalline salt, used to fulfil 
the same indications as iodide of potassium, than which it 
is said to be better borne. 

Iodoformum — Iodoform is obtained by the action of 
chlorinated lime upon a heated alcoholic solution of iodide 
of potassium. It is a teriodide of formyl (C 2 HI 3 ), and oc- 
curs in the form of small, pearly, yellow crystals, having a 
saffron-like odor and sweet taste, insoluble in water, but 
soluble in alcohol and ether. It is devoid of irritant ac- 
tion, and produces the constitutional effects of iodine, be- 
sides an anodyne influence. Dose, 1 to 3 grains, three 
times a day in pill. In the form of vapor, it possesses an- 
aesthetic properties, but inferior to those of chloroform. 

Brominium [Bromine), is an elementary body, bearing 
close chemical and medicinal affinities to iodine. It is 
obtained from the bittern of salt springs (largely near 
Freeport, Pa.), in which it exists as a bromide of magne- 
sium. It is a volatile, red liquid, of a caustic taste, and a 
strong, disagreeable smell, sparingly soluble in water, 
more soluble in alcohol, and still more so in ether. Its 
effects on the system are very analogous to those of iodine, 
and it has been employed as an alterative resolvent in 
bronchocele, scrofulous tumors, skin diseases, &c, particu- 



294 MATERIA MEDICA. 

larly in cases in which iodine does not answer, or has lost 
its activity. It is exhibited in aqueous solution (1 part to 40 
parts of distilled water) ; dose, six drops, several times a 
day. It is a good application in hospital gangrene, and, 
properly diluted, it is used as a wash for ulcers. In over- 
doses, bromine is an irritant poison, and has proved fatal; 
ammonia is said to be an antidote. 

Potassii Bromidum [Bromide of Potassium), is prepared 
by adding a solution of pure carbonate of potassa to a 
solution of bromide of iron. The iron is precipitated, and 
bromide of potassium remains in solution, from which it 
is obtained by evaporation. It occurs as a permanent, 
colorless, anhydrous, crystalline salt, of a pungent, saline 
taste, very soluble in water, and slightly soluble in alcohol. 
Bromide of potassium has been used as a substitute for the 
iodide, in bronchocele, scrofula, chronic cutaneous affec- 
tions, secondary syphilis,, &c, but it is inferior in these 
diseases to the iodic salt. It has, however, proved a very 
efficacious remedy in diseases of the nervous centres, as 
whooping-cough, infantile convulsions, and especially epi- 
lepsy, over which it is now believed to exert more control 
than any other article of the Materia Medica. It is found 
also to be the most efficient remedy which we possess in 
allaying venereal excitement, and hence its employment in 
nymphomania, chordee, &c, and as a preventive of mas- 
turbation, in prisons, barracks, &c. Dose, from five to 
ten grains, several times a day. Bromides of iron and of 
mercury have been also employed. 

OLEUM MORRHUiE — COD-LIVER OIL. 

This is a fixed oil, obtained from the liver of Gadus 
Morrhua, or the common cod, — a well-known fish of the 
Northern Atlantic, — and probably, also, from the livers of 
several other species of Gadus. It is prepared by subject- 
ing the livers to heat, either in boilers with water, or by 
means of steam externally applied, and afterwards drain- 



COD-LIVER OIL. 295 

ing off the liquid portion, from which the oil separates on 
standing. It is said to be sometimes procured also by ex- 
pression. Three varieties are known, the white or pale- 
yellow, the brownish-yellow, and the dark-brown. They differ 
chiefly in the mode of preparation — the pale being pre- 
pared from fresh livers, the dark-brown from those which 
are collected at sea and have undergone putrefactive de- 
composition, and the brownish-yellow from those in which 
putrefaction has only partially commenced. The pale oil 
is the purest ; the dark oil is the most offensive to the taste 
and smell, and the least acceptable to the stomach. 

Cod-liver oil is of the consistence of lamp-oil, and has a 
peculiar odor and taste, resembling that of shoe-leather, 
which is usually prepared in the United States with this 
oil. These sensible properties are probably the best test 
of the genuineness of the oil, and it should be rejected, if 
the smell and taste of shoe-leather are wanting, or if those 
of lamp-oil or fish-oil are very perceptible. The sp. gr. of 
the best oil is about 0.917. The oil undergoes a gradual 
change from exposure to the air, and should therefore be 
kept in full and well-stoppered bottles. It contains a great 
variety of chemical constituents, the most important of which 
are fatty acids, several bilia7*y principles, a peculiar brown 
substance called gaduin (which is not, however, supposed 
to be the' active ingredient), iodine, chlorine, and traces of 
bromine. 

Cod-liver oil may be distinguished from other oils by 
the agency of sulphuric acid, a drop of which, when added 
to fresh cod-liver oil, on a porcelain plate, causes a centri- 
fugal movement in the oil, and gives rise to a fine violet 
color, soon passing into yellowish or brownish-red. This 
reaction is attributable, however, to the bile contained in 
the oil. By the addition of ammonia, lime, or potassa, the 
peculiar volatile principle, prophylamia (the odorous prin- 
ciple of pickled herring), is developed. 

Physiological Effects. — The prolonged use of cod-liver oil, 
in doses which allow it to be retained by the stomach, pro- 
duces very marked beneficial effects in a wide range of 



296 MATERIA MEDICA. 

chronic diseases, dependent on a vitiated condition of the 
functions of digestion, assimilation, and nutrition. Its 
modus medendi is not well understood ; some therapeutists 
believing it to act merely as a nutritive agent, valuable 
from the readiness with which it is assimilated — others at- 
tributing its curative powers to an alterative action from 
the iodine and bromine, or other principles which it con- 
tains. Its effects are, however, probably due merely to its 
nutrient action, in supplying a sufficiency of molecular base 
for interstitial growth. The biliary principles which it 
contains promote its absorption and appropriation by the 
system. The most striking feature in its action on the 
economy is increase of weight ; and, usually, where it fails 
to increase the weight, it is of little service. In large doses, 
cod-liver oil produces nausea and diarrhoea, and these 
effects occasionally follow the use of medicinal doses. 

Medicinal Uses. — Cod-liver oil has long been known as a 
remedy in rheumatic diseases ; and within the last twenty 
years it has come into extensive use, as an alterative in 
tuberculous and scrofulous affections. In the treatment of 
phthisis pulmonalis, it is now looked upon, in Great Britain 
and the United States, as superior to any other agent, and 
as possessing an undoubted power of arresting the progress 
of both the general and local symptoms in this disease. 
Over the different forms of scrofula, it exercises also a very 
decided control — particularly glandular enlargements, 
ulcers, diseases of the joints and spine, ophthalmia, &c. 
In the various cutaneous affections, chronic rheumatism 
and gout, and the entire circle of chronic disorders, in 
which there is a tendency to marasmus, cod-liver oil is 
now employed. Its peculiar powers and merits require, 
however, to be more fully developed by time. It is con- 
traindicated where there is a tendency to congestion or 
plethora, and its exhibition should be suspended (tempo- 
rarily, at least) in the treatment of phthisis, when intra- 
thoracic inflammation or hemoptysis is present. Its good 
effects are most conspicuous, in proportion to the youth 
of the patient. 



PREPARATIONS OF ARSENIC. 297 

Administration. — Dose, a tablespoonful two or three times 
a day, to be gradually increased as the stomach will permit; 
and it must be persevered with for a long time before its 
good effects appear. It is best given in some aromatic 
water, or the froth of porter; and it maybe rendered more 
acceptable to the stomach by combination with one of the 
mineral acids. The union of the oil with lime-water just 
enough to form a soap often renders it acceptable to deli- 
cate stomachs, and it may be flavored with oil of bitter 
almonds. If it produce diarrhoea, astringents should be 
administered with it. It is used as a clyster, in cases of 
ascarides and lumbricoides; and, externally, in cutaneous 
affections and opacity of the cornea. 

ARSENICI PR^IPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 

ARSENIC. 

Metallic arsenic is inert, though, when swallowed, it may 
prove powerfully poisonous, by becoming oxidized and con- 
verted into arsenious acid. It is not used in medicine. 

Acidum Arseniosum {Arsenious Acid), sometimes called 
White Arsenic, Oxide of Arsenic, or Arsenic, is obtained 
principally as a secondary product in the roasting of cobalt 
ores (the arseniurets of cobalt) in Saxony and Bohemia. 
It is afterwards purified by sublimation ; and, when re- 
cently prepared, occurs in glassy, colorless, transparent 
masses, of a vitreous fracture, which gradually become 
white and opaque, progressively from the surface inwards. 
It is sometimes kept in the shops in the form of a fine 
white powder; but, in this state, it is liable to adulteration 
with chalk or sulphate of lime, and it should therefore be 
always purchased in masses. It is volatilizable by heat, has 
no smell, and little or no taste ; is soluble in water (com- 
pletely so in boiling water, and more readily in either, 
when transparent than opaque), and also in alcohol and 
oils. Its chemical composition is one equivalent of ar- 
senic and three equivalents of oxygen. Arsenic acid is 



298 MATERIA MEDICA. 

composed of one equivalent of metal and five equivalents 
of oxygen. 

Tests. — Owing to the frequent use of arsenious acid as 
a poison, a knowledge of the means of detecting its pres- 
ence is of great importance. In the solid state, it may be 
recognized in the first place by its volatility ; secondly, 
when thrown on burning charcoal, it is deoxidized, and 
gives out the garlicky odor of metallic arsenic ; and, thirdly, 
if heated in a glass tube with charcoal or black flux, it 
sublimes and condenses in the form of a metallic crust. In 
aqueous solution, arsenious acid may be detected by the 
following reagents : sulphuretted hydrogen, which produces 
a lemon or sulphur -yellow sulphuret of t arsenic ; ammoniacal 
nitrate of silver, which produces a canary-yellow arsenite of 
silver; and ammoniacal sulphate of copper, which produces 
an apple or grass-green arsenite of copper. The sulphuret 
of arsenic may be reduced, and made to yield metallic ar- 
senic, if heated with soda-flux or potash-flux. The most 
delicate test, however, of arsenious acid in solution is that 
of nascent hydrogen, termed Marslis test. When the acid 
is submitted to the action of nascent hydrogen (evolved by 
the action of diluted sulphuric acid on zinc), it is deoxidi- 
zed, and unites with the hydrogen to form arseniuretted 
hydrogen gas. This gas has a garlicky odor, and is recog- 
nized by its burning with a bluish-white flame, which de- 
posits on a plate of glass or porcelain, held over the jet, a 
black spot or ring, surrounded by a larger white ring of 
arsenious acid. . Another test is that of Reinsch, and con- 
sists in boiling a solution of the acid with muriatic acid 
and copper-foil or wire, when the latter acquires a whitish 
coating of metallic arsenic. When arsenious acid is dissol- 
ved with liquid organic substances, it should first be separated 
from insoluble matters by filtration, and the metallic arse- 
nic may be then obtained by ReinscJis process ; and the 
liquid or subliming tests afterwards applied. If the poison 
be mixed with solid organic substances, they should be cut 
up and boiled with water, acidulated with muriatic acid, 
and the solution afterwards filtered, and again boiled, &c. 



PREPARATIONS OF ARSENIC. 299 

Physiological Effects. — Arsenious acid acts locally as an 
escharotic, by destroying the vitality of the parts to which 
it is applied. Its effects, when it is taken internally, in 
medicinal doses, are not, at first, very obvious. When con- 
tinued for some time, it generally produces more or less 
heat and dryness of the throat and stomach, with nausea, 
increased secretion from the bowels and kidneys, irritation 
of the conjunctiva, and a peculiar swelling of the face, 
termed oedema arsenicalis ; after the latter symptom appears, 
the medicine should be suspended. In too long-continued or 
too large medicinal doses, arsenious acid sometimes produces 
a sort of chronic poisoning, characterized by disorder of 
the digestive apparatus, conjunctivitis, oedema, salivation, 
a cutaneous eruption, loss of the hair and nails, paralysis, 
convulsions, and, if its use be persevered in, coma and de- 
lirium may result, terminating in death. In excessive doses, 
arsenious acid is a violent poison, usually destroying life 
by gastro-enteritis, in from one to two or three days. When 
very large quantities are taken, it sometimes acts on the 
cerebro-spinal system, producing death by narcotism, in a 
few hours. Occasionally, gastro-enteric and cerebro-spinal 
symptoms both occur. A few grains of arsenious acid 
may prove fatal. 

Dissections, in cases of poisoning from this agent, re- 
veal redness (sometimes accompanied with extravasations 
of blood), ulceration, softening, effusion of lymph, and even 
gangrene, in the alimentary canal. The blood is often 
fluid and dark-colored. The absorption of arsenious acid 
into the system, after its administration, is shown by its 
presence in the blood, animal tissues, urine, &c. 

Antidotes and Treatment in cases of Poisoning. — The eva- 
cuation of the contents of the stomach, by the stomach- 
pump or emetics, should be the first object in these cases. 
Demulcent drinks are to be also freely given. The hy- 
drated sesquioxidE or iron should be administered, as soon 
as it can be procured, in the state of pulp or magma. It is 
prepared by the action of an alkaline solution on a sesqui- 



300 MATERIA MEDICA. 

salt of iron ; solution of ammonia is directed by the IT. S. 
Pharmacopoeia, to be added to a solution of the tersulphate 
of iron (see p. 126). The hydrated sesquioxide of iron is a 
soft, moist, reddish-brown magma, which acts as an anti- 
dote to arsenious acid, by forming with it an insoluble, 
inert, subarseniate of protoxide of iron. The dose is about 
twelve times the supposed amount of poison taken, and it 
should be given in the fresh and pulpy state, as it gradually 
loses its antidotical virtues when kept. The subcarbonate 
(sesquioxide) of iron also acts as an antidote, but is much less 
powerful than the pulpy hydrate. Light magnesia (which 
has not been too strongly calcined), and freshly-precipi- 
tated gelatinous magnesia, may be also used as antidotes. 
The after treatment consists in the use of demulcents, opi- 
ates, and, if necessary, stimulants. 

Medicinal Uses. — Arsenious acid is a very valuable altera- 
tive remedy, but it must be exhibited with caution. It is 
employed with the greatest success in the treatment of 
malarial affections, as intermittent fevers, especially such as 
have resisted the use of bark, or frequently reappeared ; 
in chronic cutaneous affections, particularly the scaly diseases 
(lepra, psoriasis, and pityriasis) ; also in certain affections of 
the nervous system, chorea in particular, over which it exer- 
cises a marked control; in chronic rheumatism, and in the 
tertiary forms of syphilis. As an external application, arse- 
nious acid has been applied to indolent sinuses, lupus, 
onychia maligna, &c, either pure or mixed with several 
parts of sulphur ; its use is, however, attended with danger 
of constitutional effects. It is an ingredient of various 
empirical compounds, employed in the treatment of 
cancer. 

Administration. — Dose, gr. T V to y 3 , in pills with bread- 
crumb, three times a day, to be reduced when conjuncti- 
vitis appears, and suspended after the establishment of the 
oedema arsenicalis ; and, after being taken a fortnight, it 
should always be intermitted for a day or two. It is less 
apt to occasion gastric irritability, when given immediately 



PREPARATIONS OF ARSENIC. 301 

after a meal. The usual and safer form of exhibiting this 
remedy, is that of solution with potash, 

Liquor Potass^: Arsenitis {Solution of Arsenite of Po- 
tassa), or Fowlers Solution. This is prepared by boiling 
64 grains of arsenious acid and bicarbonate of potassa, 
each, in 12 fluidounces of distilled water, adding half a 
fluidounce of compound spirit of lavender, and afterwards 
water enough to make the solution measure a pint. It is 
a transparent liquid, of an alkaline reaction, and has the 
color, taste, and smell of spirit of lavender. It is decom- 
posed by the reagents which act upon arsenic, and is 
incompatible with infusions and decoctions of cinchona. 
Its effects and uses are analogous to those of arsenious acid, 
though some practitioners have denied their therapeutic 
identity. The antidote is the subacetate of the sesquioxide 
of iron, which renders inert all the salts of the acids of 
arsenic. Dose, gtt. v to gtt. x, and even gtt. xx, three 
times a day. Each fluidrachm contains half a grain of 
arsenious acid. A solution of arsenite of soda has also been 
employed. 

Arsenici Iodidum (Iodide of Arsenic), made by rubbing 
iodine and arsenic together, is a teriodide, consisting of 
one eq. of arsenic and three eq. of iodine. It is an orange- 
red, crystalline, volatilizable solid, wholly soluble in water, 
and has been used both internally and externally in skin 
diseases. Dose, gr. J, three times a day; for external use, 
gr. iij to lard §j. 

Liquor Arsenici et Hydrargyri Iodidi (Solution of 
Iodide of Arsenic and Mercury). This solution, known as 
Donovan's Solution, is prepared by dissolving 35 grains of 
iodide of arsenic and red iodide of mercury, each, in half a 
pint of distilled water. It is considered by some chemists 
to be merely an aqueous solution of the two iodides ; by 
others, a solution of hydriodates of the oxides of the two 
metals. It has a pale-yellow color, a slightly styptic taste, 
and is incompatible with the salts of morphia. 

Uffects and Uses. — This is a highly valuable alterative 



302 MATERIA MEDICA. 

preparation, in the various forms of papular and scaly 
cutaneous affections, and in obstinate syphilis. It was 
introduced by Mr. Donovan, of Dublin, in 1839, and has 
been a good deal employed in the United States. Dose, 
gtt. v to gtt. xx or more, three times a day. 

CALCIS PHOSPHAS PRiEC I PIT A T A — PRECIPITATED 
PHOSPHATE OP LIME. 

This salt is made by reacting upon bone-ash with mu- 
riatic acid, which dissolves the phosphate of lime in the 
bones, and gives it up again, on the addition of ammonia. 
It is a white, inodorous, tasteless, insoluble powder. It 
has been, for some years past, employed in connection with 
other phosphates, as those of iron, soda, and potassa, in 
scrofula and phthisis, under a theoretical view that there 
is a deficiency of phosphorus in the system in these dis- 
eases. An ample supply of the phosphates is, however, 
derived from the food, although they may prove useful 
medicinally, from other .causes. Dose, ten to thirty grains. 

AMMOXLB MURIAS — MURIATE OF AMMONIA. 

This salt, commonly termed sal ammoniac, is obtained 
from the gas-liquor of coal gas works, and also in the pre- 
paration of animal charcoal from bones. It is brought in 
the crude state from Calcutta to England, where it is refined 
and exported. It occurs in white, translucent, tough, 
fibrous, hemispherical, convex-concave cakes, about two 
inches thick, difficult to powder, inodorous, of a pungent, 
saline taste, slightly deliquescent, very soluble in water, 
and less so in alcohol. It consists of one eq. of muriatic 
acid and one of ammonia, (NH 3 ,HC1) and is considered by 
some chemists to be a chloride of ammonium. 

Effects and Uses. — The local action of muriate of ammo- 
nia is that of an irritant. In large doses it purges. In 
small doses, after absorption, it proves a powerful resol- 



CHLORATE OF POTASSA. 303 

vent alterative, with a slight sedative action on the vascu- 
lar system, and an increased flow of the secretions gene- 
rally. It is not much employed in Great Britain or the 
United States, but it is extensively used in Germany — as a 
refrigerant sedative in mild fevers attended with stoppage 
of the secretions — as a resolvent in organic enlargements— 
in amenorrhcea — and in catarrhs, urethritis, &c. Dose, gr. 
v-xxx, every two or three hours, in powder or mucilagi- 
nous solution. Externally, it is used in solution (immedi- 
ately upon being dissolved), as a refrigerant lotion (§i to 
half a pint water), in cutaneous affections and indolent 
ulcers (5i to half a pint of water), and also as a discutient. 

POTASSA CHLORAS — CHLORATE OF POTASSA. 

This salt is prepared by various processes : a good one 
is by reacting upon solution of caustic potassa, mixed with 
lime, with a stream of chlorine — the chlorine is converted 
into chloric acid by oxygen from the lime, and the acid 
combines with the potassa to form chlorate of potassa 
(KO,C10 5 ). It is a white anhydrous salt, crystallizing in 
rhomboidal plates of a pearly lustre, and is inodorous, and 
of a cool, saline taste. It is but little changed by exposure 
to the air, soluble in cold water, highly so in boiling water. 
It is said to be soluble in all the animal fluids without de- 
composing them, or undergoing change itself. 

Effects and Uses. — Chlorate of potassa, when taken inter- 
nally, gives a bright arterial tinge to the venous blood, re- 
duces the volume and frequency of the pulse, and largely 
increases the secretion of urine, by which it passes out of 
the system unchanged. The appetite is improved under its 
use, and salivation is an occasional effect. Large doses 
may be taken with impunity, but excessive quantities have 
produced fatal gastro-enteric inflammation. As it con- 
tains a large supply of oxygen, it was at first employed, 
with a view to its oxidizing influence in contaminated con- 
ditions of the blood, as in malignant fevers, syphilis, &c. ; 



304 MATERIA MEDICA. 

and, whatever the modus medendi, it is still considered a 
valuable alterative in typhus, scarlatina, &c. Probably, 
its most positive remedial effects are seen in various forms 
of stomatitis, follicular, mercurial, and gangrenous. It is 
also used in diphtheria, croup, cyanosis, asthma, and even 
neuralgia. Externally, in solution, it is an admirable wash 
or gargle in stomatitis, ozcena, the sore throat of scarlatina, 
diphtheria, and fetid ulcerated surfaces generally. Dose, 
internally, fifteen to thirty grains, every three or four hours, 
in some pleasant vehicle. For external use, 5ij-iv may be 
dissolved in half a pint of water. 

POTASSiE BICHROMAS — BICHROMATE OF POTASS A. 

This salt is obtained from the yellow chromate of po- 
tassa by acidulating its solution with sulphuric acid, which 
abstracts an eq. of potassa from two eq. of the neutral salt, 
and thus generates the bichromate (KO,2Cr0 3 ) ; it separates 
in orange-red crystals, soluble in water, insoluble in alco- 
hol, and of a cooling, bitter taste. 

Effects and Uses. — It is an irritant caustic, acting in over- 
doses as a corrosive poison, for which the proper antidotes 
are magnesia, soap, and the alkaline carbonates. In small 
doses, it is alterative, and has been used in syphilis, with 
encouraging results. In larger doses, it is emetic. Exter- 
nally, it is a good application, in powder, or in saturated 
solution, to syphilitic warts, excrescences, &c. Dose, as 
an alterative, gr. y, daily, in pill, with some bitter extract ; 
as an emetic, gr. f . 

POTASS^E PERMANGANAS — PERMANGANATE OF 

POTASSA. 

This salt is made by heating together the black or bin- 
oxide of manganese with caustic potassa; the binoxide 
is converted into manganic acid, and afterwards into per- 
manganic acid, which combines with the potassa, to pro- 



CHLORINE WATER. 305 

duce permanganate (KO',Mn 2 7 ). It occurs in the form of 
slender prismatic crystals, of a dark-purple color, inodor- 
ous, and of a sweetish astringent taste. It dissolves 
readily in water, making a beautiful lilac solution. 

Effects and Uses. — There is little experience, as regards 
the action of this salt, when administered internally, al- 
though alterative effects are attributed to it (and probably 
with reason), in poisoned conditions of the blood, as in 
malignant fevers, diphtheria, &c. It is as a powerful disin- 
fectant, that it at present claims chief attention, and it now 
ranks at the head of this class of agents, in destroying 
fetid odors, and poisonous organic emanations. It is used 
externally, in dressing foul and fetid or gangrenous ulcers, 
particularly in hospital gangrene, as an application to car- 
buncles, as a gargle in diphtheria, &c. It may be sprinkled 
in powder on gangrenous surfaces, or applied in solution, 
of the strength of half an ounce, an ounce, or two ounces 
to a pint of water. As a disinfectant, a solution of from 
one to ten grains to an ounce of water, may be exposed 
in saucers, or sprinkled on the floor, or thrown into the 
air in spray by the atomizer. One to three grains may be 
given internally in solution, through the day. 

AQUA CHLORINII — CHLORINE WATER. 

This is an aqueous solution of chlorine, which is gene- 
rated by heating 3 troyounces of muriatic acid, diluted 
with 2 fluidounces of water, with half a troyounce of 
black oxide of manganese. The chlorine is conducted by 
suitable tubes, through 2 fluidounces of water, into a bottle 
containing 20 fluidounces of distilled water, with which it 
is agitated, and the chlorine water is afterwards transferred 
to a well-stoppered bottle, made impervious to light. It 
does not keep well. It occurs as a pale, yellowish-green 
liquid, having an astringent taste and the peculiar odor of 
the gas. Its employment internally is chiefly in essential 
malignant fevers, as scarlatina and typhus, also in syphilis 

20 



306 MATERIA MEDICA. 

and diseases of the liver. Dose, f5i-iv, diluted. Extern- 
ally, it is used, diluted, as a wash, in skin diseases, as an 
antiseptic, and by inhalation in bronchial affections. In 
case of poisoning by chlorine, albumen is the best antidote. 

CALX CHLORINATA — CHLORINATED LIME. 

This preparation, often called chloride of lime (CaO,Cl), 
is prepared by passing chlorine over lime, till saturation is 
effected, and occurs as a loose, grayish-white powder, 
readily soluble in water, of a bitter, caustic taste, and a 
faint odor of chlorine. It has been used as an alterative, 
in typhus, malignant scarlatina, syphilis, &c, in doses of 
from one to five grains in solution, several times a day; 
and as a wash, externally, one part dissolved in a hundred 
parts of water — or as a paste. It is chiefly, however, as a 
disinfectant that it is employed. Its effects are essentially 
those of chlorine, like which it decomposes hydrosulphuric 
and hydrocyanic acids, and should not be given with mer- 
curials. 

Liquor Sode Chlorinate [Solution of Chlorinated Soda), 
sometimes termed Labarraque s disinfecting liquid, is made 
by decomposing a solution of carbonate of soda by one 
of chlorinated lime. It is a transparent, greenish-yellow 
liquid, with a faint smell of chlorine, a sharp saline taste, 
and an alkaline reaction. It has been used internally, to 
fulfil the same indications as chlorinated lime, in doses of 
thirty drops to a teaspoonful, diluted, several times a day. 
It is useful also in dilution of various strengths, as an ex- 
ternal application to every form of fetid ulcer, and it is a 
most valuable and powerful disinfectant, 

ORDER III. — ANTACIDS. 

Antacids are medicinal agents, employed to neutralize 
acids in the blood, primae vise, and secretions. The alka- 
lies and alkaline earths, and their carbonates, are the sub- 



ANTACIDS. 307 

stances included in this division. The alkalies, in the con- 
centrated state, destroy organization and act as corrosive 
poisons ; they are administered internally only in a state 
of extreme dilution. The alkaline carbonates produce a 
less intense chemical action on the tissues than the alka- 
lies ; and the bicarbonates are less active than the mono- 
carbonates. The alkaline earths, particularly magnesia, 
are less energetic in their local action than the alkalies 
proper ; and their carbonates manifest little or no chemi- 
cal influence over the tissues. 

When swallowed in a state of dilution, the alkaline pre- 
pa?'ations combine with the free acids which they encoun- 
ter in the stomach. The salts which are thus formed, 
unless carried off by the bowels, are absorbed into the blood, 
and are thrown out by the secretions, especially by the 
kidneys. While in the stomach, besides neutralizing acids, 
the alkalies also promote the digestion and absorption of 
fatty substances, by forming with them an emulsion. 
After absorption, they exert a liquefacient action on the 
blood, and render the urine alkaline. Their long-continued 
use disorders the functions of digestion and nutrition, pro- 
duces a chronic deterioration of the blood, and sets up a 
cachectic condition somewhat analogous to scurvy. 

In the concentrated form, the alkalies are employed as 
escharotics. The various alkaline preparations are admin- 
istered iyiternally, in the diluted form : 1. As antacids, in 
dyspepsia, accompanied with excess of acid in the primse 
vise, and they are probably also of advantage, in dyspeptic 
cases, by promoting the digestion of fatty matters. The 
neutralization of acid, in dyspepsia, by the alkaline prepa- 
rations, is chiefly palliative ; although their continued use 
often diminishes temporarily the tendency to acid secre- 
tion. The vegetable tonics and aromatics are frequently 
combined with antacids, very advantageously, in the treat- 
ment of dyspepsia. 2. As antidotes, in cases of poisoning 
from acids. 3. As antilithics, to neutralize lithic acid, when 
it is separated in undue quantity by the urine ; and, also, 



308 , MATERIA MEDICA. 

as lithontriptics, or solvents of calculi, especially lithates. 
They are improper when there is a tendency to the depo- 
sition of phosphates. 4. In the treatment of acute rheu- 
matism and gout, where they act by neutralizing the excess 
of acid, with which the blood is charged in these diseases. 
5. To relieve irritability of the urinary organs — ardor 
urinse in gonorrhoea — cutaneous irritation— uterine irrita- 
tion — pruritus ani, &c, — when these conditions of irrita- 
bility are dependent, as is often the case, on excess of acid 
in the system. 6. As diuretics (see p. 243). 7. As anti- 
plastics and resolvents, in inflammation. 

The antacid preparations should be administered in a 
state of large dilution, with a view to facilitate their ab- 
sorption, and to prevent an irritant and purgative action 
on the bowels. 



POTASS^ PRiEPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF'POTASSA. 

The preparations of potassa, employed as antacids, are 
the Solution of Potassa, Carbonate of Potassa, and Bicarbo- 
nate of Potassa. Besides their antacid, antiplastic, and 
diuretic uses, the salts of potassa have been administered 
therapeutically in the treatment of scurvy. This employ- 
ment of them is based upon the opinion, that scurvy is the 
result of a deficiency of potash in the food ; and that by 
the exhibition of some saline preparation of these alkalies, 
the necessary alimentary ingredient is restored. 

Liquor Potass^ (Solution of Potassa), is prepared by the 
action of lime on a solution of bicarbonate of potassa ; the 
lime abstracts carbonic acid from the carbonate, and pre- 
cipitates as carbonate of lime, leaving the free potassa in 
solution; or it may be made, more directly, by dissolving 
a troyounce of potassa in a pint of distilled water. Solu- 
tion of potassa is a limpid, colorless liquid, without smell, 
of an acrid, caustic taste, and an alkaline reaction. 

Effects and Uses. — The antacid, diuretic, antilithic, and 
resolvent properties and indications of this preparation 



PREPARATIONS OF POTASSA. 309 

have been described above. It is more irritant to the 
stomach than the carbonates of potassa, and is therefore 
less eligible for protracted use. In excessive quantity, it 
may act as an irritant and corrosive poison ; oils and vege- 
table acids should be administered as antidotes. Dose, 
gtt. x-xx, largely diluted with sweetened water or mucil- 
age. Externally, it is used, in a diluted state, as a stimu- 
lant lotion. 

Potassa Carbonas (Carbonate of Potassa). This salt, as 
usually kept in the shops, is prepared by the purification 
of the impure carbonate of potassa, known as pearlash, 
which is obtained from wood-ashes, by lixiviation. Car- 
bonate of potassa occurs in the form of a white, coarse, 
granular powder, of a nauseous, alkaline taste, and an 
alkaline reaction, — very soluble in water, but insoluble in 
alcohol. It is very deliquescent, forming, if long exposed 
to the air, an oily liquid with the water which it attracts. 
It consists of one equivalent of carbonic acid, one of po- 
tassa (KO,C0 2 ), and two or three equivalents of water. 
Acids, acidulous salts, and many other substances, are 
incompatible with it. It is employed as an antacid, diu- 
retic, antilithic, &c, in the dose of gr. x-xx, in some 
sweetened aromatic water. In large quantities, it acts as 
a corrosive poison, for which oils and vegetable acids are 
the antidotes. 

As the purified pearlash of the shops is always more or 
less impure, a better salt for internal use is — 

Potassa Carbonas Pura (Pure Carbonate of Potassa), 
commonly called Salt of Tartar, from its having been 
formerly obtained from cream of tartar. It is now made 
by calcining bicarbonate of potassa, which is thus deprived 
of its water of crystallization and an equivalent of carbonic 
acid, and is reduced to the state of carbonate. It differs 
from purified pearlash only in containing no impurities. 

Potassa Bicarbonas (Bicarbonate of Potassa), is made by 
passing carbonic acid through an aqueous solution of car- 
bonate of potassa, till it is fully saturated. By filtration 



310 MATERIA MEDICA. 

and evaporation, it is obtained in transparent, colorless 
crystals, having the shape of irregular eight-sided prisms 
with two-sided summits. They are inodorous, of a slight 
alkaline taste, permanent in the air, soluble in water, 
insoluble in alcohol, and consist of two equivalents of 
carbonic acid, one of potassa (KO,2C0 2 ), and one of water. 
The effects and uses of this salt are the same as those of the 
carbonate, but it is pleasanter in taste and less irritant to 
the stomach. Dose, 3j to 5j- In acute rheumatism, this 
dose may be repeated every hour or two. 

80DJ1 PK^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF SODA. 

Liquor Sod^e (Solution of Soda), is prepared by the action 
of lime on a solution of carbonate of soda. Its properties 
are the same as those of solution of potassa. 

The only preparations of soda, generally employed as 
antacids, are the carbonates. There are several sources of 
carbonated soda. The native carbonate (called natron), is 
found in Egypt, Hungary, and other countries. Impure 
soda, obtained from the ashes of marine plants, is termed 
barilla or kelp, — barilla, when it is derived from phenoga- 
mous plants growing near the sea, and kelp, when procured 
from cryptogamic plants growing in the sea. Carbonate 
of soda is now, however, chiefly made by artificial means, 
from sulphate of soda, which is obtained in part from the 
manufacturers of chlorinated lime, but principally by the 
action of sulphuric acid on chloride of sodium. The sul- 
phate of soda is fused with ground limestone and coal, and 
forms a black mass called British barilla, which consists of 
a mixture of oxy sulphur et of calcium, caustic lime, and 
coaly matter, with carbonate of soda. It is afterwards 
purified by lixiviation, calcination, and other processes. 
~By another process, artificial soda is made by decomposing 
the sulphate with sesquioxide of iron and coal. Within a 
few years past, caustic soda and the carbonates and other 
salts of soda have been manufactured near Pittsburg, in 



PREPARATIONS OF SODA. - 311 

Pennsylvania, from cryolite (a fluoride of sodium and alumi- 
num), which is found in an immense deposit in Greenland, 
and largely imported into Philadelphia. Soda is obtained 
from cryolite by mixing it with lime and subjecting it to 
heat; the fluorine combines with the calcium, forming fluor- 
ide of calcium, while the remaining metals absorb oxygen 
from the air, and become alumina and soda, carbonic acid 
being afterwards passed through the solution, to form 
carbonate of soda, the insoluble alumina being deposited. 

SoBvE Carbonas [Carbonate of Soda), crystallizes in large, 
oblique, rhombic prisms, which are transparent, very efflo- 
rescent, of an alkaline, disagreeable taste, soluble in water, 
but insoluble in alcohol. When heated, they undergo the 
watery fusion, and part with their water of crystallization, 
which is entirely expelled at a red heat. The chemical 
composition of the salt is one equivalent of carbonic acid 
and one of soda (]N~aO,C0 2 ) ; and perfect crystals have ten 
equivalents of water of crystallization. It is apt to contain 
sulphate of soda and common salt as impurities. Acids, 
acidulous salts, lime-water, earthy and metallic salts, &c, 
are incompatible with carbonate of soda. 

Effects and Uses. — Carbonate of soda is less irritant, and 
has a milder and more agreeable taste, than carbonate of 
potash. Its effects are otherwise similar, and it is admin- 
istered in the same cases. In overdoses, it is a corrosive 
poison, for which oils and acids are the antidotes. Dose, 
gr. x to 5ss, in powder, or dissolved in some bitter infu- 
sion. Owing to the variable quantity of water of crystal- 
lization which it contains, as kept in the shops, it is best 
given in the dried state. 

Soile Carbonas Exsiccata (Dried Carbonate of Soda). 
This salt is deprived of its water of crystallization by heat, 
and occurs in the form of a white powder. Dose, gr. v- 
xv, in pill, made with soap and aromatics. 

Sodje Bicarbonas (Bicarbonate of Soda), is prepared by 
saturating the carbonate with carbonic acid. In the pro- 
cess followed in this country, the water contained in the 



312 . MATERIA MEDICA. 

carbonate, which is liberated during the progress of its 
saturation, is drained off. Thus obtained, the crystals have 
the form of the carbonate, but are opsque and porous. 
They usually occur in granular masses, of a snow-white 
color, which are found in the shops in the form of powder. 
It is a permanent salt, of a slightly alkaline taste, and con- 
sists of two eq. of carbonic acid, one of soda, (]STaO,2C0 2 ), 
and one of water. By exposure to heat, it gradually parts 
with its carbonic acid, and at a red heat is converted into 
the anhydrous carbonate. 

The effects and uses of this salt are the same as those of 
the carbonate, but it is less irritant and of a more agree- 
able taste. When administered as an antilithic, it is said 
to be less liable than the carbonate to induce phosphatic 
deposits. It has been used as a liquefacient, in infantile 
croup, in the dose of gr. j, every five minutes, to promote 
the expulsion of false membrane. Dose, for an adult, gr. 
x to 5ss, which may be pleasantly taken in carbonic acid 
water, or made into lozenges with sugar and mucilage of 
tragacanth. Soda Powders consist of tartaric acid (gr. xxv) 
in one paper, and bicarbonate of soda (gr. xxx) in another. 
They are dissolved in separate portions of water, to the 
amount of half a pint in all, and, when mixed, form a 
pleasant effervescing draught. Bicarbonate of soda is an 
ingredient also of Seidlitz Powders (see p. 219). Troches 
of bicarbonate of soda are made by mixing 4 troyounces of 
bicarbonate of soda with 12 troyounces of sugar, and mak- 
ing a mass with mucilage of tragacanth, to be divided into 
troches, each weighing 10 grains. 

LITHIA PR.EPARATA — PREPARATIONS OF LITHIA. 

Lithia is a rare alkali, found in a few minerals. The 
carbonate {lithise carbonas) is prepared from lepidolite, or 
from sulphate of lithia or chloride of lithium, by adding 
carbonate of ammonia. It is a white powder, of a mild 
alkaline taste, soluble in 100 parts of water, more soluble 



PREPARATIONS OF MAGNESIA. 313 

in carbonic acid water, and insoluble in alcohol. It con- 
sists of one eq. of lithia and one of carbonic acid (LO,C0 2 ). 

It is a very valuable antacid in gout, from the fact of its 
low combining number, aud the great solubility of the 
urate of lithia, thus enabling the carbonate to act power- 
fully in eliminating uric acid from the system. It is also 
a good diuretic. Dose, three to live grains, best given in 
carbonic acid water. 

Lithia Citras {Citrate of Lithia), a deliquescent white 
powder, is made by adding a solution of citric acid to the 
carbonate of lithia. It is converted into a carbonate in the 
system, and is, therefore, possessed of the same properties. 

AMMONIA PRJ3PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 

AMMONIA. 

The preparations of ammonia (previously noticed under 
the head of Stimulants, p. 165), are administered as ant- 
acids, in cases in which a stimulant action is not objection- 
able. Spiritus Ammonise Aromaticus [Aromatic Spirit of Am- 
monia), is the preparation usually employed, and is an 
excellent antacid carminative in heartburn, attended with 
flatulence, nausea with syncope, &c. Dose, gtt. xxx-f5j. 

MAGNESIA PK^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF 

MAGNESIA. 

Magnesia (p. 213), and its Carbonate (p. 214), are em- 
ployed as antacids in dyspepsia, sick-heaclache, gravel, &c, 
particularly where a laxative effect is also desirable. Dose, 
gr. x-xxx. Troches of Magnesia are made by mixing 4 
troyounces of magnesia, 60 grains of nutmeg, and 12 troy- 
ounces of sugar, and forming with mucilage of tragaeanth 
a mass, to be divided into troches, weighing 10 grains 
each. 



314 MATERIA MEDICA. 



CALCIS PR^PARATA — PREPARATIONS OF LIME. 

The preparations of lime, employed as antacids, are 
Lime-water, Precipitated Carbonate of Lime, Prepared Chalk, 
and Prepared Oyster-shell. They are very useful in cases of 
acidity or irritability of the stomach, but their action on 
the bowels is the reverse of that of magnesia, and hence 
they can hardly be administered where there is a tendency 
to constipation. They are also much employed in diar- 
rhoea, and occasionally as alterative resolvents in glandular 
enlargements, and as antispasmodics in nervous disorders. 

Liquor Calcis [Solution of Lime — Lime-water), is a satu- 
rated solution of lime (four troyounces) in distilled, river, 
or rain water (eight pints). It is a colorless, inodorous 
liquid, of a disagreeable alkaline taste. By exposure to 
the air it gradually absorbs carbonic acid, with the forma- 
tion of insoluble carbonate of lime. It should, therefore, 
be kept in full, well-stoppered bottles, or they should con- 
tain some undissolved lime. 

Effects and Uses. — Lime-water combines antacid and 
astringent properties, and is applicable to all the cases in 
which antacids are proper, where an astringent effect on 
the bowels is not objectionable. It is an excellent remedy 
in gastric irritability, attended with nausea and vomiting, 
and may be given mixed with an equal part of milk, which 
disguises its unpleasant taste. A diet of milk and lime- 
water is very useful in dyspepsia, accompanied with vomit- 
ing of food. Lime-water is employed also in diarrhoea, 
after inflammation has been subdued, in diabetes, and as 
an alterative resolvent in glandular affections. Exter- 
nally, it is used as a wash in tinea capitis, ^prurigo, scabies, 
&c, as an application to foul ulcers, and as an injection in 
leucorrhcea and gleet ; atomized inhalations of lime-water 
have been found useful in diphtheria. Dose, internally, 
f§ss to fSiij-iv, several times a day ; for children f5j. 
Linimentum Calcis (eight fluidounces of lime-water, mixed 



PREPARATIONS OF LIME. 315 

with seven trovounces of flaxseed oil, sometimes called 
Carron oil), is an invaluable liniment in burns and scalds, 
and in small-poi*. 

Calcis Carbonas Prjecipitata [Precipitated Carbonate of 
Lime), is made by mixing boiling solutions of chloride of 
calcium and carbonate of soda. It is a fine white powder, 
insoluble in water, and free from grittiness, but possessing 
no superiority over prepared chalk. 

Creta Pr^eparata [Prepared Chalk), is made from chalk 
or whiting, by levigation and elutriation. It occurs in little 
white conical loaves, which are tasteless, odorless, insolu- 
ble in water, but more soluble in carbonic acid water. It 
consists of one eq. of carbonic acid and one of lime 
(CaO,C0 2 ). Its effects are those of an absorbent, antacid, 
and desiccant astringent. ' It is used in dyspepsia and 
gout, attended with an excess of acid in the system ; also 
in diarrhoea ; and, as it forms soluble salts of lime with the 
acids of the stomach, its employment has been suggested 
in rachitis. Dose, gr. x-xxx, in powder, or suspended in 
water with gum and sugar. Mistura Cretse [Chalk Mix- 
ture), consists of chalk (half a troyounce), rubbed up with 
sugar and gum arabic (each 5ij), and water and cinnamon- 
water (each f giv) ; dose, f §ss, repeated. Laudanum and 
tinctures of kino or of catechu are often added to this mix- 
ture, in the treatment of diarrhoea. Troches of chalk are 
made by mixing 4 troyounces of prepared chalk, a troy- 
ounce of gum arabic, 60 grains of nutmeg, and 6 troy- 
ounces of sugar, and forming with water a mass, to be 
divided into troches, each weighing 10 grains. 

Testa Prjeparata [Prepared Oyster-shell), differs from 
prepared chalk, in containing animal matter united with 
the carbonate of lime, and is thought to be more accepta- 
ble to a delicate stomach. Dose, gr. x-xxx. 



316 MATERIA MEDICA. 



CLASS IV.— TOPICAL MEDICINES. 

i 

ORDER I. — IRRITANTS. 

Irritants are medicines which are employed to produce 
irritation or inflammation of the parts to which they are 
applied. They may be subdivided into Rubefacients, 
Epispastics, Suppurants, and Escharotics. Rubefacients 
are used merely to produce redness of the skin. Epispas- 
tics, or vesicants, cause the exhalation of a serous fluid 
under the cuticle. Suppurants produce a crop of pustules. 
Escharotics have a chemical action on the tissues with 
which they are placed in contact, and decompose or de- 
stroy them. 

RUBEFACIENTS. 

Rubefacients are employed to remove congestion and 
inflammation, to rouse the capillary system in cases of 
local torpor, to relieve pain and spasm, and as stimulants 
to the general system, in coma, syncope, asphyxia, &c. 
They are adapted to cases in which a sudden and powerful 
but transient action is called for; but they may also be 
employed where a slight and long-continued action is 
desired. In removing congestion and inflammation, rube- 
facients act by revulsion. They are chiefly useful in the 
forming stages, or in light grades of inflammation. They 
are very serviceable local anodynes, when applied to pain- 
ful parts — acting by a substitutive influence. As general 
stimulants, their efficacy in rousing the system depends 
partly on their action on the capillary circulation, and 
partly on the pain which they produce. They are most 
valuable in the coma or asphyxia resulting from poisons, 
drowning, &c, and are inferior to blisters in the cerebral 
oppression, which occurs in fevers, inflammations of the 
brain, &c. 

Rubefacients are usually applied till pain and redness 



MUSTARD. 317 

supervene. If kept too long on the skin, many of them 
will produce vesication and even gangrene ; and, in cases 
of coma, particular caution is required, as the patient may 
not feel them till dangerous inflammation has occurred. 

SIN A PIS — MUSTARD. 

Mustard-seeds are obtained from two varieties of Sina- 
pis, — S. nigra, or Black Mustard, and S. alba, or White 
Mustard (Nat. Ord. Brassicacese), small annual European 
plants, cultivated in our gardens. S. nigra has become 
naturalized in some parts of the United States. Black 
mustard- seeds are small, globular, of a deep-brown color 
externally, and internally yellow. They are inodorous, 
except in powder ; and, when rubbed with water, exhale 
a very strong, pungent smell. Their taste is bitterish, hot, 
and pungent. White mustard-seeds are larger, yellowish 
externally, and of a less pungent taste, owing to the pre- 
sence of a mucilaginous substance in their skin. The 
powder of both varieties (commonly called flour of mustard), 
is yellow, and is often adulterated with colored wheaten 
flour. Both varieties yield their virtues wholly to water, 
and very slightly to alcohol. 

Chemical Constituents. — Mustard-seeds yield, upon pres- 
sure, a fixed oil, which contains a peculiar acid, termed 
erucic. From the black seeds a very pungent volatile oil, 
containing sulphur, is afterwards obtained by distillation : 
it does not pre-exist in the seeds, but is the result of the action of 
water upon a peculiar principle called sinapisin. It is colorless 
or pale yellow, rather heavier than water, of a very pun- 
gent odor, and an acrid, burning taste, and is the principle 
to which the black seeds owe their activity. From the 
white seeds no volatile oil is obtained ; but, when treated 
with water, they yield an acrid fixed principle, which is ana- 
logous in properties to the volatile oil of the black seeds. 
It is the result of the reaction of water upon sulpho-sinapisin, 
a peculiar ingredient of the white seeds. The develop- 



318 MATERIA' MEDICA. 

ment of the volatile oil in the black seeds, and of the acrid 
fixed principle in the white seeds, is supposed to depend 
upon the presence of an albuminous constituent, called 
myrosyne, which acts the part of a ferment in determining 
a reaction between water and the peculiar principles of the 
seeds. Myrosyne is rendered inert by heat, alcohol, and 
the acids; and water of the ordinary temperature is there- 
fore the proper menstruum of mustard. 

Effects and Uses. — Mustard is an acrid stimulant. In 
small quantities, it is stomachic; in larger doses, it proves 
emetic ; and, in excessive doses, it will produce gastro- 
enteric inflammation. When applied to the skin, it is a 
rapid and powerful local excitant, speedily producing red- 
ness and pain, and, if long continued, it will develop vesi- 
cation, ulceration, and even sphacelus. Mustard-seeds, 
swallowed whole, have been used as a laxative in dyspepsia, 
in the dose of a tablespoonful once or twice a day, mixed 
with molasses ; the white seeds are preferred. When 
mustard is employed internally, however, it is chiefly as an 
emetic, in cases of torpor of the stomach, particularly after 
narcotic poisoning; and, by its stimulant action, mustard 
often rouses the gastric susceptibility when other emetics 
fail. Dose, as an emetic, from a large teaspoonful to a 
tablespoonful of the bruised seeds or powder. Its use in 
smaller quantity, as a condiment and stimulant of the di- 
gestive organs, is well known. In the form of whey (half 
a troyounce boiled in milk Oj), it is given as a diuretic in 
dropsy. The most> general use of mustard is, however, as 
a cutaneous stimulant, in the form of cataplasm (termed a 
sinapism). This is made by mixing flour of mustard with 
a sufficient quantity of tepid water to give it proper con- 
sistence ; and it may be diluted with wheat or rye flour, if 
a weaker effect is desired. Sinapisms are used, when a 
speedy and powerful rubefacient effect is required : they 
should be kept on till pain and redness are produced, 
usually from a quarter of an hour to an hour, and, in cases 
of insensibility, their effects should be carefully watched. 



BURGUNDY PITCH. 319 

They are applied spread on linen, and covered with gauze, 
to prevent adhesion to the skin. 

CAPSICUM. 

Capsicum has been previously noticed as an aromatic 
stimulant (p. 168). It is a powerful rubefacient, useful in 
rheumatism, low fevers, &c, and is applied in the form of 
cataplasm, or the tincture or oleoresin may be used. 

OLEUM TEEEBINTHINJ — OIL OF TURPENTINE. 

The oil of turpentine (see pp. 173, 259), is a speedy and 
efficacious rubefacient, and sometimes produces a vesicular 
eruption. It is employed in low forms of disease, attended 
with coldness of the surface ; as a counter-irritant in inflam- 
mation; and as a stimulating liniment in rheumatic and 
paralytic cases. It is often diluted with olive oil. 

LINIMENTUM AMMONIA — LINIMENT OF AMMONIA. 

This preparation, called also volatile liniment, consists of 
one fluidounce of water of ammonia (see p. 165), and two 
troyounces of olive oil. It is an excellent application, as 
a counter-irritant, in affections of the throat and chest, &c. 

PIX BURGUNDICA — BURGUNDY PITCH. 

This is the prepared concrete juice of Abies excelsa or 
Norway Spruce (Nat. Ord. Pinaceae), a lofty evergreen tree 
of Europe and Northern Asia. Abies picea, or the Euro- 
pean Silver Fir, is said to be also a source of the drug. It 
is obtained by stripping off the bark and detaching the 
flakes of resinous matter which form upon the surface of 
the wound; they are afterwards melted in boiling water 
and strained. Burgundy pitch is principally collected in 
France, and derives its name from Burgundy, in that king- 



320 MATERIA MEDICA. 

dom. After it is imported into the United States, it is 
generally remelted and strained, to free it from impuri- 
ties; and, as found in the shops, it is a hard, brittle, opaque 
substance, of a yellowish or brownish-yellow color, and a 
weak terebinthinate taste and smell; when applied to the 
body, it softens and becomes adhesive. It contains two 
resins, and a much smaller proportion of volatile oil than 
turpentine. 

A spurious Burgundy pitch is made by melting together 
pitch, resin', and turpentine, and agitating the mixture 
with water. 

Effects and Uses. — This is a gentle rubefacient, producing 
a slight degree of inflammation and serous eifusion, with- 
out separating the cuticle. It occasionally produces a pa- 
pillary or vesicular eruption; and sometimes, though rarely, 
occasions painful vesication and even ulceration. It is ap- 
plied, in the form of plaster, to the chest in chronic pulmo- 
nary disorders, to the loins in lumbago, to the joints in 
chronic articular affections,' and for the relief of local rheu- 
matic pains in other parts. 

Emplastrum Picis Burgundicw, (Burgundy Pitch Plaster), 
consists of twelve parts of Burgundy pitch, melted with 
one part of yellow wax, which is used to give consistence 
to the pitch. Emplastrum Picis cum Cantharide (Plaster of 
Pitch with Cantharides), consists of twelve parts of Bur- 
gundy pitch, melted with one part of cerate of cantharides ; 
this is commonly called the warming plaster, and is a more 
active rubefacient than Burgundy pitch, though it does not 
usually blister. The Plaster of Antimony, Plaster of Iron, 
Compound Gralbanum Plaster, and Opium Plaster, all contain 
Burgundy pitch. 

PIX CANADENSIS — CANADA PITCH. 

This is the prepared concrete juice of Abies Canadensis, 
or Hemlock Spruce (Nat. Ord. Pinaeeie), a very lofty ever- 
green tree of Canada and the northern parts of the United 



EPISPASTICS. 321 

States. The pitch (sometimes called hemlock gum) is a 
spontaneous exudation on the old trees. The portions of 
bark upon which it hardens are stripped from the tree and 
boiled, and the melted pitch is skimmed from the surface 
of the water. It undergoes a farther purification in the 
shops, by melting and straining, and is found in hard, 
brittle, opaque masses, of a dark yellowish-brown color, a 
weak, peculiar odor, and scarcely any taste. It is more 
readily softened by heat than Burgundy pitch, and is there- 
fore sometimes a less convenient application. Its constitu- 
ents are resin, and a minute portion, of volatile oil. Its 
effects and uses are the same as those of Burgundy pitch. 

Emplastrum Picis Canadensis (Plaster of Canada Pitch), 
sometimes called Hemlock Pitch Plaster, consists of twelve 
parts of Canada pitch, melted with one part of yellow wax. 

Many other acrid substances are occasionally employed 
as rubefacients. Ginger (see p. 174), Black Pepper (see 
p. 169), and Garlic (see p. 258), are particularly deserving 
of mention.. 



EPISPASTICS. 

Epispastics, called also vesicants and blisters, are medi- 
cines which, when applied to the skin, produce inflamma- 
tion, accompanied by effusion of serum beneath the cuticle. 
Many of the rubefacients will blister, if kept on the skin 
a sufficient length of time ; and, on the other hand, the 
action of vesicants may be made not to extend beyond 
rubefaction. The inflammation of the skin, caused by 
vesicants, is erysipelatous in its character, and may result 
in suppuration and even sloughing or gangrene. In in- 
flammations of the dermoid tissues, as rubeola and scarla- 
tina, in typhus under certain circumstances, and in ex- 
treme infancy, — vesicants may produce fatal consequences. 

This class of agents is employed : 1. As derivatives or re- 
vellents, for the relief of internal inflammations. By de- 

2L 



322 MATERIA MEDICA. 

termining the circulating fluid and the nervous energy to 
the seat of their action, vesicants exert a powerful influ- 
ence in the cure of distant inflammations. They are ob- 
jectionable in the early stages of acute inflammation, be- 
fore febrile action has been subdued, as they may excite 
the vascular system, and thus increase the inflammation of 
the affected organ. As regards the proper situation for 
applying vesicants, different theoretical opinions have been 
advanced; but experience has shown that, for the relief of 
internal inflammation, they cannot be applied too near the 
affected organ. In affections of the head, blisters are pre- 
eminently useful. 2. To substitute a healthy therapeutic 
inflammatory action, which subsides spontaneously, for a 
morbid action existing in the part to which they are ap- 
plied. In this way vesicants are used for the cure of va- 
rious cutaneous eruptions. 3. To relieve pain, which they 
do partly by a derivative, and partly by a substitutive in- 
fluence. 4. To break up morbid associations by the pow- 
erful impression which they make on the nervous system, 
as in the cure of intermittent fever, spasmodic diseases, 
&c. 5. To stimulate the absorbing or secreting vessels of 
parts contiguous to the seat of their application ; in this 
way, they are useful in promoting the absorption of drop- 
sical effusions, in the treatment of ununited fracture, &c. 
6. As general stimulants, in typhoid conditions of the 
system, coma, syncope, &c. 7. As local stimulants in 
threatened gangrene, paralysis, &c. 8. As evacuants, 
chiefly for the purpose of local depletion. 9. In retroce- 
dent gout, and in retrocession of exanthematous eruptions. 
10. To prepare a surface for the endermic application of 
medicines. 



CANTHARIS — CANTHAKIDES. 

Cantharis vesicatoria, or the Spanish Fly, is an insect 
from six to ten lines in length, by two or three in breadth, 
of a beautiful, shining, golden-green color. It is found 



CANTHARIDES. 323 

most abundantly in Spain, Italy, and the south of France, 
but occurs in all the temperate parts of Europe, and in 
Western Asia. The Spanish flies swarm on certain trees 
and shrubs, and may be detected at a considerable dis- 
tance by their strong, fetid odor, which resembles that of 
mice. They make their appearance in May and June, and 
are collected in these months by persons who beat or shake 
them from the trees on which they lodge, and receive them, 
as they fall, upon linen cloths spread underneath. They 
are plunged into hot vinegar and water, or exposed to the 
vapor of boiling vinegar, and are afterwards dried in the 
sun or by drying stoves. When perfectly dry, they are 
packed in canisters, which are carefully closed so as to ex- 
clude atmospheric moisture. They are usually imported 
into this country from some Mediterranean port. A highly 
esteemed variety comes from South Russia, through St. 
Petersburg, which is distinguished by the larger size and 
copper color of the flies. 

In the dried state, Spanish flies retain their form, color, 
odor, &c. ; their taste is acrid, burning, and urinous ; their 
powder is of a grayish-brown color, interspersed with 
shining green particles. If exposed to moisture, they are 
soon decomposed, most speedily when powdered. As, 
moreover, the powder is liable to adulterations, they 
should always be purchased whole, and should be powder- 
ered as they are wanted for use They are liable to be 
attacked by mites, which destroy the interior soft parts : 
the best mode of preserving them is to expose them, in 
bottles, to the heat of boiling water, which destroys the 
eggs of the insect. A little camphor or carbonate of am- 
monia, or a few drops of strong acetic acid or chloroform, 
added to the flies, are also recommended as preservatives. 

The most important constituents of cantharides are a 
volatile oil, upon which the odor depends, and a white, 
crystalline substance, termed cantharidin, which is the vesi- 
cating principle. Cantharidin is soluble in ether, chloro- 
form, the oils, acetic acid, and boiling alcohol, and insoluble 



324 MATERIA MEDICA. 

in water and cold alcohol; but, notwithstanding this insolu- 
bility of cantharidin, watery and alcoholic solutions of can- 
tharides possess the medicinal properties of the insect, — 
the cantharidin being rendered soluble by the combination 
in which it exists. 

Physiological Effects. — Cantharides are an acrid stimulant. 
Taken internally, in small doses, they excite the secretion 
of the kidneys, and sometimes produce more or less irrita- 
tion of the genito-urinary passages, evinced by strangury, 
pain, and occasionally the discharge of bloody urine. In 
large doses they produce violent gastro-enteric and genito- 
urinary inflammation ; and, in excessive doses, prove fatal, 
with convulsions, tetanus, delirium, and other cerebro- 
spinal symptoms. Twenty-four grains have occasioned 
death. In cases of poisoning, after the stomach has been 
emptied, opiates, demulcents, topical depletion, &c, are to 
be resorted to. Applied to the skin, cantharides produce 
inflammation, which terminates in the free secretion of 
serum under the cuticle. Even when they are externally 
applied, their constitutional effects, as strangury, tenesmus, 
&c, are frequently manifested. 

Medicinal Uses. — The indications which cantharides are 
capable of fulfilling, when administered internally, as a 
diuretic, emmenagogue, &c, have been already noticed 
(see p. 252). Their chief use is as an external application, 
to produce blisters ; but they are sometimes also employed 
externally, as rubefacients, for the purpose of local or gene- 
ral stimulation in low forms of disease. Cantharides are 
preferred to all other substances as epispastics, and they are 
used for all the medicinal purposes that are within the 
range of this class of medicines. 

The following are the forms under which Spanish flies 
are used externally: 

Ceratum Cantharidis (Cerate of Cantharides), commonly 
known as Blistering Cerate, is made by mixing powdered 
cantharides (twelve parts) with melted wax and resin (each 
seven parts), and lard (ten parts). This is the preparation 



CANTHARIDES. 325 

usually employed to raise a blister. It can be applied 
without the aid of heat, and should be spread on soft 
leather or linen, and covered with gauze or unsized paper, 
to lessen the liability to strangury. From four to twelve 
hours is the period for which the cerate should be applied 
— on the scalp a longer application may be required. For 
an ordinary impression, and where the cutaneous sensi- 
bility is not impaired by disease, it need not be kept on 
more than four or five hours. In cases of children, less 
time is required for the application of the cerate, and great 
caution is necessary in applying it to infants. A poultice 
of bread and milk or flaxseed meal should be afterwards 
applied, which usually produces vesication, if the action 
of the blister has not extended beyond rubefaction. If it 
be desirable to heal the blistered surface immediately, 
cotton wadding or simple cerate may be placed over it, 
after the serum has been allowed to escape. To maintain 
the discharge, the cuticle should be removed, and basilicon 
ointment applied ; if the surface require further irritation, 
the ointments of savine, mezereon, or cantharides may be 
used. The open or perpetual blister is, however, not 
required, for ordinary antiphlogistic purposes. In case of 
excessive pain, a poultice of bread-crumb and lead water, 
with gr. J of sulphate of morphia mixed in it, or a starch 
poultice, or lime liniment, is a soothing application. Gou- 
lard's cerate is an excellent application to heal obstinate 
ulcers from blisters. For the relief of strangury, diluents 
and diuretics are proper, as flaxseed tea, with sweet spirit 
of nitre, decoction of uva ursi, &c. Oeratum Extracti Can- 
tharidis (Cerate of Extract of Cantharides), differs chiefly 
from the common cerate in being made with an alcoholic 
extract of the flies instead of the flies themselves ; it is a 
new preparation, and is said to be more active than the 
old. To prepare it, 5 troyounces of cantharides are to be 
percolated to exhaustion with stronger alcohol, evaporated 
to the consistence of a soft extract, and mixed with 3 troy- 
ounces of resin, 6 troyounces of yellow wax, and 7 troy- 



326 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ounces of lard (melted together). Ethereal, alcoholic, hydro- 
alcoholic, and watery extracts of Spanish flies, have been 
suggested as substitutes for the blistering cerate, and, mixed 
with wax and spread on thin cloth or paper, are termed 
vesicating taffetas. Unguentum Cantharidis [Ointment of 
Cantharides), made by boiling a troy ounce of cantharides 
(digested in six fluidounces of olive oil) with a troyounce 
of yellow wax, is employed as a stimulating dressing to 
blistered surfaces, or to produce vesication on delicate 
skins ; it is no longer officinal, but it is a useful prepara- 
tion. Linimentum Cantharidis {Liniment of Cantharides), 
consists of a troyounce of cantharides dissolved in eight 
fluidounces of oil of turpentine ; it is a prompt stimulating 
liniment in low fevers, and may be applied to the skin to 
prepare it for the action of the blistering cerate. Collodium 
cum Cantharide (Collodion with Cantharides), is made by 
dissolving gun-cotton in a mixture of alcohol and ether, 
which has been used to obtain the active properties of can- 
tharides by percolation ; 8 troyounces of cantharides are 
percolated with stronger ether until 15 fluidounces have 
passed, the percolation is continued until half a pint more 
of liquid is obtained, which is reduced to a fluidounce and 
mixed with the reserved liquid, in which 8 troyounces of 
cotton (prepared by the process for collodion) are dissolved 
with agitation. It is a colorless, transparent liquid, which, 
to prevent its evaporation, should be kept in well-stoppered 
bottles. It furnishes a very convenient mode of blistering 
a small or irregular surface, and is applied by means of a 
camel' s-hair brush, in successive layers, which should be 
covered with a piece of oiled silk. 

CANTHARIS VITTATA — POTATO FLIES. 

Several species of Cantharis are found in the United 
States, and are good substitutes for C. vesicatoria. C. 
vittata, or the Potato Fly, is most used. It resembles the 
Spanish fly in shape, but is rather smaller, being about 



ANTIMONIAL OINTMENT. 327 

six lines in length, and inhabits chiefly the potato plant. 
It contains cantharidin. 



AQUA AMMONITE — WATER OF AMMONIA. 

Water of Ammonia (see p. 165) may be used for the 
purpose of speedy vesication. The aqua ammoniee fortior 
(see also p. 165), five parts, mixed with spirit of camphor, 
two parts, and spirit of rosemary, one part, has been used 
as a prompt vesicant, under the name of Granville s lotion. 
A piece of flannel, saturated with the liniment, is applied 
to the skin, which it will generally blister in from three to 
ten minutes. 



SUPPURANTS. 
OLEUM TIGLII — CROTON OIL. 

Croton oil (see p. 234), when rubbed on the skin, pro- 
duces rubefaction, accompanied by a pustular eruption. It 
is an excellent application to the throat and chest, in sub- 
acute or chronic laryngeal and bronchial affections, and to 
rheumatic joints. It may be applied undiluted, or mixed 
with one, two, or three parts of olive oil or oil of turpen- 
tine, according to the susceptibility of the skin. 

UNGUENTUM ANTIMONII — ANTIMONIAL OINTMENT. 

This ointment consists of one part of tartrate of anti- 
mony and potassa mixed with four parts of lard. The pe- 
culiar eruptive effects of tartar emetic have been already 
noticed (p. 186). It may be used in the form of ointment 
or solution, in the same cases as croton oil, but is a more 
painful and permanent application. 



328 MATERIA MEDICA. 



ESCHAROTICS. 

Escharotics (from eaxapa, an eschar), called also cauterants, 
are medicines which destroy the structure and vitality of 
the parts to which they are applied. The eschar, which 
their application produces, is followed by inflammation and 
suppuration in the surrounding tissues, by which the slough 
is separated from the living parts. 

They are emplo} T ed : 1. To effect the destruction of mor- 
bid growth, warts, condylomata, polypi, fungous granula- 
tions, &c. 2. To decompose the virus of rabid and venom- 
ous animals, and of chancres. 3. For the cure of violent 
inflammation, by their substitutive action, as when they 
are applied to the mucous or cutaneous surfaces, in gonor- 
rhceal ophthalmia, erysipelas, poisoned parts, carbuncle, 
&c. 4. To stimulate indolent sinuses, ulcers, &c, where 
their influence is also of a substitutive character. 5. To 
open abscesses. 6. To form issues. 7. To remove morbid 
heterologous growths, as lupus, cancer, &c. 



ARGENTI NITRAS FUSA — FUSED NITRATE OF 

SILVER. 

Lunar Caustic (described at length, p. 135), is the most 
commonly employed of the caustics. It has the advantage 
of not liquefying when applied, and its action is therefore 
confined to the parts with which it is brought in contact. 
It is used to remove fungous granulations in wounds and 
ulcers, to destroy warts, to decompose and prevent the ab- 
sorption of the syphilitic virus in chancres, to alter the 
action of indolent ulcers, sinuses, and fistulse, to subdue 
the inflammatory action of paronychia, erythema, &c, to 
arrest the progress of erysipelas and cancrum oris, to cut 
short variolous pustules, to cure skin diseases by a substitu- 
tive action, and in inflammations of mucous membranes. 
In dilutions of various strengths, it is resorted to in every 



POTASSA. 



329 



variety of inflammation of the mucous membranes ; when 
a full impression is desired, a solution of gr. xx-xxx in. 
distilled water f 5j, may be employed ; for ordinary pur- 
poses, gr. ij to water foj. 



POTASSA. 

Caustic Potassa is prepared by the rapid evaporation of 
Solution of Potassa (see p. 308) with heat. While in the 
state of fusion, it is received into cylindrical iron moulds, 
and it occurs in the form of sticks, of a brownish, grayish, 
or bluish color, a fibrous fracture, the odor of slaking lime, 
and a caustic, urinous taste. It dissolves in alcohol, and 
in less than its weight of water, and attracts both moisture 
and carbonic acid rapidly from the air. It is more or less 
impure as found in the shops. By digestion in alcohol, it 
is freed from impurities insoluble in this menstruum (as 
the carbonates of potassa), and it may be afterwards ob- 
tained quite white and pure by evaporation ; it is then 
termed alcoholic potassa. The potassa of the shops is a 
hydrate, consisting of one eq. of water and one of potassa. 

Effects and Uses. — It is the most powerful known es- 
charotic, and differs from lunar caustic, in extending its 
action to a considerable depth beneath the surface to which 
it is applied. It is used chiefly to open abscesses and form 
issues, and sometimes also to arrest the sloughing of car- 
buncles. When it is applied to the skin, this should be 
covered with linen spread with adhesive plaster, having a 
hole the size of the spot to be cauterized. A solution (5jss 
to f 5ij of water), is used as a rubefacient. 

Potassa cum Calce {Potassa with Lime), is prepared by 
rubbing up equal parts of potassa and lime. It is made 
into a paste with a little alcohol, and is sometimes termed 
Vienna paste ; it has also been formed into sticks. The 
presence of lime renders this a milder, less deliquescent, 
and more manageable caustic than potassa. 



330 MATERIA MEDICA. 



ACIDUM CHROMICUM — CHROMIC ACID. 

Chromic Acid (Cr0 3 ) is obtained by the reaction of sul- 
phuric acid upon a solution of bichromate of potassa. It 
occurs in the form of anhydrous acicular crystals, of a 
crimson-red color, and an acid, metallic taste; they are 
deliquescent, and very soluble in water, with which they 
form an orange-yellow solution. 

Effects and Uses. — This is an eschar otic of recent intro- 
duction into the Materia Medica. It is of unsurpassed 
power in this particular, decomposing the tissues by its 
rapid oxidizing action. Used in the form of paste, or solu- 
tion more or less dilute, it is a most efficacious application 
to morbid growths and excrescences, as syphilitic condylo- 
mata, &c. It gives less pain than other caustics ; but it is 
to be used with caution, especially to delicate parts like 
the eye, as its action is deeply penetrating. The solution 
may be made of the strength of from 100 grains up to a 
troyounce to a fluidounce of water; and is to be applied 
by means of a pencil or glass rod. 

; 

ACIDUM ARSENIOSUM — ARSENIOUS ACID. 

This is a powerful escharotic (see p. 297), and is occa- 
sionally applied in lupus, onychia maligna, cancerous 
ulcers, and to change the action of indolent sinuses ; but 
its use is attended with danger. It may be diluted with 
one or more parts of sulphur. 

ZINCI CHLORIDUM — CHLORIDE OF ZINC. 

This is also a powerful escharotic (see p. 133) ; and, in 
addition to its corrosive properties, it appears to exercise 
a greater influence over the vital action of neighboring 
parts than some of the other caustics. The separation of 
its eschar leaves very healthy and vigorous granulations, 



SULPHATE OF COPPER. 331 

and it is one of the best applications that can be made to 
intractable indolent ulcers and sinuses. It will care lupus. 

LIQUOR HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS — SOLUTION OF 
NITRATE OF MERCURY. 

This preparation (see p. 289), termed also the acid nitrate 
of mercury, is a valuable caustic application to malignant 
ulcers, &c. 



HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM — CORROSIVE 
CHLORIDE OF MERCURY. 

Corrosive Sublimate is more frequently used as a stimulant 
wash than as a caustic. For its properties, uses, and modes 
of application, see p. 284. 

POTASS^ BICHROMAS — BICHROMATE OF POTASSA. 

This salt, already noticed under the head of alteratives 
(see p. 274), is a good caustic application, in saturated 
solution, or powder, to syphilitic and other vegetations. 

ACIDA MINERALIA — MINERAL ACIDS. 

The mineral acids (see p. 137), are powerful escharotics, 
but are inconvenient for many uses, on account of the ex- 
tension of their action beyond the point of application. 
On the other hand, they can be made to reach the bottoms 
of sinuses and nstulse, which are inaccessible to the solid 
caustics. Nitric acid, for such purposes, has no equal in 
the list of escharotics ; it is also used to destroy warts. 
Properly diluted, the mineral acids are employed as injec- 
tions, gargles, &c. ; and in the form of ointment in skin 
diseases. 

Sulphate of Copper (see p. 131), and Alum (see p. 160), 



332 MATERIA MEDICA. 

are mild escharotics, but are chiefly used to remove fun- 
gous granulations in ulcers. The actual cautery and moxa 
have been alluded to under the head of Heat (see p. 20). 



ORDER II. — DEMULCENTS. 

Demulcents, or Lenitives, are medicines which soften and 
relax the tissues, and, when applied to irritated or inflamed 
surfaces, diminish heat, tension, and pain. They consist 
chiefly of gum, or mucilage, or of a mixture of these with 
saccharine and farinaceous substances, and form with 
water viscid solutions. Their constitutional effects are 
principally nutritive, though perhaps to some extent they 
relieve irritation in distant organs, by modifying the acri- 
dity of the secretions. Demulcent solutions are adminis- 
tered internally: 1. To sheathe and protect the gastro- 
enteric surface from the injurious effects of irritating sub- 
stances — particularly acrid poisons. 2. To relieve irritation 
and inflammation of the alimentary canal, as in gastritis, 
enteritis, diarrhoea, and dysentery ; and for this purpose 
they may be administered either by the mouth or rectum. 

3. In catarrhal affections, in which they are probably use- 
ful, in part by the transmission of thejr lubricating and 
soothing effects on the fauces and oesophagus by reflex 
action to the laryngeal and bronchial membranes, and in 
part by modifying the acridity of expectorated matters. 

4. In affections of the urinary passages, as ardor urinae, 
cystitis, &c, and, in these cases, they act chiefly by dimi- 
nishing the acridity of the secretions. 5. As agreeable 
drinks, to quench thirst and promote the action of the 
secreting and exhaling organs, in febrile affections. Their 
effects, in these cases, are owing partly to the water which 
they contain, to which they are added merely for the sake 
of flavor, and partly also to the nutrient which they fur- 
nish. When administered with the object of increasing 
the proportion of the fluid parts of the blood, demulcents 
are termed diluents. 6. As light diet for the sick. 7. For 



GUM ARABIC. 333 

pharmaceutical purposes, to suspend substances insoluble 
in water, &c. 

Externally, mucilaginous solutions are extensively em- 
ployed, to relieve the heat, swelling, and pain of inflam- 
mations, wounds, burns, &c. ; to hasten suppuration, where 
inflammation is too far advanced for resolution ; to cleanse 
foul and scabby ulcers ; to promote suppuration from gra- 
nulating surfaces, &c, &c. Mucilaginous and amylaceous 
substances are applied to inflamed and ulcerated parts, 
mixed with water so as to form soft masses, termed cata- 
plasms or 'poultices. These are useful vehicles of heat and 
moisture to the skin, and are used also for the relief of in- 
ternal inflammations, as when applied to the chest and ab- 
domen in pleurisy, bronchitis, peritonitis, dysentery, &c. 
Applied externally, this class of medicines is termed emol- 
lients. 

ACACIA — GUM ARABIC. 

Gum Arabic is the concrete juice of Acacia vera, 
Acacia Arabica, and other species of Acacia (Nat, Ord. 
Fabacese), thorny or prickly trees or shrubs of Africa and 
Arabia. The gum exudes, either through natural cracks 
in the bark, or through incisions made to facilitate its 
exudation, and hardens on exposure. The most abundant 
yield is in the hot and dry weather, and is obtained from 
the sickliest trees. Several commercial varieties are known, 
as Turkey, Barbary, Senegal, India, &c, of which the two 
most important are Turkey gum, and Senegal gum. 1. 
Turlcey gum comes from the Levant or other parts of the 
Mediterranean, and is the kind usually found in the shops. 
It consists chiefly of small, irregular fragments, inter- 
spersed with larger pieces, of a whitish color, which is 
sometimes slightly tinged with yellow or reddish-yellow. 
It is lighter-colored, more brittle, more readily soluble, and 
purer than other varieties, and is generally characterized 
by innumerable minute fissures pervading its substance. 



334 MATERIA MEDICA. 

2. Senegal gum comes from the western coast of Africa. It 
occurs in roundish or oval unbroken pieces, larger, less 
brittle, and breaking with a more conch oidal fracture than 
those of Turkey gum, sometimes whitish, but generally 
yellowish, reddish, or brownish-red. 3. Barbary gum comes 
from Morocco ; it is derived, in part at least, from A. gum- 
mifera, and consists of two kinds, one resembling the 
Turkey, the other the Senegal gum. 4. India gum, though 
brought from India, is collected on the northeastern coast 
of Africa, and in the ports of the Red Sea. It is in pieces 
of varying size, color, and quality, and is often contami- 
nated with Bassora gum, which is insoluble in water. 
Gum is also imported into England from the Cape of Good 
Hope, and from Australia. All the varieties are more or 
less transparent, hard, brittle, and pulverizable, and form 
a white powder. They are inodorous, with a feeble, 
slightly sweetish taste, and, when pure, dissolve wholly in 
the mouth. When kept in a dry place, they undergo no 
change by time. 

Chemical Constituents. — Gum Arabic consists almost 
wholly of a peculiar proximate principle, usually termed 
gum, but latterly designated by chemists as arabin. It is 
soluble in hot or cold water, forming a viscid solution, 
called mucilage, and is insoluble in alcohol, ether, and the 
oils. Alcohol precipitates gum from its aqueous solution ; 
subacetate of lead (which is a delicate test), nitrate of lead, 
and solution of sesquichloride of iron also precipiiate it 
from solution. Gums of inferior transparency and solu- 
bility contain bassorin, an inert principle, insoluble in 
water and alcohol. 

Effects and Uses. — Gum Arabic is extensively employed, 
internally, as a demulcent in gastro-enteric inflammation, 
diarrhoea, dysentery, cases of acrid poisoning, &c. ; as a 
lubricant to the fauces in catarrhal affections, and also as a 
vehicle for anodynes and expectorants in cough mixtures ; 
and as a diluent in fevers and inflammatory cases. It is 
not now considered to be digestible and can scarcely rank 



TRAGACANTH. 



335 



(as formerly supposed) with nutrients. It is usually ad- 
ministered in solution (a troy ounce to boiling water Oj, 
to be given when cool) ; in cases of irritation of the fauces, 
it may be taken in the mouth, and allowed slowly to dis- 
solve. For pharmaceutical purposes, gum arabic is much 
used to suspend insoluble substances in water, and in 
making pills and lozenges. Mucilago Acaciee (Mucilage of 
Gum Arabic) — (four troyounces to boiling water Oss), — is 
used in making pills, emulsions, &c. ; it becomes sour by 
keeping. Syrupus Acacix (Syrup of Gum Arabic), — (two 
troyounces to water fSviij, with sugar fourteen troyounces), 
— is used for the same purposes. Mistura Amygdalee (Mix- 
ture of Almond, or Almond Emulsion), — is made by dissolv- 
ing a mixture of half a troyounce of blanched sweet al- 
monds, 30 grains of gum arabic, 120 grains of sugar, in 
half a pint of water; it is a pleasant demulcent and vehicle 
for other medicines. By dissolving equal parts of sugar 
and gum arabic in water and evaporating, an agreeable de- 
mulcent is obtained, known as gum pectoral, which is sold 
as an imitation of jujube paste. 



TRAGACANTH A — TRAGACANTH. 

This is a concrete juice obtained from Astragalus verus 
and other species of Astragalus (Nat. Ord. Fabacese). They 
are small shrubs found in Persia, Asia Minor, and coun- 
tries bordering on the Levant — with numerous branches, 
covered with imbricated scales and beset with spines. 
Tragacanth exudes spontaneously in the hot weather, and 
hardens as it exudes, in forms of various shapes. It oc- 
curs in irregular, tortuous pieces, of a whitish or yellowish- 
white or occasionally a slightly reddish color, somewhat 
translucent, resembling horn in appearance. It is hard 
and fragile, but very difficult of pulverization, has no 
smell, and very little taste. When heated with water, it 
swells and forms a paste, and, if agitated with an addi- 
tional quantity, it forms a uniform mixture, from which it 



336 MATERIA MEDICA. 

is, however, almost entirely deposited, upon standing a 
day or two. It contains two constituents, one soluble in 
water, resembling arabin, the other termed tragacanthin, 
which is probably identical with bassorin. 

Effects and Uses. — Tragacanth is seldom given inter- 
nally, on account of its difficult solubility. It is useful in 
suspending heavy insoluble powders, and answers better 
than gum arable to impart consistence to lozenges. Mu- 
cilago Tragacantlxse {Mucilage of Tragacanth), — (a troy ounce 
to boiling water Oj), — is used in making pills and troches, 
and for the suspension of heavy insoluble metallic sub- 
stances. 



LINUM — FLAXSEED. 

This is the seed of Linum usitatissimum, or Common 
Flax (Wat. Ord. Linacese), an annual plant, of the height 
of two feet, originally a native of Eastern countries, but 
naturalized in Europe, and cultivated in all parts of the 
world. The seed and oil are both officinal. The seeds 
are about a line in length, oval, smooth, and glossy, of a 
brown color externally, and yellowish-white within ; a 
variety of flax is cultivated in Ohio, the seeds of which 
are greenish-yellow. Flaxseeds are inodorous, and have 
an oily, mucilaginous taste. They contain a fixed oil, a 
large proportion of mucilaginous matter, vegetable albumen 
and various other ingredients; the mucilaginous matter, 
which is found chiefly in the husks of the seeds, consists, 
about one-half, of a principle soluble in cold water, re- 
sembling arabin, and, about one-third, of a principle in- 
soluble in water. The oil (oleum lini, or linseed oil), is 
obtained by expression from the interior part of the seeds ; 
it is laxative in the dose of fgi-ij, but is chiefly used, ex- 
ternally, as an ingredient of linimentum calcis (see p. 314). 

Effects and Uses. — The compound infusion of flaxseed 
(half a troy ounce to boiling water Oj, with liquorice root 
5\j), is an admirable demulcent, extensively employed, 



SLIPPERY ELM BARK. 337 

internally, in catarrh, bowel-complaints, nephritic and cal- 
culous complaints, strangury, &c. ; and also (without the 
liquorice root), as an external antiphlogistic application. 
Decoction is an improper mode of preparing a demulcent 
solution of flaxseed, as boiling extracts part of the oil; 
but it answers very well when it is used as a laxative 
enema. Flaxseed meal (lini farina), mixed with hot water, 
forms a much-used emollient poultice. The cake, remain- 
ing after the expression of the oil, retains the mucilaginous 
and albuminous constituents of the seeds, and forms a food 
for cattle, under the name of oil-cake. This is used for 
making poultices, but is inferior to the meal made from 
the seeds which have not been deprived of their oil. 

ULMtfS FULVA — SLIPPERY ELM BARK. 

This is the inner bark of Ulmus fulva, or Slippery 
Elm (Nat. Ord. UlmaceaB), a lofty indigenous tree, which 
is found throughout the United States, north of Carolina, 
and grows most abundantly west of the Allegheny Moun- 
tains. The inner bark is prepared for use by the removal 
of the epidermis; it is found in the shops in long flat 
pieces, of a fibrous texture, tawny on the outer surface 
and reddish on the inner, of a peculiar but not unpleasant 
smell, and a very mucilaginous taste. It affords a light, 
grayish, fawn-colored powder. A large quantity of muci- 
laginous matter is contained in it, which is readily yielded 
to water. Much of the bark lately brought into the market 
is inferior, containing but little mucilage; it is less fibrous 
and more brittle than the genuine bark. 

Effects and Uses. — Slippery elm bark is a valuable de- 
mulcent, extensively and advantageously employed in dys- 
entery, diarrhoea, genito-urinary diseases, catarrhs, &c. It 
is also highly nutritious. Externally, it is an excellent 
emollient application, in the form either of infusion, or of 
poultice made with the powder. It has been also recom- 
mended for the dilatation of strictures and fistulas. The in- 

22 



338 MATERIA MEDICA. 

fusion — mucilago ulmi (mucilage of slippery elm baric), — (a 
troyounce to boiling water Oj), — may be used ad libitum. 

SASSAFRAS MEDULLA — SASSAFRAS PITH. 

Sassafras pith is the pith of the stems of Sassafras offici- 
nale (see p. 242). It occurs in light, spongy, whitish, slen- 
der, cylindrical pieces, of a mucilaginous taste. It abounds 
in a gummy matter, which it yields readily to water, form- 
ing a limpid, viscid mucilage. This mucilage (5j to cold 
water Oj), is a pleasant demulcent drink in -dyspeptic, ne- 
phritic, and catarrhal affections, and is much used as a 
soothing application in ophthalmia. 

ALTH^)A — MARSH MALLOW. 

The roots of Althaea officinalis {Nat. Ord. Malvaceae), and 
other Malvaceae, herbaceous European plants, occasionally 
found too on the borders of salt marshes in our own coun- 
try, are much used in Europe as demulcents. They are 
imported in pieces three or four inches in length, of nearly 
the thickness of the finger, light, easily broken, white ex- 
ternally, of a peculiar faint smell, and a mild, mucilagi- 
nous, sweetish taste. The chief constituents of marshmal- 
low are mucilage and starch, the former soluble in cold 
water, the latter requiring hot water. It contains also 
asparagin or malamide, a principle found in asparagus roots 
and other plants. 

Uses. — Marshmallow decoction is employed as a demulcent 
in inflammatory and irritated conditions of the mucous 
membranes of the respiratory, digestive, and ' urinary or- 
gans, and poultices made of the bruised or powdered root 
.are used externally. 

SESAMI FOLIUM — BENNE LEAF. 

This leaf is the product of Sesamum Indicum and Sesa- 
mum Orientale {Nat. Ord. Bignoniae), annual plants, grow- 



LIQUORICE ROOT. 339 

ing to the height of four or five feet, with ovate-lanceolate, 
lobed leaves, reddish-white axillary flowers, and an oblong 
capsule containing small, oval, yellowish seeds. They are 
natives of India, but now raised in Asia, Egypt, Italy, and 
also in South Carolina, and in the neighborhood of Phila- 
delphia. The seeds contain a fixed oil, and the leaves 
yield to cold water a large quantity of mucilage, resemb- 
ling that of sassafras pith. This is a highly esteemed de- 
mulcent drink, used in cholera infantum and infantile 
bowel- complaints. The seeds are eaten as food by the 
negroes in Carolina, in broths, puddings, &c. The oil 
(oleum sesami), which is inodorous, of a bland, sweetish 
taste, and keeps well, maybe used internally or externally, 
as a substitute for olive oil. 



GLYCYRRHIZA — LIQUORICE ROOT. 

This is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Nat. Ord. Faba- 
ceee), a small herbaceous, perennial plant, of the countries 
around the Mediterranean. It is imported from Sicily and 
Spain ; and a portion of the Sicilian root is said to be the 
product of G-. echinata. As found in the shops, liquorice 
root is in long, wrinkled pieces, often worm-eaten, varying 
from a few lines to more than an inch in thickness, exter- 
nally grayish-brown, internally yellowish, without smell, 
and of a sweet, mucilaginous, sometimes slightly acrid 
taste. The best pieces are of the brightest yellow inter- 
nally. The powder is grayish-yellow, or, if it is powdered 
with the epidermis removed, pale sulphur-yellow. The 
constituents of liquorice root are, a peculiar, transparent, 
yellow, sweetish substance, termed glycyrrhizin (which is 
scarcely soluble in cold water, but soluble in boiling water 
and alcohol, and is insusceptible of the vinous fermenta- 
tion), starch, albumen, an acrid resin, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — A decoction of liquorice root (a troy- 
ounce boiled for a few minutes in water Oj), is a useful 
demulcent in dysenteric, catarrhal, and nephritic affec- 



340 MATERIA MEDICA. 

tions ; it is also added to decoctions of acrid substances, 
to cover their taste and acridity. It should be made of the 
root, deprived of its cortical part, which is acrid and without 
demulcent virtues ; by long boiling, the acrid resin is ex- 
tracted. The powder is used in making pills (see p. 28). 

Extractum Glycyrrhiz.e (Liquorice), is made by the eva- 
poration of a decoction of the half-dried root. It comes to 
this country chiefly from Leghorn and Messina, and in 
part, also, from Spain ; good liquorice is prepared, too, in 
JSTew York, and in England. Crude liquorice, when good, 
occurs in black, flattened, cylindrical rolls, about an inch 
in diameter, which are dry, brittle, with a shining fracture, 
of a very sweet, peculiar, slightly acrid taste, and are quite 
soluble in water. It is, however, much sophisticated, and 
for internal use, is, generally, refined, by dissolving the im- 
pure extract in water, without ebullition, straining the 
solution, and evaporating ; sugar is often mixed with it, 
and sometimes mucilage or glue. Refined liquorice is in 
small cylindrical pieces, not thicker than a pipe-stem. Li- 
quorice is a pleasant demulcent, much used as an addition 
to cough mixtures and lozenges, and to acrid infusions and 
decoctions. Mistura G-lycyrrhizse Composita, commonly 
called Brown Mixture, consists of liquorice, gum arabic, 
sugar, each half a troyounce ; paregoric, f §ij ; antimonial 
wine, f Sj ; sweet spirit of nitre, f§ss ; water, fSxij ; dose, 
f§ss. Liquorice enters into the composition of several 
troches already noticed. 

CETRARIA — ICELAND MOSS. 

Cetraria Islandica, or Iceland Moss (Wat. Ord. Lichena- 
cese), is a foliaceous, erect lichen, from two to four inches 
high, found in the northern latitudes and mountainous dis- 
tricts of the new and old continents. It is principally ob- 
tained from Norway and Iceland ; and, as found in the 
shops, consists of irregularly lobed and channeled coria- 
ceous leaves, fringed at their edges with rigid hairs, of a 



IRISH MOSS. 341 

brownish or grayish-white color, darker on the upper sur- 
face, and sometimes marked with blood-red spots. It is 
almost odorless, and has a bitter mucilaginous taste ; its 
powder is whitish-gray. It gives up its virtues to boiling 
water, and consists chiefly of a kind of amylaceous matter 
(which is colored blue by iodine, and is termed lichenin), 
and a bitter principle, termed cetrarin, which yields cetraric 
acid ; it contains, besides, other principles. 

Effects and Uses. — Iceland moss is a demulcent tonic, and 
is also highly nutritious. It is adapted to cases requiring 
a light aliment combined with a mild and acceptable tonic ; 
and, from its demulcent properties, has a soothing influ- 
ence in inflammations of the various mucous membranes. 
It is chiefly used in chronic affections of the pulmonary 
and digestive organs, in the form of decoction (half a troy- 
ounce boiled with water enough to make a pint), which 
may be taken ad libitum. By maceration in water or a 
weak alkaline solution, Iceland moss may be deprived of 
its bitter principle : and it is then used as a mild nutritive 
demulcent. 

CHONDRUS — IRISH MOSS. 

Chondrus crispus, Carrageen or Irish Moss (Nat. Ord. 
Algacese), is a marine alga, found chiefly on the west coast 
of Ireland, where it is prepared for use by washing, bleach- 
ing, and drying. As found in the shops, it consists of 
fronds, from two to three or four inches long, mostly yel- 
lowish or dirty-white, but intermixed with purplish-red 
portions, nearly inodorous, and of a mucilaginous taste. 
It swells up in warm water, and is almost entirely dissolved 
when boiled. Its chief constituent is a peculiar mucilagi- 
nous principle, for which the term carrageenin has been 
proposed ; and it contains also some mucus, resins, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — It is a very agreeable nutritive demul- 
cent, useful in bowel-complaints and pectoral affections. 
It may be given in the form of decoction (half a troyounce 



342 MATERIA MEDICA. 

to water, Ojss, boiled to Oj), flavored with lemon-juice and 
sugar ; or it may be made with milk or cream into blanc- 
mange, which forms an excellent light diet for the sick. 



MAR ANT A — ARROW-ROOT. 

Arrow-root is a fecula, obtained from the root of Ma- 
ranta arundinacea (Nat. Ord. Marantacese), a perennial her- 
baceous plant, of the height of two or three feet, originally 
found in the "West Indies, and now cultivated in both the 
West and East Indies, Florida, Ceylon, and Sierra Leone. 
Other plants also furnish some of the arrow-root of com- 
merce. The root of M. arundinacea is a white, fleshy, scaly, 
articulated, cylindrical tuber, from six inches to a foot 
or more in length, furnished with long fibres, and giving 
origin to several tuberous stoles, similar to itself. It consists 
principally of fecula or starch, which is extracted from the 
roots when they are about a year old : they are washed and 
beaten into a pulp, which is stirred in water, and the fibrous 
part wrung out by the hands ; the milky liquor is strained 
and suffered to settle, and the subsiding mass is dried in 
the sun. It occurs in the form of a light, opaque, white 
powder, or small pulverulent masses, without odor or taste ; 
and is brought to our market chiefly from the West Indies, 
and to some amount, also, from Georgia and Florida. The 
preferred kind is that which comes from Bermuda. 

Arrow-root is a pure starch, insoluble in cold water. Its 
peculiar characteristic is the structure and appearance of 
its granules, when viewed under a microscope ; and this affords 
the best means of distinguishing it from other feculse, which 
are mixed with or sold for it. The granules of the genuine 
arrow-root are ovate-oblong, irregularly convex, with fine 
rings, a hilum or central cavity, and often short processes 
or spines. 

Effects and Uses. — Arrow-root is a valuable nutritive de- 
mulcent, forming a very pleasant light diet in bowel-com- 



TAPIOCA. 343 

plaints and pulmonary and urinary affections. It is also 
much used as an article of food for infants. It is prepared 
by mixing a tablespoonful with a little cold water until it 
is reduced to a paste, and then gradually adding a pint of 
boiling water or milk, or due proportions of each, stirring 
the mixture at the same time. Lemon-juice and sugar, or 
wine and spices, may be added, according to the indication. 
It is generally made with milk, when used as a diet for in- 
fants. 



CANNA. 

Canna starch (known also by the French name of tous 
les mois), is a fecula prepared from the rhizoma of an un- 
determined species of canna, generally believed, however, 
to be C. edulis. It comes from the West Indies and Cen- 
tral America, and occurs in the form of a light, very white 
powder, of a shining appearance. Its granules are longer 
than those of any other variety of starch, and are ovate or 
oblong, with numerous regular, unequally distant rings. 
It is used and prepared like arrow-root. 

TAPIOCA. 

This is the fecula of the root of Janipha Manihot (Nat. 
Ord. Euphorbiacese), a South American shrub, some six or 
eight feet in height, cultivated also in the "West Indies, 
where it is termed the cassava plant. The root is a very 
large, white, fleshy tuber, and is found under two varieties, 
the sweet and bitter ; the latter contains an acrid, poisonous 
juice, which is, however, volatile, and dissipated by heat. 
Tapioca is obtained from the expressed juice of both varie- 
ties, from which it is deposited as a starchy powder ; it is 
afterwards dried by heat, which causes the starch-grains to 
swell and agglomerate into small masses or lumps. It 
occurs in the form of irregular, hard, white, rough grains, 
of little taste, and partially soluble in cold water. In boil- 



344 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ing water it swells up, and forms a transparent jelly-like 
mass, which constitutes an admirable demulcent article of 
diet, applicable to the same cases as arrow-root. 



SAGO. 

Sago is the prepared fecula of the pith of Sagus Rum- 
phii, or the Sago Palm, and of other species of Sagus (Nat, 
Ord. Palmacese), small trees of the Moluccas and other 
East India Islands. The immature stems contain a great 
mass of spongy medullary matter, which is extracted in the 
state of a coarse powder; this is mingled with water, and 
the mixture, upon standing, deposits the insoluble farina, 
which, when dried, constitutes sago. The sago of com- 
merce is prepared by forming the meal into a paste with 
water, and rubbing it into grains. It is refined at Malacca 
and Singapore, so as to give the grains a fine pearly lustre, 
and in this state is called pearl sago. Pearl Sago is the pre- 
ferred variety, and is that which is now in general use. It 
is in small grains, about the size of a pin's head, hard, 
whitish, of a light-brown color, inodorous, and nearly taste- 
less. Common Sago is in larger, duller, browner grains, 
often mixed with a dirty-looking powder. 

Sago is, chemically, a starch. Common sago is insolu- 
ble in cold water ; but pearl sago is partially dissolved by 
it, owing to the heat which it has undergone. The only 
use of sago is as a bland, unirritating article of diet. It 
should be boiled some time in water (or milk, if preferred), 
and carefully stirred, to insure the thorough solution of 
the grains; the solution, after being strained, may be fla- 
vored with sugar, lemon-juice, wine, or spices, according 
to the requirements of the case. 

HORDEUM — BARLEY. 

Barley, as prepared for medicinal use, consists of the de- 
corticated seed of Hordeum distichon, and other species of 



OATMEAL. 345 

Hordeum (Nat. Orel. Graminaceae) ; well-knowu grains, 
supposed to be derived from Tartary, and now in cultiva- 
tion in most parts of the world. The seeds are oval, ob- 
long, marked with a longitudinal furrow, of a yellowish 
color externally, white within, a faint odor, and a mild, 
sweetish taste. They contain starch, gluten, gum, sugar, 
and a peculiar principle termed hordein, analogous to lignin. 
When made to germinate by warmth and moisture, and 
afterwards baked to deprive them of vitality, barley-seeds * 
are termed malt; this process increases the nutritious pro- 
perties of the grain, by increasing the proportions of sugar, 
starch, and gum, at the expense of the hordein. Deprived 
of its husk, the grain is termed hulled barley, and hulled 
barley, when ground, is barley rmal. Pearl Barley is the 
grain with all the investments removed, and afterwards 
rounded and polished in a mill ; it is thus freed from its 
fibrous matter, and is the only fit form for medicinal use. 
It consists of small, white, oval grains, with a dark longi- 
tudinal furrow on one side, and yields its virtues to boiling 
water. In the form of decoction, and suitably flavored, it 
makes an exceedingly bland demulcent nutritive drink, in 
fevers and inflammatory cases ; (two troyounces, previously 
washed with cold water, are mixed with water Oss, and 
boiled for a short time ; this water should be thrown away, 
and Oiv boiling hot are poured upon the barle}^ and boiled 
to Oij). A decoction of malt is more nutritious ; mixed 
with hops, it is termed wort. 

Avenge Faring (Oatmeal), — the meal prepared from the 
seeds of Avena Sativa (Nat. Ord. Graminaceae), furnishes 
a pleasant diet for the sick, more nutritious than the pure 
starches, as it contains 3 per cent, of albumen with 72.8 
per cent, of starch. It has a slight laxative influence on 
the bowels, and is often administered to assist the action 
of cathartics. Oatmeal gruel is prepared by boiling from 
one to two troyounces of the meal in three pints of water 
to a quart, straining the decoction, allowing it to stand 



346 MATERIA MEDICA. 

till it cools, and then pouring off the clear liquor from 
the sediment. It may be flavored with sugar, and lemon- 
juice or raisins. 

Oryza (Bice), — the fruit of Oryza Sativa (Nat. Ord. Gra- 
minacese), containing about 85 per cent, of starch, and 
nearly 4 per cent, of gluten, is an excellent demulcent 
diet for the sick, in affections of the bowels. Mice-water, 
made by boiling a troyounce in a pint of water for an 
hour, may be used as drink. 

Salep — the prepared bulbs of Orchis mascula (Nat. Ord. 
Orchidacese), consists of small, oval, hard, heavy, semi- 
transparent masses, of a yellowish color, a feeble odor, and 
a mild mucilaginous taste. It contains, like tragacanth, 
two gums (one insoluble, the other soluble), and also 
starch. It is demulcent and highly nutritive, and is used 
in the same way as tapioca, sago, &c. The Castillon pow- 
ders, consisting of salep, sago, and tragacanth (in powder), 
each a drachm, prepared oyster-shell a scruple, and cochi- 
neal enough to give color to the mixture, constitute an 
excellent article of diet in bowel complaints. A drachm 
may be taken boiled in a pint of milk. 

Amylum (Starch), a proximate principle, pervading the 
vegetable kingdom, is used in solution as a demulcent to 
irritated surfaces, as a vehicle for anodyne enemata, as an 
antidote for iodine, and, in powder, as a desiccant. 

Gelatina (G-elatin), a solid, transparent, corneous sub- 
stance, obtained from the bones and other tissues of ani- 
mals, (soluble in boiling water, and forming, on cooling, a 
transparent jelly), may be noticed with demulcents. 
"When dried, it is found in the form of whitish, or yel- 
lowish, semi-transparent, hard and tough, tasteless, ino- 
dorous strips. It is used to make soups and jellies for the 
sick, but it is not of easy digestion, and it does not nourish 



WHITE WAX. 347 

the nitrogenous tissues. In solution, it has been used as 
an enema in dysentery and hemorrhoids. And in phar- 
macy, it is employed to make capsules for the administra- 
tion of disagreeable liquid medicines, and as a coating for 
pills. 

Ichthyocolla (Isinglass), prepared from the swimming 
bladder of Acipenser huso (the sturgeon), and of other 
species offish, is the purest form of gelatin. Court-plaster 
is made by coating oiled silk with a solution of isinglass. 

For external use, the animal fats are employed as emol- 
lients. 

Adeps (Lard), is the prepared fat of sus scrofa (the 
hog). It is used in pharmacy as an addition to poultices, 
and as an inunction in the exanthemata, particularly scar- 
latina. Cerate of lard, ceratum adipis (formerly termed 
simple cerate), is made by melting together two parts of 
lard and one part of white wax. Unguentum adipis (oint- 
ment of lard), is made by melting together four parts of 
lard and one part of white wax. Lard oil (the olein of 
lard), is a good vehicle for anodyne enemata. 

Sevum (Suet), is the prepared fat of ovis aries (the 
sheep). 

Cetaceum (Spermaceti), is a peculiar concrete substance, 
obtained from Physeter macrocephalus (the spermaceti 
whale). Spermaceti cerate (ceratum cetacei), is made by melt- 
ing together one part of spermaceti and three parts of 
white wax, and then adding five parts of olive oil. 

Cera Flava (Yellow Wax), is a peculiar concrete sub- 
stance, prepared by Apis mellifica (the honey bee). 

Cera Alba ( White Wax), is yellow wax bleached. It is 
chiefly used in making cerates, ointments, and plasters. 



348 MATERIA MEDICA. 



OLEUM THEOBKOM^ — OIL OF THEOBROMA. 

This oil, commonly known as butter of cacao, is the con- 
crete oil of the fruit of Theohroma Cacao (Nat. Ord. Ster- 
culiacese), a handsome tree, from twelve to twenty feet in 
height, growing in Mexico, the West Indies, Central 
America, and South America. The fruit is an ovate- 
oblong capsule or berry, half a foot in length, with a thick, 
coriaceous, ligneous rind, inclosing a whitish pulp, in 
which numerous ovate seeds are imbedded, about the size 
of an almond. Separated from the matter in which they 
are enveloped, these constitute the chocolate-nuts of com- 
merce (see p. 92). They contain fixed oil (cacao butter), 
theobromia, and other matters. Theobrornia is a nitrogenous 
alkaloid, analogous to caffeina. Cacao butter is obtained 
by expression, decoction, or the action of a solvent. It 
occurs in whitish or yellowish oblong cakes, of the consis- 
tence of tallow, and of an agreeable odor and taste. It con- 
tains a large proportion of stearin, also palmitin and olein. 
It is used in pharmacy for coating pills, and also largely 
in preparing suppositories, for which it is well adapted 
from its consistence and blandness. 



GLYCERIN A — GLYCERIN. 

This is a substance which exists in oils in combination 
with the fatty acids (stearic, margaric, oleic, &c), and is 
liberated from them when they unite with bases in the 
process of saponification. It is usually obtained in the 
process for making lead plaster, by mixing litharge (oxide 
of lead) with olive oil and boiling water, by which the 
fatty acid unites with the lead, and is precipitated, aud the 
glycerin remains in solution. It is freed from any lead it 
may contain by means of a stream of sulphuretted hydro- 
gen gas, and is afterwards filtered through animal char- 
coal ; or it may be made more directly by blowing steam 



COLLODION. 349 

through fat, which causes a separation of the glycerin and 
fatty acids. It is a thick, syrupy liquid, colorless or straw- 
colored, unctuous to the touch, inodorous, and of a sharp, 
sweet taste. When pure, its sp. gr. is 1.26, when it con- 
tains 98 per cent, of anhydrous glycerin. It is soluble in 
oils, alcohol, and water, but is insoluble in ether and chlo- 
roform. It is a very general solvent, and does not evapo- 
rate when exposed to the air, but absorbs one half its 
weight of water. 

Effects and Uses. — Glycerin is a bland and unirritating 
substance. It has the capacity of diffusing itself freely 
over and through organic matter, incorporating itself 
between organic molecules, by which it is absorbed and 
appropriated. It may be used internally as a nutrient and 
demulcent, and is particularly efficacious in cachectic, 
strumous, and asthenic conditions in children; but it is as 
a topical application that it is chiefly employed. As an 
enema in dysentery, to soften hardened mucus in the 
air-passages, in various cutaneous affections, in diphtheria, 
in deafness attended with dryness of the meatus, and as a 
vehicle or solvent for active medicines, glycerin is a valu- 
able article. 



COLLODIUM — COLLODION. 

This is a solution of gun-cotton in ether and alcohol. 
Gun-cotton is prepared by adding half a troyounce of pure 
cotton to a mixture of 10 troyounces of nitrate of potassa 
in 15 J troyounces of sulphuric acid ; the cotton is to be 
afterwards washed first with cold and then with boiling 
water, and this is to be displaced with stronger alcohol ; 
56 grains of gun-cotton, dried at 212° F. maybe dissolved 
in a mixture of 3J fluidounces of stronger ether and a 
fluidounce of stronger alcohol. Collodion is a colorless, 
transparent, syrupy liquid, with a strong ethereal smell. 
By exposure to the air, the solvent evaporates, with a de- 
posit of crystals of gun-cotton, the collodion thus solidify- 



350 MATERIA MEDICA. 

ing, and, in so doing, contracting and becoming strongly 
adhesive. In this way it proves antiphlogistic, by driving 
the blood away from a part, limiting effusion, and pro- 
moting absorption, and, at the same time, acts as an ad- 
mirable emollient by protecting an inflamed surface from 
the action of the air. It is a useful application to ulcers, 
fissures, and skin diseases, and erysipelatous parts. It is 
used also in surgery as a substitute for adhesive plaster, 
and in pharmacy as a vehicle for other medicines. Iodized 
collodion (a very good solution of iodine for external appli- 
cation), contains ten to twenty grains of iodine in a fluid- 
ounce of collodion. Collodion containing tannic acid (gr. 
xx-fSi), is a good styptic application. 

LIQUOR GUTT.E PERCHJE — SOLUTION OF GUTTA 

PERCHA. 

This is a solution of a troyounce and a half of gutta 
percha in 17 troyounces of purified chloroform. In pre- 
paring it, carbonate of lead is employed to free it from 
coloring matter. It is a clear, colorless, or nearly colorless 
solution, and should be kept in well-stoppered glass vials. 
By the evaporation of the chloroform, this proves an ad- 
mirable application to inflamed or abraded parts in skin 
affections, chaps, &c. ; also an excellent protective coating 
to parts threatened with bed-sores or liable to excoriation. 

FERMENTUM — YEAST. 

This well-known product of fermentation is a flocculent, 
frothy, somewhat viscid substance, of a dirty-yellowish 
color, a sour, vinous odor, and a bitter taste. It is inso- 
luble in alcohol or water. Its most important character- 
istic is its power of exciting the vinous fermentation in 
saccharine and starchy liquids. It is occasionally used in 
low fevers, attended with irritability of the stomach, in 
the dose of f§ss-ij, every two or three hours, which some- 



SAFFRON. 351 

lace- 



times proves laxative. Externally, it is added to farim 
ous poultices, applied to sloughing ulcers. 

MEL — HONEY. 

This liquid, the familiar product of the bee, best used 
in the form of Mel Despumatum (Clarified Honey), is a slightly 
laxative article of food, and is used in pharmacy, and as an 
agreeable demulcent ingredient in gargles. 

Saccharum (Sugar), and Syruptjs Fuscus (Molasses), are 
pleasant demulcents, useful in slight catarrhal affections, 
and entering in endless variety of combination into most 
domestic and medicinal remedies for this class of affec- 
tions. Their pharmaceutical uses are manifold ; the pre- 
servative action of sugar is of inestimable advantage in 
this branch of the Materia Medica. 

Saccharum Lactis (Sugar of Milk), the saccharine prin- 
ciple of milk, is used as a bland non-nitrogenous article of 
diet. By fermentation, sugar of milk gives rise to lactic 
acid (acidurn lacticum), a limpid, syrupy liquid, which has 
been used in certain forms of dyspepsia, and for the re- 
moval of phosphatic deposits in the urine, in the dose of 
5i-iij during the day. 

ORDER III. — COLORING AGENTS. 

These are employed exclusively for pharmaceutical pur- 
poses. The following articles enter into officinal prepara- 
tions, to which they are intended to communicate their 
peculiar color. 

CROCUS — SAFFRON. 

This is the stigmas of Crocus Sativus (Nat, Ord. Iri- 
dacese), a small perennial plant, the native country of 
which is Greece and Asia Minor, but now cultivated all 



352 MATERIA MEDICA. 

over Europe and in our own country. In Lancaster county, 
Pennsylvania, it has been raised to considerable extent. 
The stigmas are an inch or more in length, of a rich deep- 
orange color, a peculiar aromatic odor, and a warm, pun- 
gent, bitter taste. 

Saffron is now admitted to possess little if any medicinal 
activity, and is used only 'to impart color and flavor to offi- 
cinal preparations. 

SANTALUM — RED SAUNDERS. 

This is the wood of Pterocarpus Santalinus, a large tree 
of India and Ceylon (Nat. Ord. Fabacea?). It comes in 
roundish or angular billets, internally of a blood-red color, 
externally brown, of little smell or taste ; in the shops, it 
is found in the form of chips, raspings, or coarse powder. 
It is employed solely to give color to spirits and tinctures. 

COCCUS — COCHINEAL. 

This is an insect, termed Coccus Cacti, of Mexico 
and Central America, naturalized in Teneriffe and other 
places. The female insect, dried, constitutes the article of 
the shops. It occurs in the form of roundish or somewhat 
angular grains, about an eighth of an inch in diameter, 
convex on one side, concave or flat on -the other, and 
wrinkled. Two varieties are distinguished, one reddish- 
gray, the other nearly black, known as silver grains and 
black grains. It has a faint heavy odor, and a bitter, slightly 
acidulous taste. 

Cochineal has had antispasmodic virtues attributed to it, 
and has been used in whooping-cough, especially in com- 
bination with carbonate of potassa — dose, to infants, a 
third of a grain three times a day. It is chiefly employed, 
however, to color tinctures and ointments. 



PINKROOT. 353 



ORDER IV. — ANTHELMINTICS. 

Anthelmintics are medicines which promote the expul- 
sion of worms from the alimentary canal. They act in 
different ways : some weaken or destroy the worms by a 
direct poisonous influence, others by mechanical means; 
the drastic cathartics have an anthelmintic effect, from the 
increased secretion and exhalation which they induce from 
the alimentary canal. 

S PI GEL I A — PINKROOT. 

Pinkroot is the root of Spigelia Marilandica, or Carolina 
Pink (Nat. Ord. Spigeliacese), an herbaceous, indigenous 
plant, found chiefly in our Southern and Southwestern 
States. The root is perennial, and consists of a number of 
slender fibres ; the stems are numerous, from a foot to a 
foot and a half high, of a purplish color, furnished with 
sessile, opposite, ovate-lanceolate leaves, and terminate in 
spikes, bearing carmine-colored, funnel-shaped flowers, 
which appear from May to July. The root, as found in 
the shops, consists of numerous slender, wrinkled, branch- 
ing, brownish fibres, attached to a dark-brown caudex, and 
has a faint peculiar smell, and a sweetish, slightly bitter 
taste ; its activity is diminished by time. Boiling water 
extracts its virtues, which are thought to depend upon a 
bitter principle ; it contains also volatile oil, resin, and other 
matters. 

Effects and Uses. — In ordinary doses, pinkroot often 
proves anthelmintic without any sensible effect on the 
system. In larger doses, it purges and sometimes vomits ; 
and, in excessive doses, it operates as a narcotic poison, 
producing vertigo, dilated pupils, convulsions, and death. 
It is less apt to occasion narcotic effects when it acts on 
the bowels, and hence it is usually combined with or fol- 
lowed by cathartics. As an anthelmintic, it is considered 
the most reliable article we possess. 

23 



354 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



Administration. — Dose of the powdered root, 3i— ij , for an 
adult; for a child three or four years old, gr. x-xx, to be 

Fig. 26. 




repeated night and morning for three or four days, and 
followed by a brisk cathartic ; calomel is sometimes com- 
bined with it. The infusion is the usual form of adminis- 
tration (half a troyounce to boiling water Oj, with fre- 
quently senna, half a troyounce) ; dose f5ss-j for a child 



WORMSEED. 355 

two or three years old, f§iv-viij for an adult, night and 
morning. The fluid extraet contains in a fluidounce a troy- 
ounce of spigelia — dose, for a child two years old, ten 
drops. The fluid extraet of Spigelia and Senna (which con- 
tains also carbonate of potassa and the oils of caraway and 
anise), is a pleasant preparation ; dose, f gss for an adult, 
f 5j for a child. 

CHENOPODIUM — WORMSEED. 

Wormseed is the fruit of Chenopodium anthelminti- 

Fig. 27. 



M 




cum, or Jerusalem Oak {Nat. Ord. Chenopodiacese), an in- 
digenous, herbaceous, perennial plant, from two to five 



356 MATERIA MEDICA. 

feet high, with alternate, oblong-lanceolate, sinuated and 
toothed, yellowish-green leaves, and numerous small 
flowers of the same color, arranged in long terminal pani- 
cles. Wormseed, as found in the shops, is in small sphe- 
rical grains, not larger than a pin's head, of a dull, green- 
ish-yellow or brownish color, a peculiar offensive smell, 
and a rather aromatic, pungent taste. Their sensible and 
medicinal properties are owing to a volatile oil (Oleum 
Chenopodii), obtained by distillation. 

Effects and Uses. — Wormseed is a very efficient anthel- 
mintic, particularly adapted to the expulsion of lumbrici 
from children. Dose, 3i-ij for a child two or three years 
old, in molasses, night and morning, for three or four days, 
to be followed by a brisk cathartic. The oil is more used 
than the fruit; dose, gtt. v-x for a child, in emulsion 
with sugar. The expressed juice of the leaves, and a de- 
coction made with milk, are also used. 

SANTONICA. 

The unexpanded flowers and peduncles of Artemisia 
Contra and of other species of Artemisia, are used in Eu- 
rope as an anthelmintic (in the dose of 10 to 30 grains), 
under the name of European Wormseed. They contain 
volatile oil, resin, and a peculiar principle, termed Santo- 
nin — Santoninum. This is the anthelmintic constituent of 
Santonica, and is much employed. Dose, 2 or 3 grains, 
two or three times a day, in the form of lozenge or syrup. 

azedarach. 

This is the bark of the root of Melia Azedarach, or 
Pride of China (Nat. Ord. Meliaceae), an Asiatic tree, cul- 
tivated extensively as an ornamental tree in our Southern 
States. It has a bitter, nauseous taste, and yields its vir- 
tues to boiling water; but, as it is used only in the recent 
state, it is not found in our shops. Its effects are said to 



MALE FERN. 357 

resemble those of Spigelia. The decoction is the preferred 
form of administration (four troyounces to water Oij, boiled 
to Oj) ; dose for a child fgss, every two or three hours, till 
it affects the stomach and bowels ; or night and morning, 
for several days. 

MUCUNA — C0WHAGE. 

The hairs of the pods of Mucuna pruriens (Nat. Ord. 
Fabacese), a West Indian perennial climbing plant, act as 
anthelmintic, by a mechanical penetration of the worms. 
The pods are about four inches long, shaped like the Italic 
letter f, and are covered with brown bristly hairs, which, 
when handled, stick in the fingers, and produce an intense 
itching. For administration, the pods are dipped into syrup 
or molasses, and the hairs scraped off with the liquid, 
which should have the consistence of thick honey. Dose, 
a tablespoonful for an adult, a teaspoonful for a child, night 
and morning, for several days, and followed by a cathartic. 

FILIX MAS — MALE FERN. 

Aspidium Filix Mas, or Male Fern (Nat. Ord. Filicales), 
is an indigenous plant, common to all parts of the world, 
with a perennial, horizontal root, from which spring nu- 
merous annual, oval, lanceolate, acute, bright-green pin- 
nate fronds or leaves, from a foot to four feet in height ; 
the leaflets are deeply lobate, oval, crenate at their edges, 
and gradually diminish from the base of the pinna to the 
apex. The rhizoma is the portion used. It is a long, cy- 
lindrical caudex, covered with the remains of the leaf- 
stalks ; and, as found in the shops, it is generally broken 
into fragments, of a brown color externally, internally yel- 
lowish-white or reddish, with a peculiar feeble odor, and 
a sweetish, bitter, astringent, nauseous taste. It deterio- 
rates by keeping. It contains volatile oil, fixed oil, resin, 
tannic and gallic acids, &c, &c. Its virtues are supposed 



358 MATERIA MEDICA. 

to reside in the ethereal extract, which is the fixed oil in 
an impure state, containing volatile oil, resin, coloring 
matter, &c. 

Effects and Uses. — Male fern possesses tonic and astrin- 
gent properties ; but its chief use is to cause the expulsion 
of taenia, which it destroys by a specific action. Its effi- 
cacy in this respect has been long and well attested. Dose, 
of the powder, 5i-iijj in electuary or emulsion, night and 
morning, for one or two days ; of the ethereal extract, gr. 
x-xx, repeated ; and in both cases a cathartic is to be af- 
terwards given. 

GRAN ATI RAD I CIS CORTEX — BARK OF THE 
POMEGRANATE ROOT. 

The bark of the root of Punica granatum (see p. 152), 
is used for the expulsion of taenia. It is a powerful styp- 
tic, and may act in this way. It is given in decoction (two 
troyounces to water Oij, boiled to Oj), dose, fgij, or more. 

Oleum Terebinthin^e (Oil of Turpentine), (see p. 260), 
is used as a remedy for taenia and other worms. Dose, 
foj, combined with or followed by castor oil. 

Calomel (see p. 282), is a valuable anthelmintic, given 
in cathartic doses. 

Brayera (Koosso). The flowers and unripe fruit of 
Brayera Anthelmintica (Nat. Ord. Rosaceae), a native of 
Abyssinia, have been introduced into European practice, 
as a remedy for taenia, under the name of koosso. The 
dried flowers occur in unbroken, compressed clusters, of a 
greenish-yellow color, a fragrant balsamic odor, and a faint 
taste, which after a time becomes acrid and disagreeable. 
They are said to impart their virtues best to hot water, and 
to yield gum, resin, fatty matter, tannic acid, &c. They 
are best given upon an empty stomach, after a previous 



PUMPKIN SEED. 35U 

evacuation of the bowels, in the dose of half a troyounce 
of the powder, mixed with half a pint of warm water. 



ROTTLERA — KAMEELA. 

This is the powder and hairs, obtained from the cap- 
sules of Rottlera tinctoria, or, as it is now termed, Mallotus 
philippinensis (Nat. Ord. Euphorbiacese), a small tree of 
Hindostan and the East India islands. It is an orange- 
red, granular, inflammable powder, with little smell or 
taste, insoluble in cold, and nearly so in boiling water ; 
soluble in boiling alcohol and ether. It consists chiefly of 
resinous substances, to one of which, soluble in ether, and 
considered the active constituent, the name of rottlerin has 
been given. 

Uses. — Kameela, or hamala, is a highly esteemed tsenia- 
cide in India, and has lately been introduced into Europe 
and our own country. Dose of the powder, 5i-ij- A tinc- 
ture (six troyounces to alcohol Oj), is given in the dose of 
f 5i-iv. Castor oil should be taken after the medicine. 

PEPO — PUMPKIN SEED. 

The seed of Cucurbita pepo, or common pumpkin, is 
probably the most efficacious remedy known in the expul- 
sion of tape-worm. These seeds are oval, flattish, grooved, 
9 lines long by 5 or 6 in breadth, of a light brownish- white 
color, a sweetish taste, and aromatic smell. They contain 
a fixed oil, which is said to possess their anthelmintic vir- 
tues. One or two troyounces of the fresh seeds, deprived 
of their outer envelope, beaten to a paste with finely pow- 
dered sugar, and diluted with water or milk, should be 
taken after a twenty-four hours' fast, and followed, in two 
or three hours, by a dose of castor oil. Of the fixed oil, 
fgss-fgj may be taken. 



APPENDIX. 



SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS USED IN PRESCRIPTIONS. 

R, Recipe, take. 

aa, Ana (ava), of each. 

ft), Libra, libra,, a pound, pounds. 

^, TJncia, uncice, an ounce, ounces. 

5, Drachma, drachma}, a drachm, drachms. 

3, Scrupulus, scrupuli, a scruple, scruples. 

0, Octarius, octarii, a pint, pints. 

■f 5j. Fluiduncia, fluiduncice, a fluidounce, fluidounces. 

f3, Fluidrachma, fiuidrachmcn, a fluidrachm, fluidrachms. 

tt\,, Minimum, minima, a minim, minims. 

Ad 2 Vic, ^4c? c?#a« vices, at two takings. 

Ad Lib., Ad libitum. 

Add., ^eftfe, Addantur, add, let be added. 

Alteen. Hoeis, Alternis horis, every other hour. 

Aq. Destil., Aqua Destillata, distilled water. 

Aq. Feev., Aquafervens, hot water. 

Aq. Fluvial., Aqua fluvialis, river water. 

Aq. Font., Aqua fontana, spring water. 

Aq. Pluv., Aqua pluv talis, rain water. 

Bis Ind., Bis indies, twice a day. 

Bull., Bulliat, Bulliant, let it or them boil. 

Cap., Capiat, capiendum, let the patient take it, it must be taken. 

Chaet., Chartula, chartulce, a small paper, or papers. 

Cochleat., Cochleatim, by spoonfuls. 

Coch. Mag., Cochleare magnum, a tablespoonful. 

Coch. Med., Cochleare medium, a desertspoonful. 

Coch. Paev., Cochleare parvum, a teaspoonful. 

Col., Cola, coletur, strain, let it be strained. 

Collye., Collyrium, an eye-water. 

Comp., Compositus, compounded. 

Cong., Congius, congii, a gallon, gallons. 

C M. S., Cras mane sumendus, to be taken to-morrow morning. 

C N., Cras node, to-morrow night. 

Decoct., Decoctum, a decoction. 

De D. in D., Be die in diem, from day to day. 



362 APPENDIX. 

Dieb. Alter., Diebus Alternis, every other day. 

Dil., Dilue, dilutus, dilute, diluted. 

Dim., Dimidius, one-half. 

Div., Divide, divide. 

D., Doses, a dose. 

Elec, Electuarium, an electuary. 

Enema, Enema, enemata, a clyster, clysters. 

Exhib., Exhibeatur, let it be administered. 

F. H., Fiat hausius, let a draught be made. 

Fil., Filtra, filter. 

Ft., Fiat,fiant, let there be made. 

Garg., Gargarysma, a gargle. 

Gr., Granum, grana, a grain, grains. 

Gtt., Gutia, gutfce, a drop, drops. 

Guttat., Guttatim, by drops. 

Haust., Haustus, a draught. 

Ind., Indies, daily. 

Inf., Infunde, pour in. 

Infus., Infusum, an infusion. 

Inj., Injiciaiur, let it be injected. 

Jul., Julepus, julepum, a julep. 

M., Misce, Mix. 

Mane, in the morning. i 

Mist., Misiura, a mixture. 

Mic. Pan., Mica panis, crumb of bread. 

No., Numero, in number. 

Omn. Hor., Omni kord, every hour. 

Omn. Bid., Omni biduo, every two days. 

Omn. Bih., Omni bihord, every two hours. 

Omn. Man., Omni mane, every morning. 

Omn. Nocte, Omni node, every night. 

Omn. Quadr. Hor., Omni quadr ante horce, every quarter of an hour. 

Ph., Pharmacopoeia. 

Pocul., Poculum, a cup. 

P. R. N., Pro re natd, as the symptoms may call for. 

Pulv., Pulvis, a powder. 

Q. P., Quantum placeat, as much as you please. 

Q. S., Quantum sufficiat, enough. 

Quor., Quorum, of which. 

Redig. in Pulv., Redigatur in pulverem, let it be reduced to powder. 

Repet., Repetatur 1 repetantur, let it or them be repeated. 

S., Signa, write. 

S. A., Secundum artem, according to art. 

Semih., Semihora, half an hour. 

Sign., Signatura, a label. 

Ss., Semis, a half. 

Sum., Sume, sumendus, take, let it be taken. 

Tabel., Tabella, a lozenge. 

Troch., Trockiscus, a lozenge. 

Trit., Tritura, triturate. 



INDEX. 



Abbreviations, table of, 361. 
Abies balsamea, 259. 

Canadensis, 320. 

excelsa, 319. 

picea,,319. 
Abscesses, application of medicines to, 

41. 
Absinthium, 108. 

Absorption of medicines, 24, 25, 26. 
Acacia, 333. 

Arabica, 333. 

catechu, 143. 

vera, 333. 
Aceta, 32. 
Acetate of ammonia, solution of, 192. 

iron, 130. 

lead, 157. 

morphia, 51. 

potassa, 244. 

zinc, 132. 
Acetic acid, 193. 
Acetum, 193. 

colchici, 248. 

lobeliae, 62. 

opii, 50. 

scillee, 246. 
Acida mineralia, 137, 331. 

vegetabilia, 193. 
Acidum aceticum, 193. 

arseniosum, 297, 330. 

benzoicum, 269. 

carbolicum, 155. 

chromicum, 330. 

citricum, 193. 

gallicum, 142. 

hydrocyanicum, 69. 
dilutum, 69. 

lacticum, 351. 

muriaticum, 139. 
dilutum, 140. 

nitricum, 139. 

dilutum, 139. 

nitro-muriaticum, 140. 
dilutum, 140. 

sulphuricum, 137. 

aromaticum, 138. 
dilutum, 138. 



Acidum sulphurosum, 138. 

tannicum, 141. 

tartaricum, 193. 
Achillea, 111. 

millefolium, 111. 
Acipenser huso, 346. 
Aconite, 64. 

leaf, 64. 

root, 64. 
Aconiti folium, 64. 

radix, 64. 
Aconitia, 65, 66. 
Aconitum, 64. 

Napellus, 64. 
Acorus calamus, 176. 
Acupuncture, 19. 
Adeps, 347. 
Adhesive plaster, 262. 
either, 78. 

fortior, 78. 
African kino, 144. 

pepper, 168. 
Agathotes chirayta, 103. 
Age, influence of, 35. 

on plants, 25. 
Albumen as an antidote for corrosive 

sublimate, 285. 
Alcohol, 162.- 

dilutum, 163. 

fortius, 163. 
Alcoholic pptassa, 329. 
Alder, black, 122. 
Ale, 164. 

Alexandria senna, 225. 
Allium, 258. 

sativum, 258. 
Allspice, 172. 
Almond emulsion, 335. 
Aloe, 222. 

Barbadensis, 223. 

capensis, 222. 

purificata, 224. 

Socotrina, 222. 

spicata, 222. 

vulgaris, 222, 223. 
Aloes, 222. 
Aloin, 223. 



364 



INDEX. 



Alterative diaphoretics, 238. 
Alteratives, 42, 273. 
Althaea, 338. 

officinalis, 338. 
Alum, 160, 206, 331. 

ammonio-ferric, 130. 

dried, 160, 161. 

whey, 161. 
Alum-root, 153. 
Alumen, 160. 

exsiccatum, 160, 161. 
Alumiuae sulphas, 161. 
Amber, 95. 
American centaury, 101. 

columbo, 101. 

hellebore, 183. 

ipecacuanha, 205. 

opium, 44. 

poplar, 109. 

senna, 226. 

silver fir, 259. 

spikenard, 240. 
Amidogen, 287. 
Ammonia, 165. 

preparations of, 165, 313. 
Ammonia-alum, 160. 
Ammoniac, 89, 
Ammoniacum, 89. 
Ammonia? acetatis liquor, 192. 

aqua, 165, 327. 

fortior, 165, 327. 

carbonas, 166. 

linimentum, 166. 

murias, 302. 

praeparata, 165, 313. 

spiritus, 166. 

aromaticus, 166. 

valerianas, 91. 
Ammoniated copper, 131. 

iron, 129. 

mercury, 278. 

tincture of guaiac, 241. 
valerian, 90. 

tinctures, 30. 
Ammonii iodidum, 293. 
Ammonio-citrate of iron, 129. 
Amyl, acetate of, 85. 

hydruret of, 85. 

iodide of, 85. 

nitrite of, 85. 
Amylene, 85. 
Amylum, 346. 

Anaesthetics, ethereal, 42, 78. 
Anamirta cocculus, 76. 
Angelica, 111. 

Archangelica, 111. 

tree, 240. 
Angustura, 109. 

bark, 109. 



Angustura false, 109, 195. 
Anise, 180. 

star, 180. 
Anisum, 180. 
Anodynes, 43. 
Antacids, 43, 306. 
Anthelmintics, 42, 353. 
Anthemis, 106. 

cotula, 106. 

nobilis, 106. 
Antilithics. 307. 
Antimonial ointment, 187, 327 

powder, 189. 

wine, 188. 
Antiraoniated hydrogen, 189. 
Antimonii oxidum, 189. 

et potassae tartras, 185. 

oxysulphuretum, 188. 

prseparata, 185. 
Antimonium sulphuratum, 188. 
Antimony, preparations of, 185, 
Antispasmodics, 42, 87. 
Apiol, 253. 
Apocynin, 249. 
Apocynum cannabinum, 249. 
Apples, 208. 

Aqua ammoniae, 165, 327. 
fortior, 165, 327. 

amygdalae amara?, 72. 

aurantii florum, 178. 

camphorae, 74. 

chlorinii, 305. 

cinnamomi, 171. 

creasoti, 154. 

picis liquidae, 263. 

rosae, 152. 
Aquae, 29. 
Arabin, 334. 
Aralia nudicaulis, 240. 

racemosa, 240. 

spinosa, 240. 
Arctostaphylos uva ursi, 149. 
Argenti nitras, 134. 

fusa,-135, 328. 

oxidum, 135. 

praeparata, 134. 
Argol, 217. 
Aristolochia reticulata, 104. 

serpentaria, 104. 
Arnica, 167. 

montana, 167. 
Arnicina, 167. 
Aromatic confection, 175. 

powder, 175. 

spirit of ammonia, 166, 313. 

sulphuric acid, 138. 

syrup of rhubarb, 221. 
Aromatics, 162, 168. 
Arrack, 165. 



INDEX. 



365 



Arrow-root, 342. 
Arseniate of iron, 130. 
Arsenic, 297. 

acid, 297. 

preparations of, 297. 
Arseniciethydrargyriiodidi liquor, 301, 

iodidum, 301. 

prseparata, 297. 
Arsenious acid, 297, 330. 
Arsenite of potassa, solution of, 301. 

soda, 301. 
Artanthe elongata, 265. 
Artemisia absinthium, 108. 

contra, 356. 
Arteriotomy, 17. 
Artificial camphor, 73. 

musk, 94. 
Asparagin, 338. 
Aspidium Filix mas, 357. 
Assafetida, 87. 
Assafoetida, 87. 
Astragalus verus, 335. 
Astringents, 42, 140. 

mineral, 141, 155. 

vegetable, 141. 
Atomizatiou of fluids, 39. 
Atomizer, 39, 40. 
Atropa belladonna, 52. 
Atropia, 52. 

sulphate of, 52. 
Aurantii cortex, 178. 

flores, 178. 
A vena sativa, 345. 
Avenas farina, 345. 
Azedarach, 356. 

Balm of Gilead tree, 259. 
Balsam of fir, 259. 

Peru, 269. 

Tolu, 270. 
Balsamodendron Myrrha, 267. 
Balsams, 268. 
Balsamum Peruvianum, 269. 

Tolutanum, 270. 
Bandages, 19. 
Barbadoes aloes, 223. 
Barbary gum, 334. 
Barberry, 103. 
Barilla, 310. 

Bark of sassafras root, 242. 
Barley, 345. 
Barosma crenata, 266. 

crenulata, 266. 

serratifolia, 266. 
Basilicon ointment, 262. 
Bassorin, 334. 
Baths, 20, 22. 

of iodine, 291. 
Bay-rum, 165. 



Bean of St. Ignatius, 197. 
»Bearberry, 149. 
Bebeeru bark, 122. 
Bebeerin, 122. 
Belladonna, 52. 

leaf, 52. 

root, 52. 
Belladonnae folium, 52. 

radix, 52. 
Benne leaf, 338. 

oil, 339. 
Benzoe amygdaloides, 268. 

in sortis, 268. 
Benzoic acid, 268, 269. 
Benzoin, 268. 
Benzoinum, 268. 
Berberina, 103, 253. 
Bicarbonate of potassa, 308, 309. 

soda, 291. 
"Bichloride of carbon, 85. 

mercury, 284. 

methylene, 84. 
Bichromate of potassa, 304, 331. 
Biniodide of mercury, 286. 
Bismuth, subnitrate of, 136. 
Bismuthi subcarbonas, 136. 

subnitras, 136. 
Bitartrate of potassa, 217. 
Bitter almond water, 72. 

cucumber, 231. 

orange, 178. 
Bitters, aromatic, 98, 104. 

astringent, 98, 111. 

simple, 98. 
Bittersweet, 69. 
Black alder, 122. 

drop, 50. 

ginger, 174. 

hellebore, 231, 271. 

mustard, 317. 

nightshade, 69. 

oak bark, 147. 

oxide of mercury, 281. 

pepper, 169, 321. 

snakeroot, 256. 

wash, 281. 
Blackberry root, 153. 
Blennorrhetics, 42, 243, 254. 
Blistering cerate, 324. 
Blisters, 321. 
Bloodletting, 17, 18. 
Bloodroot, 203. 
Blue pill, 235, 236, 279. 

vitriol, 131. 
Boneset, 107. 
Borate of soda, 191. 
Borax, 191. 

Bordeaux turpentine, 259. 
Borneo camphor, 73. 



366 



INDEX. 



Botany bay kino, 145. 
Bran, 208. 
Brandy, 164. 
Brayera, 358. 

anthelmintica, 358. 
Brazilian sarsaparilla, 239. 
Brimstone, 212. 
Bromide of iron, 130, 294. 

mercury, 294. 

potassium, 294. 
Bromine, 293. 
Bromiuium, 293. 
Broom, 253. 
Brown ipecacuanha, 202. 

mixture, 340. 
Brucia, 195. 
Buchu, 266. 
Burgundy pitch, 319. 

plaster, 320. 
Butter, melted, 211. 

of cacao, 348. 

of nutmegs, 171. 
Butternut, 222. 

Cacao butter, 348. 
Cadmii sulphas, 136. 
Caffea, 92. 

Arabica, 92. 
Caffeic acid, 92. 
Caffeina, 92, 93. 
Caffeo-tannic acid, 92. 
Cajeput oil, 173. 
Calabar bean, 75. 
Calamina praeparata, 133. 
Calamine, 133. 
Calamus, 176. 
Calcined magnesia, 213. 
Calcis carbonas praecipitata, 315. 

phosphas praecipitata, 302. 

praeparata, 314. 
Calisaya bark, 112. 
Calomel, 235, 282, 358. 
Calor, 20. 
Calumb, 102. 
Calumba, 102. 
Calx chlorinata, 306. 
Camphene, 73. 
Camphor, 72, 73. 

liniment, 75. 

water, 74. 
Camphora, 72. 

officinarum, 72. 
Camphorated tincture of opium, 50. 
Canada balsam, 259. 

fleabane, 249. 

pitch, 320. 

turpentine, 259. 
Canella, 110. 

alba, 110. 



Canna, 343. 

edulis, 343. 
Cannabin, 67. 
Cannabis Indica, 66. 

sativa, 66. 
Cantharidin, 323. 
Cantharides, 322. 
Cantharis, 252, 271, 322. 

vesicatoria, 322. 

vittata, 326. 
Cape aloes, 222. 
Capsicin, 169. 
Capsicum, 168, 319. 

annuum, 168. 
Caraway, 180. 
Carbolic acid, 155. 
Carbon, tetrachloride of, 85. 
Carbonate of ammonia, 166. 

iron, pills of, 124. 

lead, 159. 

lime, precipitated, 314, 315. 

lithia, 312. 

magnesia, 214, 313. 

potassa, 308, 309. 
pure, 309. 

soda, 311. 

dried, 311. 

zinc, precipitated, 133. 
Carbonates of soda, 310. 
Cardamom, 175. 
Cardamomum, 175. 
Carminatives, 162. 
Carolina pink, 353. 
Carota, 252. 
Carrageen, 341. 
Carrageenin, 341. 
Carron oil, 315. 
Carrot seed, 252. 

root, 252. 
Carthagena barks, 113. 
Carum, 180. 

carui, 180. 
Caryophyllin, 172. 
Caryophyllus, 172. 

aromaticus, 172. 
Cascarilla, 110. 
Cascarillin, 110. 
Cassava plant, 343. 
Cassia acutifolia, 225. 

JEthiopica, 225. 

cinnamon, 170. 

elongata, 225. 

fistula, 210. 

lanceolata, 225. 

Marilandica, 226. 

obovata, 225, 226. 

purging, 210. 
Castillon powders, 346. 
Castor, 94. 



INDEX. 



367 



Castor fiber, 94. 

oil, 210. 
Castoreum, 94. 
Castorin, 95. 
Cataplasmata, 34. 
Cataplasms, 34, 333. 
Catechu, 143. 
Catechuic acid, 144. 
Cathartic acid, 226. 
Cathartics, 42, 207. 
Caustic potassa, 329. 
Cauterants, 328. 
Cautery, actual, 21. 
Cayenne pepper, 168. 
Centaury, lul. 
Cephaelis ipecacuanha, 201. 
Cera alba, 347. 

flava, 347. 
Cerasus serotina, 121. 
Cerata, 33. 
Cerates, 33. 
Cerate of cantharides, 324. 

carbonate of zinc, 133. 

extract of cantharides, 325. 

lard, 34, 347. 

subacelate of lead, 158. 
Ceratum adipis, 34, 347. 

calamine, 133. 

cantharidis, 324. 

cetacei, 347. 

extracti cantharidis, 325. 

plumbi subacetatis, 158. 

resinpp, 262. 

ct>mpositum, 262. 

sabinse, 272. 

simplex, 34. 

zinci carbonatis, 133. 
Cetaceum, 347. 
Cetraria, 3 19. 

islandica, 340. 
Cetraric acid, 341. 
Cetrarin, 341. 
Cevadilla, 184. 
Ceylon cinnamon, 170. 
Chalk mixture, 315. 

prepared, 315. 
Chalybeates, 122, 273. 
Chamomile, 106. 

German, 106. 

wild, 106. 
Champagne wine, 164. 
Chenopodium, 355. 

anthelminticum, 355. 
Chian turpentine, 259. 
Chimaphila, 150. 

maculata, 151. 

umbellata, 150. 
China cinnamon, 170. •. 

musk, 93. 



Chinese rhubarb, 219. 
Chloride of lime, 286. 

iron, 126. 

tincture of, 127. 

zinc, 133, 330. 
Chlorides of mercury, 279. 
Chlorinated lime, 306. 
Chlorine water, 305. 
Chloroform, 78, 81. 

purified, 81. 
Chloroformum, 78, 81. 

purificatum, 81. 
Chlorohydric acid, 139. 
Chocolate, 92. 
Choke cherry, 120. 
Chondrus, 341. 

crispus, 341. 
Chiretta, 103. 
Chlorate of potassa, 303. 
Chlorocarbon, 85. 
Cholagogues, 276. 
Chromic acid, 330. 
Chrysophanic acid, 220. 
Cicuta, 64. 
Cimcifuga, 256. 

racemosa, 256. 
Cinchona, 111. 

Calisaya, 111. 

condaminea, 111. 

flava, 111. 

micrantha, 111. 

pallida, 111. 

rubra, 111. 

succirubra, 111. 
Cinchonia, 112, 113, 114. 
Cinchonidia, 113, 114. 
Cinchonia? sulphas, 118. 
Cincho-tannic acid, 113. 
Cinnabar, 274, 288. 
Cinnamic acid, 171. 
Cinnamomum, 170. 

aromaticum, 170. 

zeylanicum, 170. 
Cinnamon, 170. 

water, 171. 
Cissampelina, 266. 
Cissampelos pareira, 266. 
Citrate of iron, 128. 

and quinia, 130. 

lithia, 312. 

magnesia, solution of, 216. 

potassa, 192. 

mixture of, 192. 
Citric acid, 193. 
Citrine ointment, 288. 
Citrullus colocynthis, 231. 
Citrus aurantium, 178. 

vulgaris, 178. 
Classification of Medicines, 42. 



368 



INDEX. 



Climate, influence of, 66. 

on plants, 26. 
Cloves, 172. 

Clutterbuck's elaterium, 233. 
Clysters, 41. 
Coca, 92. 
Cocaina, 93. 
Coccoloba uvifera, 144. 
Cocculus Indicus, 76. 

palmatus, 102. 
Coccus, 352. 

cacti, 352- 
Cochineal, 352. 
Cochlearia armoracia, 235. 
Codeia, 45. 
Cod-liver oil, 294. 
Coffee, 92. 
Cohosh, 256. 
Colchici radix, 246. 

semen, 246. 
Colchicia, 247. 
Colchicum, 246. 

autumnale, 246. 

root, 246. 

seed, 246. 
Cold, 21, 22. 
Colica pictonum, 156. 
Collyria, 38. 
Colocynth, 231. 
Colocynthin, 231. 
Colocynthis, 231. 
Collodion, 349. 

with cantharides, 326. 
Collodium, 349. 

cum cantharide, 326. 
Colombian barks, 113. 
Colombin, 103. 
Coloring agents, 42, 351. 
Compound cathartic pills, 232. 

decoction of sarsaparilla, 239. 

extract of colocynth, 231, 232. 

galbanum pills, 89. 

mixture of iron, 125. 

powder of jalap, 218, 228. 

solution of iodine, 291. 

spirit of ether, 96. 
juniper, 252. 

syrup of sarsaparilla, 240. 
squill, 246, 256. 
Confectio opii, 49. 

aromatica, 175. 

rosae, 152. 

sennae, 210, 226. 
1 Confection of opium, 49. 

rose, 152. 

senna, 210, 226. 
• Coufectiones, 28. 
Confections, 28. 
'Conia, 63. 



Conium, 62. 

maculatum, 62. 
Conserves, 28. 

Convolvulus scammonia, 230. 
Copaiba, 262. 
Copaifera officinalis, 262. 

multijuga, 263. 
Copaivic acid, 263. 
Copper, preparations of, 130. 

subacetate of, 131. 

sulphate of, 131, 331. 
Copperas, 125. 
Coptis, 99. 

trifolia, 99. 
Coriander, 180. 
Coriandrum, 180. 

sativum, 180. 
Cornus Florida, 119. 
Corroborants, 96. 

Corrosive chloride of mercury, 284, 
331. 

sublimate, 284, 331. 
Cotton', 200. 

root, 200. 
Cotula, 106. 
Court-plaster, 347. 
Cowhage, 357. 
Cranesbill, 148. ' 
Cream of tartar, 217, 244. 
Creasote, 153. 

ointment, 154. 

water, 154 
Creasotum, 153. 
Creta prseparata, 315. 
Crocus, 351. 

sativus, 351. 
Croton eleuteria, 110. 

oil, 234, 327. 

•tiglium, 234. 
Crotonic acid, 234. 
Crowfoot, 148. 
Crude camphor, 73. 

liquorice, 340. 

nitre, 190. 

sulphur, 212. 

tartar, 217. 
Cryolite, 311. 
Cryptopia, 45. 
Cubeb, 264. 
Cubeba, 264. 
Cubebin, 264. 
Cucurbita pepo, 359. 
Cultivation, influence of, on plants, 

26. 
Culver's root, 224. 
Cupri prseparata, 130. 

subacetas, 131. 

sulphas,* 131. 
Cuprum ammoniatum, 131. 



INDEX. 



369 



Cups, 18. 

Curare, 77. 

Cusparin, 109. 

Cyanide of potassium, 69. 

mercury, 286. 
Cyanchum oleeefolium, 225. 
Cynips quercusfolii, 143. 
Cypripedium, 91. 

pubescens, 91. 
Cytisus scoparius, 253, 

Dandelion, 251. 
Daphne gnidium, 241. 

mezereum, 241. 
Daphnin, 242. 
Datura stramonium, 55. 
Daturia, 56. 
Daucus carota, 252. 
Deadly nightshade, 52. 
Decocta, 30. 
Decoction of azedarach, 335. 

barley, 345. 

blackberry root, 153. 

black snakeroot, 258. 

cotton root, 240. 

cranesbill, 149. 

dogwood, 120. 

dulcamara, 69. 

fleabane, 249. 

Iceland moss, 341. 

Indian hemp, 250. 

Irish moss, 341. 

logwood, 147. 

oak bark, 147. 

Peruvian bark (yellow or red), 
116. 

pipsissewa, 152. 

pomegranate, 152. 

sarsaparilla, compound, 239. 

seneka, 256. 

uva ursi, 150. 
Decoctions, 30. 
Delphinium consolida, 253. 
Demulcents, 42, 332. 
Deshler's salve, 262. 
Diachylon, 159. 
Diaphoretics, 42, 237. 
Diffusible stimulants, 162. 
Digestion, 29. 
Digitaline, 181. 
Digitalis, 181, 244. 

purpurea, 181. 
Diluents, 332. 
Diluted alcohol, 163. 

hydrocyanic acid, 69. 

muriatic acid, 140. 

nitric acid, 139. 

nitro-muriatic acid, 141. 

sulphuric acid, 138. 



Diospyros, 152. 

Virginiana, 152. 
Diseases, influence of, 36. 
Distilled oils, 168. 
Diuretics, 42, 243. 
Dogwood, 119. 
Donovan's solution, 301. 
Dorema ammoniacum, 89. 
Doses, modifying effects of, 26. 

of medicines, 35. 
Dover's powder, 49, 203. 
Dracontium, 91. 

foetidum, 91. 
Drachm, 35. 
Drastics, 207, 227. 
Dried alum, 160, 161. 

carbonate of soda, 311. 

sulphate of iron, 125, 126. 
Drops, 35. 

Dryobalanops camphora, 73. 
Dulcamara, 69. 
Dutch camphor, 73. 

East India kino, 144. 
Eccritics, 42, 200. 
Ecbalium agreste, 233. 
Ecbolina, 198. 
Effects of medicines, 24. 
Effervescing draught, 192. 
Egyptian opium, 144. 
Elaterin, 233. 
Elaterium, 233. 
Electricity, 22, 23. 
Electro-puncture, 19. 
Electuaries, 28. 
Elettaria cardamomum, 175. 
Elixir of vitriol, 138. 
Ellis' magnesia, 213. 
Emetia, 202. 
Emetics, 42, 200. 

mineral, 206. 

vegetable, 201. 
Emmenagogues, 42,271. 
Emollients, 333. 
Emplastra, 34. 
Emplastrum ammoniaci, 90. 

cum hydrargyro, 230. 

arnicae, 167. 

assafcetidae, 89. 

belladonnas, 55. 

ferri, 124. 

galbani, 89. 

hydrargyri, 280. 

opii, 49. 

picis Burgundicae, 320. 
Canadensis, 321. 
cum cantharide, 320. 

plumbi, 34, 159. 

resinae, 262. 



24 



370 



INDEX. 



Emplastrnm saponis, 159. 

Emulsions, 29. 

Endermic application of medicines, 

37. 
Enemata, 41, 236. 
Epispastics, 316, 321. 
Epsom salt, 214. 
Ergot, 198. 
Ergota, 198. 
Ergotic acid, 198. 
Ergotina, 198. 
Erigeron, 249. 

Canadense, 249. 

heterophyllum, 249. 

Philadelphicum, 249. 
Errhines, 38. 
Erythroxylon coca, 92. 
Escharotics, 316, 328. 
Essential oils, 168. 
Ether, 78. 

stronger, 78. 
Ethereal oil, 96. 

tinctures, 30. 
Etherization, 79. 
Ethyl, 78. 

Eucalyptus resinifera, 145. 
Eugenia pimenta, 172. 
Eugenin, 172. 
Eupatorium, 107. 

perfoliatum, 107. 
Euphorbia corollata, 205. 

ipecacuanha, 205. 
European opium, 44. 

rhubarb, 220. 

wormseed, 356. 
Exogonium purga, 227. 
Expectorants, 254. 
Extract of aconite, 65. 
alcoholic, 65. 

American hellebore, fluid, 184. 

arnica, alcoholic, 167. 

'belladonna, 55. 

black hellebore, alcoholic, 231. 
snakeroot, fluid, 258. 

■buchu, fluid, 267. 

'butternut, 222. 

calabar bean, 76. 

colchicum, 248. 
fluid, 248. 

colcynth, alcoholic, 231. 
compound, 231, .232. 

cranesbill, 149. 

dandelion, 251. 
fluid, 251. 

dulcamara, 69. 
fluid, 69. 

ergot, fluid, 200. 

foxglove, alcoholic, 183. 

gentian, 101. 



Extract of gentian, fluid, 101. 
ginger, fluid, 175. 
hemlock, 64. 

alcoholic, 64. 

fluid, 64. 
hemp, 66. 

purified, 67. 
henbane, 58. 

alcoholic, 58. 

fluid, 58. 
Ignatia, alcoholic, 197. 
ipecacuanha, fluid, 203. 
jalap, 228. 
leptandra, fluid, 224. 
logwood, 147. 
lupulin, fluid, 68. 
male fern, ethereal, 357. 
May apple, 230. 
nux vomica, alcoholic, 196. 
opium, 49. 
Peruvian bark (yellow), 116. 

fluid, 116. 
pinkroot, fluid, 354. 
pipsissewa, 152. 
quassia, 99. 
rhatany, 146. 
rhubarb, 221. 

fluid, 221. 
sarsaparilla, fluid, 240. 

compound fluid, 240. 
seneka, alcoholic, 256. 
senna, fluid, 226. 
spigelia and senna, fluid, 354. 
stramonium leaf, 56. 

alcoholic, 56. 
uva ursi, fluid, 150. 
valerian, fluid, 91. 
Virginia snakeroot, fluid, 105. 
wild cherry bark, fluid, 121. 
Extracta, 32. 

fluida, 32. 
Extracts, 32. 
Extractum cannabis, 66. 

purificatum, 67, 
glycyrrhizse, 340. 
opii, 49. 

False angustura bark, 109, 195. 

sarsaparilla, 240. 
Fat manna, 209. 
Fennel, 179. 

water, 179. 
Fermentum, 350. 
Fern, male, 357. 
Ferri ammonio-citras, 129. 

carbonatis, pilulse, 124. 

chloridi, tinctura, 127. 

chloridum, 126. 

citras, 128. 



INDEX. 



371 



Ferri et ammoniae sulphas, 130. 

et ammoniae tartras, 130. 

et potassse tartras, 128. 

et quiniae citras, 130. 

ferrocyanidum, 129. 

iodidi, syrupus, 127. 

iodidum, 127. 

lactas, 129. 

nitratis, liquor, 129. 

oxidum hydratum, 123. 

phosphas, 128. 

praeparata, 122. 

pyrophosphas, 128. 

subcarbonas, 124. 

subsulphatis, liquor, 126. 

sulphas, 125. 

exsiccata, 126. 

tersulphatis, liquor, 126. 
Ferrocyanide of iron, 129. 
Ferruginea, 122. 
Ferrum ammoniatum, 129. 

redactum, 123. 
Figs, 208. 
Filix mas, 357. 
Flag, sweet, 176. 
Flake manna, 209. 
Flax, common, 336. 
Flaxseed, 336. 

meal, 337. 

oil, 211, 336. 
Fleabane, Canada, 249. 

Philadelphia, 249. 

various-leaved, 249. 
Florida arrow-root, 322. 
Flowers of sulphur, 212. 
Fluid extracts, 32. 
Fluidrachm, 35. 
Fluidounce, 35. 

Fluoride of sodium and aluminum, 311. 
Fceniculum, 179. 

vulgare, 179. 
Fonticuli, 19. 
1* orms in which medicines are used, 

26. 
Formyl, terchloride of, 82. 
Fowler's solution, 301. 
Foxglove, 181. 
Frasera, 101. 

Walteri, 101. 
Fraxinus, ornus, 209. 

rotundifolia, 209. 
Friction electricity, 23. 
Frictions, 19. 
Frigus, 31. 
Fumigation, 34. 

Gaduin, 295. 

Gadus morrhua, 294. 

Galbanum, 89. 



Galipea officinalis, 109. 
Gall-oak, 142. 
Galla, 142 
Gallic acid, 142. 
Gallon, 35. 
Galls, 142. 
Gamboge, 232. 
Gambogia, 232. 
Gargarismata, 38. 
Gargles, 38. 
Garlic, 258, 321. 
Gases, 34. 
Gaultheria, 177. 

procumbens, 177. 
Gelatin, 346. 
Gelatina, 346. 
Gelsemium, 185. 

sempervirens, 185. 
Gentian, 100 
Gentiana, 100. 

lutea, 100. 
Gentianin, 100. 
Geranium, 148. 

maculatum, 148. 
Geum rivale, 122. 
Gillenia, 205. 

stipulacea, 206. 

trifoliata, 205. 
Gin, 165. 
Ginger, 174, 321. 
Glauber's salt, 215. 
Glycerin, 348. 
Glycerina, 348. 
Glycyrrhiza, 339. 

echinata, 339. 

glabra, 339. 
Glycyrrhizin, 339. 
Golden sulphur of antimony, 188. 
Goldthread, 99. 
Gossypii radix, 200. 
Gossypium herbaceum, 200. 
Goulard's cerate, 158. 

extract, 158. 
Grains, 35. 
Granati fructus cortex, 152. 

radicis cortex, 358. * 
Granville's lotion, 327. 
Gray ipecacuanha, 202. 
Greenhart tree, 122. 
Green iodide of mercury, 286. 
Green vitriol, 125. 
Guaiac, 240. 
Guaiaci lignum, 240. 

resina, 240. 
Guaiacin, 241. 
Guaiacum, 240, 271. 

officinale, 240. 

wood, 240. 
Guanara, 93. 



372 



INDEX. 



Guatemala sarsaparilla, 239. 
Gum, 334. 

Arabic, 333. 

Barbary, 333, 334. 

India, 333, 334. 

Senegal, 333, 334. 

Turkey, 333. 

Habit, influence of, 36. 
Haematics, 42, 273. 
Haematin, 146. 
Hsematinics, 42, 273. 
Haematoxylon, 146. 

Campechianum, 146. 
Hardhack, 122. 
Haschisch, 67. 
Heat, 20. 
Hedeoma, 179. 

pulegioides, 179. 
Hellebore, American, 183. 
black, 231,271. 
white, 184. 
Helleborus, 231. 
niger, 231. 
Hemlock, 62. 
spotted, 62. 
spruce, 320. 
pitch plaster, 321. 
Hemp, Indian, 207. 
Henbane, 57. 
leaf, 57. 
seed, 57. 
Henry's magnesia, 213. 
Hepatic aloes, 223. 
Heuchera, 153. 

Americana, 153. 
Siera picra, 110, 224. 
lirudo decora, 18. 

medicinalis, 18. 
Hive-syrup, 246. 
Hoffman's anodyne liquor, 96. 
Honduras sarsaparilla, 238. 
Honey, 208, 351. 
of rose, 152. 
Honeys, 32. 

Hope's camphor mixture, 139. 
Hops, 67. 
Hordein, 345. 
Hordeum, 344. 

distichon, 344. 
Horehound, 179. 
Horsemint, 179. 
Horseradish, 253. 
Howard's calomel, 282. 
Hulled barley, 345. 
Humulus, 67. 

lupulus, 67. 
Husband's magnesia, 213. 
Huxham's tincture of bark, 105. 



Hydragogues, 207. 

Hydrargyri chloridum corrosivum, 
284, 331. 
mite, 235, 282. 
cyanidum, 286. 
iodidum viride, 286. 

rubrum, 286. 
oxidum nigrum, 281. 

rubrum, 281. 
nitratis unguentum, 288. 

liquor, 289, 331. 
prseparata, 274. 
sulphas flava, 287. 
sulphuretum rubrum, 288. 
Hydrargyrum ammoniatum, 287. 

cum creta, 236, 280. 
Hydrastia, 253. 
Hydrastis Canadensis, 253. 
Hydrated oxide of iron, 123, 299, 

300. 
Hydrocyanic acid, 69. 
Hyoscyami folium, 57. 

semen, 57. 
Hyoscyamia, 58. 
Hyoscyamus, 57. 

niger, 57. 
Hypnotics, 43. 
Hypodermic application of medicines, 

37. 
Hyposulphite of soda, 139. 

Iceland moss, 340. 
Ichthyocolla, 346. 
Idiosyncrasy, influence of, 36. 
Igasuria, 195. 
Igasuric acid, 195. 
Ignatia, 199. 
Ilex Paraguiaensis, 93. 
Illicium anisatum, 180. 
Imagination, influence of, 36. 
India gum, 334. 

opium, 44. 

senna, 225. 
Indian hemp, 249. 

physic, 205. 

tobacco, 60. 
Infusa, 29. 
Infusion of American centaury, 102. 

American columbo, 101. 

American senna, 227. 

angustura, 109. 

blood-root, 204. 

buchu, 267. 

carrot-seed, 252. 

cascarilla, 110. 

catechu, compound, 144. 

cayenne pepper, 169. 

chamomile, 106. 

cloves, 172. 



INDEX. 


Infusion of columbo, 103. 


Jalap, 227. 


coptis, 100. 


Jalapa, 227. 


dandelion, 251. 


Jamaica ginger, 174. 


flaxseed, compound, 336. 


kino, 144. 


fleabane, 249. 


sarsaparilla, 238. 


foxglove, 183. 


James' powder, 189. 


gentian, 101. 


Jamestown weed, 55. 


ginger, 174. 


Janipha manihot, 343. 


hops, 68. 


Japan camphor, 73. 


juniper, 252. 


Jerusalem oak, 355. 


lobelia, 62. 


Jesuit's powder, 115. 


magnolia, 108. 


Jewell's calomel, 282. 


matico, 265. 


Juglans, 222. 


pareira brava, 266. 


cinerea, 222. 


Peruvian bark (yellow or red), 


Juices, 33. 


116. 


Jujube paste, 335. 


pink-root, 354. 


Juniper, 165, 251. 


quassia, 99. 


Juniperus, 251. 


rhatany, 146. 


communis, 251. 


rhubarb, 221. 


sabina, 272. 


rose, compound, 152. 


Virginiana, 272. 


senna, 226. 




sweet flag, 177. 


Kamala, 359. 


thoroughwort, 108. 


Kameela, 359. 


tobacco, 60. 


Kelp, 310. 


valerian, 90. 


Kermes mineral, 188. 


Virginia snake-root, 105. 


Kinic acid, 113. 


wild cherry bark, 121. 


Kino, 144. 


Infusions, 29. 


Kinoic acid, 145. 


Inhalation, 34, 38. 


Kinovic acid, 113. 


Injections, 41. 


Koosso, 358. 


Iodide of ammonium, 293. 


Krameria, 145. 


arsenic, 301. 


triandra, 145. 


and mercury, 301. 


Krameric acid, 145. 


iron, 127, 291. 




lead, 159, 291. 


Labarraque's liquid, 306. 


mercury, 286, 291. 


Lac assafoetidae, 88. 


potassium, 202. 


sulphuris, 213. 


sodium, 293. 


Lactate of iron, 129. 


starch, 291. 


Lactic acid, 351. 


sulphur, 291. 


Lactuca sativa, 52. 


zinc, 133, 291. 


Lactucarium, 52, 


Iodides of mercury, 279. 


Lactucin, 52. 


Iodine, 289. 


Lard, 347. 


Iodinium, 289. 


oil, 347. 


Iodized collodion, 350. 


Larkspur, 253. 


Iodoform, 293. 


Laudanum, 49. 


Iodoformum, 293. 


Lavandula, 178. 


Ipecacuanha, 201. 


vera, 178. 


American, 203. 


Lavements, 41. 


spurge, 205. 


Lavender, 178. 


Ipomoea Jalapa, 227. 


Laxatives, 207, 208. 


Irish moss, 341. 


Lead arthralgy, 156. 


Iron, preparations of, 122, 271, 273. 


colic, 156. 


reduced, 123. 


plaster, 34, 159. 


Irritants, 42, 162, 316. 


paralysis, 156. 


Isinglass, 346. 


preparations of, 155. 


Issues, 19. 


Ledoyen's disinfecting fluid, 159 




Leeches, 18. 



373 



374 



INDEX. 



Lemon-juice, 194. 

syrup, 194. 
Lenitives, 332. 
Leopard's bane, 167. 
Lepidolite, 312. 
Leptandra, 224. 

Virginica, 224. 
Leptandrin, 224. 
Licbenin, 341. 
Light, 20. 
Lignum vitae, 240. 
Lime, preparations of, 314. 
Lime-water, 314. 
Limonis succus, 194. 
Lini farina, 337. 
Liniment of ammonia, 166, 319. 

cantharides, 226. 
Linimenta, 33. 
Liniments, 33. 
Linimentum ammoniae, 166, 319. 

calcis, 314. 

camphorae, 75. 

cantharidis, 326. 

cbloroformi, 84. 

saponis, 75. 

terebinthinae, 261. 
Linseed oil, 336. 
Linum, 336. 

usitatissimum, 336. 
Liquor ammoniae acetatis, 192. 

arsenici et hydrargyri iodidi, 301. 

calcis, 314. 

ferri citratis, 128. 
nitratis, 129. 
subsulphatis, 126. 
tersulpbatis, 126. 

guttse perchae, 350. 

hydrargyri nitratis, 288, 331. 

iodinii compositus, 291. 

magnesias citratis, 215. 

morphiae sulpbatis, 51. 

plumbi subacetatis, 158. 

potassae, 308. 

arsenitis, 301. 
citratis, 192. 

sodae, 310. 

chlorinatae, 306. 
Liquores, 29. 
Liquorice, 340. 

root, 339. 
Liriodendrin, 109. 
Liriodendron, 109. 

tulipifera, 109. 
Litbarge, 159. 
Litbia, preparations of, 312. 
Litbiae carbonas, 312. 

citras, 313. 

praeparata, 312. 
Lobelia, 60, 206. 



Lobelia inflata, 60. 
Lobelina, 61. 
Logwood, 146. 
Lozenges, 28. 
Lump gamboge, 232. 
Lunar caustic, 134, 328. 
Lupulin, 68. 
Lupulite, 68. 
Lux, 20. 

Mace, 171. 
Maceration, 29. 
Macis, 171. 
Madder, 273. 
Madeira wine, 164. 
Magnesia, 213, 313. 

preparations of, 313. 
Magnesiae carbonas, 214, 313. 

citratis liquor, 215. 

praeparata, 313. 

sulphas, 214. 
Magnesite, 214. 
Magnetism, 23. 
Magnolia, 108. 

acuminata, 108. 

glauca, 108. 

tripelata, 108. 
Malamide, 338. 
Male fern, 357. 
Mallotus philippinensis, 359. 
Malt, 345. 

liquors, 164. 
Mandrake, 228. 
Manganesii sulphas, 216. 
Manna, 209. 

cannulata, 209. * 

in sorts, 209. 
Mannite, 209. 
Maranta, 342. 

arundinacea, 342. 
Marjoram, 179. 
Marrubium, 179. 

vulgare, 179. 
Marshmallow, 338. 
Marsh's test for arsenious acid, 298. 
Martial preparations, 123. 
Mate, 93. 

Materia medica, definition of, 17, 23. 
Maticin, 265. 
Matico, 265. 
Matricaria, 106. 

chamoinilla, 106. 
May-apple, 228. 
Mayweed, 105. 
Meadow saffron, 246. 
Measures and weights, 35. 
Mecca senna, 225. 
Meconic acid, 45. 
Meconin, 45. 



INDEX. 



375 



Medicines, definition of, 23. 
Mel, 351. 

rosae, 152. 

sodae boratis, 191. 
Melaleuca cajuputi, 173. 
Melia azedarach, 356. 
Mellita, 32. 
Menispermia, 77. 
Mentha piperita, 178. 

viridis, 178. 
Mercurial cathartics, 207, 235, 278. 

fever, 275. 

ointment, 280. 

palsy, 275. 

plaster, 280. 
Mercury, black oxide of, 281. 

metallic, 278. 

red oxide of, 281. 

preparations of, 271, 274. 

with chalk, 235, 236, 280. 
Methylene, bichloride of, 84. 
Mezereon, 241. 
Mezereum, 241. 
Mild acrid cathartics, 207, 219. 

chloride of mercury, 235, 282. 
Milfoil, 111. 
Milk of assafetida, 88. 
Mineral acids, 137, 331. 
Minims, 35. 
Mistura ammoniaci, 90. 

amygdalae, 335. 

assafcetidae, 88. 

chloroformi, 84. 

cretae, 315. 

ferri composita, 125, 268. 

glycyrrhizae composita, 340. 

potassae citrati3, 192. 
Misturas, 28. 
Mixtures, 28. 

Modus operandi of medicines, 24. 
Molasses, 208,351. 
Momordica elaterium, 233. 
Monarda, 179. 

punctata, 179. 
Monkshood, 64. 
Monsel's solution, 126. 
Montpelier scammony, 230. 
Morphia, 45, 51. 

preparations of, 51. 
Morphias acetas, 51. 

murias, 51. 

sulphas, 51. 
Moschus, 93. 

mosohiferus, 93. 
Moxa, 21. 
Mucilage, 334. 
Mucilago acacias, 335. 

sassafras, 338. 

tragacanthae, 336. 



Mucilago ulmi, 338. 

Mucous membranes, application of 

medicines to, 38. 
Mucuna, 357. 

pruriens, 357. 
Muriate of ammonia, 302. 

morphia, 51. 
Muriatic acid, 139. 

diluted, 140. 
Musk, 95. 
Mustard, 206, 317. 

whey, 318. 
Myristica, 171. 

nioschata, 171. 
Myrospermum peruiferum, 269. 

toluiferum, 270. 
Myrosyne, 318. 
Myrrh, 267. 
Myrrha, 267. 

Narceina, 46. 

Narcotics, 43. 

Narcotina, 45. 

Narthex assafoetida, 87. 

Natron, 310. 

Nauseants, 200. 

Nauseating diaphoretics, 237. 

Nectandra, 122. 

Rodiei, 122. 
Nervous sympathy, doctrine of, 24. 
Neurotics, 42, 43. 
Neutral mixture, 192. 
Nicotiana tabacum, 58. 
Nicotia, 59. 
Nicotianin, 59. 
Nightshade, black, 69. 

deadly, 52. 
Nitrate of lead, 159. 

mercury,' 288, 289. 

potassa, 190. 

silver, 134. 

fused, 134, 328. 
Nitrates of mercury, 279. 
Nitre, 190. 
Nitric acid, 139. 

diluted, 139. 
Nitro-muriatic acid, 140. 

diluted, 140. 
Nitrous oxide, 86. 

powders, 191. 
Norway spruce, 319. 
Nutgall, 142. 
Nutmeg, 171. 
Nux vomica, 195. 

Oak bark, 147. 
Oatmeal, 208, 345. 
Occupation, influence of, 36. 
Officinal, definition of term, 24. 



376 



INDEX. 



Oil of amber, 95. 

anise, 180. 

arnica, 167. 

bitter almond, 72. 

cajeput, 173. 

camphor, 75. 

caraway, 180. 

cardamom, 175. 

castor, 95. 

cinnamon, 170. 

cloves, 172. 

copaiba, 263, 264. 

cubeb, 265. 

ergot, 198. 

fennel, 179. 

garlic, 258. 

ginger, 174. 

horsemint, 179. 

juniper, 252. 

lavender, 178. 

mace, 171. 

marjoram, 179. 

mustard, 317. 

nutmeg, 172. 

partridge-berry, 177. 

pennyroyal, 179. 

peppermint, 178. 

pimento, 173. 

pumpkin seed, 359. 

rosemary, 179. 

rue, 272. 

sassafras, 242. 

savine, 272. 

spearmint, 178. 

sweet almond, 210. 

tar, 261. 

theobroma, 348. 

thyme, 179. 

tobacco, 59, 60. 

turpentine, 173, 260, 319, 358. 

valerian, 90. 

vitriol, 137. 

wine, 96. 

wormseed, 356. 
Oil-cake, 337. 
Oils, volatile, 168. 

distilled, 168. 

essential, 168. 
Ointment of ammoniated mercury, 
287. 

antimony, 187, 327. 

belladonna, 55. 

benzoin, compound, 268. 

calomel, 284. 

cantharides, 326. 

carbonate of lead, 160. 

creasote, 154. 

iodide of lead, 159. 
of mercury, 286. 



Ointment of iodide of potassium, 293. 

iodine, 292. 

compound, 292. 

lard, 33, 347. 

mercury, 280. 

mezereon, 242. 

nitrate of mercury, 238. 

nutgall, 143. 

oxide of zinc, 132. 

red iodide of mercury, 286. 
oxide of mercury, 282. 

stramonium, 56. 

subacetate of copper, 132. 

sulphur, 212. 

tar, 2621 

tobacco, 60. 

veratria, 184. 

white hellebore, 184. 
Ointments, 33. 
Olea Europoea, 210. 

volatilia, 168. 
Oleoresin of black pepper, 170. 

Cayenne pepper, 169. 

cubeb, 265. 

ginger, 175. 

lupulin, 69. 
Oleoresinse, 33. 
Oleoresins, 33. 
Oleum sethereum, 96. 

amygdalae amarse, 72. 
dulcis, 210. 

cajuputi, 173. 

camphorse, 75. 

caryophylli, 172. 

chenopodii, 356. 

cinnamomi, 170. 

copaibae, 263, 264. 

cubebse, 264, 265. 

gaultheriaB, 177. 

juniperi, 252. 

lini, 336. 

morrhuae, 294. 

myristicse, 172. 

olivae, 210. 

pimentae, 173. 

ricini, 210. 

sabinae, 272. 

sassafras, 242. 

sesami, 339. 

succini rectificatum, 95. 

terebinthinae, 193, 260, 319, 358 

theobromae, 348. 

thymi, 179. 

tiglii, 234, 327. 
Olive oil, 210. 

tree, 210. 
Opiania, 45. 
Opium, 43. 

plaster, 49. 



INDEX. 



377 



Orange flower water, 178. 

peel, 178. 
Orchis mascula, 346. 
Origanum, 179. 

vulgare, 179. 
Ovis aries, 347. 
Oryza, 346. 

sativa, 346. 
Ounce, 35. 
Oxalate of iron, 130. 
Oxide of antimony, 189. 

ethyl, 78. 

lead, 159. 

silver, 135. 

zinc, 132. 
Oxides of mercury, 279. 
Oxymels. 312. 

Oxysulphuret of antimony, 188. 
Oyster-shell, prepared, 315. 

Painters' colic, 156. 
Pale bark, 111, 112. 

rose, 152. 
Palma Christi, 210. 
Papaver, 44. 

somniferum, 43. 
Papaverina, 45. 
Paramenispermin, 77. 
Paramorphia, 45. 
Paregoric elixir, 50. 
Pareira, 266. 

brava, 266. 
Parsley, 253. 
Partridge-berry, 177. 
Parts to which medicines are applied, 

36. 
Paullinia sorbilis, 93. 
Peaches, 208. 
Pearlash, 309. 
Pearl barley, 345. 

sago, 344. 
Pennyroyal, 179. 
Pepper, black, 169, 321. 

Cayenne, 168. 

white, 169. 
Peppermint, 178. 

water, 178. 
Pepo, 359. 
Percolation, 29. 
Permanganate of potassa, 304. 
Persian opium, 414. 
Persimmon, 152. 
Peruvian bark, 111. 
Petroselinum sativum, 253. 
Pharmaceutical modifications, 26. 
Pharmacopoeia, 24. 
Pharmacy, definition of, 23. 
Phosphate of iron, 128. 

lime, 302. 



Phosphate of soda, 216. 
Phosphorus, 167. 
Physeter macrocephalus, 347. 
Physostisrma, 75. 

venenosum, 75. 
Physostigmin, 75. 
Picrotoxin, 77. 
Pills, 27. 

of aloes, 224. 

and assafetida, 224. 
and mastic, 224. 
and myrrh, 224, 268. 

antimony, compound, 188. 

assafetida, 88. 

carbonate of iron, 124. 

cathartic, compund, 232. 

copaiba, 264. 

galbanum, compound, 89, 268. 

iodide of iron, 128. 

iron, compound, 125, 268. 

mercury, 236, 279. 

opium, 48. 

rhubarb, 221. 

compound, 221. 

soap, compound, 48. 

squill, compound, 246. 
Pilulse, 27. 

antimonii composite, 188. 

ferri carbonatis, 124. 
compositas, 125. 
iodidi, 128. 

hydrargyri, 236, 279. 

opii, 48. 

saponis compositae, 48. 
Pimenta, 172. 
Pimento, 172. 
Pimpinella anisum, 180. 
Pinkroot, 353. 
Pint, 35. 
Pinus palustris, 173, 259. 

taeda, 259. 
Pipe gamboge, 232. 
Piper, 169. 

cubeba, 264. 

nigrum, 169. 
Piperin, 169. 
Pipsissewa, 150, 244. 
Pitch, 261. 
Pix Burgundica, 319. 

Canadensis, 320. 

liquida, 261. 
Plaster of ammoniac, 90. 

ammoniac with mercury, 90, 280. 

antimony, 188, 320. 

arnica, 167. 

assafetida, 89. 

belladonna, 55. 

Burgundy pitch, 320. 

Canada pitch, 321. 



378 



INDEX. 



Plaster of galbanum, compound, 89, 
320. 

iron, 124, 320. 

mercury, 280. 

opium, 49, 320. 

pitch with cantharides, 320. 
Plasters, 34. 
Plumbi acetas, 157. 

carbonas, 159. 

iodidum, 159. 

nitras, 159. 

oxidum, 159. 

prseparata, 155. 

subacetatis liquor, 158. 
Plummer's pills, 188. 
Podophyllum, 228. 

peltatum. 228. 
Poison-nut, 195. 
Poison-oak, 197. 
Polygala senega, 254. 
Polygalic acid, 254. 
Pomegranate rind, 152. 

root, bark of, 358. 
Poppy, black, 43. 

white, 43. 
Poppy-heads, 44. 
Porphyroxin, 45. 
Port wine, 164. 
Porter, 164. 
Potassa, 329. 

cum calce, 329. 

preparations of, 308. 

solution of, 308. 

with lime, 329. 
Potassae acetas, 244. 

bicarbonas, 309. 

bicromas, 304, 331. 

bitartras, 217. 

carbonas, 309. 
pura, 309. 

chloras, 303. 

citras, 192. 

et sodae tartras, 218. 

nitras, 190. 

permanganas, 304. 

praeparata, 308. 

sulphas, 217. 

tartras, 218. 
Potassii bromidum, 294. 

cyanidum, 71. 
" iodidum, 292. 
Potato, 69. 

flies, 326. 
Potentilla tormentilla, 153. 
Pound, 35. i 

Poultices, 34, 333. 
'owder of aloes and canella, 110, 224. 

ipecacuanha, compound, 49, 203. 

jalap, compound, 218, 228. 



Powder of rhubarb, compound, 221. 
Powders, 27. 

aperient, effervescent, 219. 

Seidlitz, 194, 219, 312. 

soda, 194, 312. 
Precipitated carbonate of lime, 314, 
315. 

phosphate of lime, 302. 

sulphur, 213. 

zinc, 133. 
Prepared calamine, 133. 

chalk, 315. 

oyster-shell, 315. 
Pride of China, 356. 
Prinos verticillatus, 122. 
Proof spirit, 163. 
Prophvlamia, 198, 295. 
Prunes, 208. 
Prunus Virginiana, 120. 
Prussian blue, 129. 
Prussic acid, 69. 
Pterocarpus erinaceus, 144. 

marsupium, 144. 

santalinus, 352. 
Pulp of prunes, 226. 

purging cassia, 210, 226. 

tamarinds, 226. 
Pulveres, 27. 

effervescentes aperientes, 219. 
Pulverization, 27. 
Pulvis aloes et canellae, 110. 

antimonialis, 189. 

aromaticus, 175. 

ipecacuanhas compositus, 49, 203. 
Pumpkin-seed, 359. 
Punica granatum, 152. 
Purgatives, 207. 
Purging cassia, 210. 
Purified aloes, 224. 
Purple foxglove, 181. 
Pyroligneous acid, 261. 
Pyrophosphate of iron, 128. 

Quassia, 98. 

amara, 98. 
Quassin, 98. 
Quercin, 147. 
Quercitron, 147. 
Quercus alba, 147. 

infectoria, 142. 

tinctoria, 147. 
Quevenne's iron, 123. 
Quicksilver, 274. 
Quinia, 112, 113, 114. 

amorphous, 113. 

crude, 118. 
Quiriiae sulphas, 117. 

valerianas, 118. 
Quinidia, 113, 114. 



INDEX. 



379 



Quinoidia, 118. 
Quinoidine, 118. 

Race, influence of, 36. 
Raisins, 208. 

Rectified oil of amber, 95. 
Red bark, 111, 113. 

cedar, 272. 

iodide of mercury, 286. 

ipecacuanha, 202. 

oxide of mercury, 281. 

precipitate, 282. 

rose, 152. 

saunders, 352. 

sulphuret of mercury, 288. 
Refrigerant diaphoretics, 237. 
Refrigerants, 181, 191. 
Reinsch's test for arsenious acid, 298. 
Remedies, definition of, 17. 

division of, 17. 

hygienic, 17. 

imponderable, 20. 

mechanical, 17. 

pharmacological, 23. 
Resin, 260, 262. 

cerate, 262. 

of jalap, 228. 

of May apple, 230. 

of scammony, 230. 

plaster, 262. 
Resina, 262. 
Rhatany, 145. 
Rheum, 219. 

palmatum, 219. 
Rbigolene, 84. 
Rhodeoretin, 228. 
Rhubarb, 219. 
Rhus toxicodendron, 197. 
Rice, 346. 
Ricinolein, 211. 
Ricinus communis, 210. 
Rochelle salt, 218. 
Rosa centifolia, 152. 

Gallica, 152. 
Rosemary, 179. 
Rosu-water, 152. 
Rosin, 262. 
Rosmarinus, 179. 

officinalis, 179. 
Rottlera, 359. 

tinctoria, 359. 
Rubefacients, 162, 316. 
Rubia, 273. 

tinctorum, 273. 
Rubus, 153. 

Canadensis, 153. 

villosus, 153. 
Rue, 272. 
Rufus' pills, 224. 



Rum, 165. 
Russian musk, 93. 

rhubarb, 219, 220. 
Ruta, 272. 

graveolens, 272, 
Rye, 198. 

Sabbatia, 101. 

angularis, 101. 
Sabina, 272. 
Saccharum, 351. 

lactis, 351. 

Saturni, 157. 
Saffron, 351. 
Sage, 179. 
Sago, 344. 

palm, 344. 
Sagus Rumphii, 344. 
Sal ammoniac, 302. 

diureticus, 244. 
Salep, 346. 
Salicine, 95, 120. 
Saline cathartics, 207, 213. 
Salix, 120. 

alba, 120. 
Salt of tartar, 309. 
Saltpetre, 190. 
Salvia, 179. 

officinalis, 179. 
Sanguinaria, 203. 

Canadensis, 203. 
Sanguinarina, 203. 
Santalum, 352. 
Santonica, 356. 
Santonia, 356. 
Santoninum, 356. 
Sarsaparilla, 238. 

false, 240. 
Sarsaparillin, 239 
Sassafras medulla, 338. 

officinale, 242, 338. 

pith, 338. 

radicis cortex, 242. 
Savine, 272. 
Scabious, 249. 
Scammonium, 230. 
Scammony, 230. 
Scilla, 245, 259. 

maritima, 245. 
Scruple, 35. 

Scudamore's draught, 248. 
Scutellaria, 91. 

laterifolia, 91. 
Seaside grape, 144. 
Secale cereale, 198. 
Secalia, 198. 
Sedatives, 42, 180. 

Season of gathering, influence of on 
plants, 26. 



380 



INDEX. 



Seidlitz powders, 194, 219, 312. 
Senega, 254. 
Senegal gum, 334. 
Seneka, 254, 271. 
Senna, 225. 

American, 229. 
Serous membranes, application of 

medicines to, 41. 
Serpentaria, 104. 
Sesami folium, 338. 
Sesamum Indicum, 338. 

orientale, 338. 
Sesquioxide of iron, 124, 299. 
Setacea, 19. 
Setons, 19. 
Sex, influence of, 36. 
Sherry wine, 164. 
Sevum, 347. 
Sialagogues, 276, 277. 
Signs and abbreviations, 361. 
Silver, preparations of, 134. 

fir, American, 259. 
European, 319. 
Simaruba, 99. 

excelsa, 98. 

officinalis, 99. 
Simple cerate, 34, 327. 

ointment, 33. 

syrup, 32. 
Sinapis, 206, 317. 

alba, 206, 317. 

nigra, 206, 317. 
Sinapisin, 317. 

Sinapism, 318. ■s 

Skin, application of medicines to, 37. 
Skunk cabbage, 91. 
Slippery elm, 337. 

bark, 337. 
Smelling salt, 167. 
Smilacin, 239. 
Smilax officinalis, 238. 
Smyrna opium, 44. 
Snakeroot, black, 256. 

seneka, 254. 

Virginia, 104. 
Soap cerate, 159. 

liniment, 75. 

plaster, 159. 
Socotrine aloes, 222. 
Soda, preparations of, 310. 

powders, 194, 312. 
Sodae bicarbonas, 311. 

boras, 191. 

carbonas, 311. 

exsiccata, 311. 

phosphas, 216. 

prseparata, 310. 

sulphas, 215. 

sulphis, 138. 



Sodii iodidum, 293. 

Soil, influence of, on plants, 26. 

Solania, 69. 

Solanum dulcamara, 69. 

nigrum, 69. 

tuberosum, 69. 
Solubility, influence of, on medicines, 

26. 
Soluble tartar, 218. 
Solution of acetate of ammonia, 192. 

arsenite of potassa, 301. 
soda, 301. 

chlorinated soda, 306. 

citrate of iron, 128. 
magnesia, 215. 
potassa, 192. 

gutta percha, 350. 

iodide of arsenic and mercurv, 301. 

iodine, compound, 291. 

lime, 314. 

nitrate of iron, 129. 

of mercury, 288, 331. 

potassa, 308. 

soda, 310. 

subacetate of lead, 158. 

subsulphate of iron, 126. 

sulphate of morphia, 51. 

tersulphate of iron, 126. 
Solutions, 29. 
Soporifics, 43. 
South American kino, 144. 
Spanish flies, 252, 328. 
Spastics, 194. # 

Spearmint, 178. 

water, 178. 
Spermaceti, 347. 

cerate, 347. 
Spiced syrup of rhubarb, 221. 
Spigelia, 353. 

Marilandica, 353. 
Spikenard, American, 240. 
Spinants, 42, 194. 
Spiraea tomentosa, 122. 
Spirit of ammonia, 166. 
aromatic, 166. 

camphor, 75. 

chloroform, 83. 

cinnamon, 171. 

ether, compound, 96. 

juniper, compound, 252. 

lavender, 178. 

compound, 178. 

Mindererus, 192. 

nitrous ether, 193. 

nutmeg, 172. 

peppermint, 178. 

rosemary, 179. 

spearmint, 178. 
Spirits, 31. 



INDEX. 



381 



Spiritus, 31. 

aetheris compositus, 96. 
nitrosi, 193. 

ammoniae, 166. 

aromaticus, 166, 313. 

camphorae, 75. 

chloroformi, 83. 

cinnamomi, 171. 

frumenti, 165. 

juniperi compositus, 252. 

lavandulae, 178. 

compositus, 178. 

menthae piperita?, 178. 
viridis, 178. 

Mindereri, 192. 

myrciae, 165. 

myristicae, 172. 

rosmarini, 179. 

sacchari, 165. 

vini Gallici, 164. 
Spruce, hemlock, 320. 

Norway, 319. 
Spurge, ipecacuanha, 205. 

large flowering, 205. 
Squill, 206, 245, 259. 
Squirting cucumber, 233. 
St. Ignatius' bean, 197. 
Star anise, 180. 
Starch, 289, 346. 
Sternutatories, 38. 
Stimulants, 42, 161. 

diffusible, 162. 
Stimulating diaphoretics, 237. 
Stomachics, 162. 
Stramonii folium, 55. 

semen, 55. 
Stramonium, 55. 

leaf, 55. 

seed, 55. 
Strychnia, 195, 196. 
Strychnos nux vomica, 195. 

Ignatia, 197. 
Styrax benzoin, 268. 
Subacetate of copper, 131. 

lead, solution of, 158. 
Subcarbonate of bismuth, 136. 

iron, 124. 
Sublimed sulphur, 212. 
Subnitrate of bismuth, 136. 
Succi, 33. 
Succinic acid, 195. 
Succinum, 95. 
Succus conii, 64. 

limonis, 194. . 
Sudorifics, 237. 
Suet, 347. 
Sugar, 351. 

of lead, 157. 

of milk, 351. 



Sulphate of alumina, 161. 

alumina and potassa, 160 

cadmium, 136. 

cinchonia, 118. 

copper, 131, 206, 331. 

iron, 125. 

dried, 125, 126. 
and ammonia, 130. 

magnesia, 214. 

manganese, 216. 

mercury, yellow, 287. 

morphia, 51. 

potassa, 217. 

quinia, 117. 

quinidia, 114. 

soda, 215. 

strychnia, 197. 

zinc, 132, 206. 
Sulphite of ammonia, 139. 

lime, 139. 

potash, 139. 

soda, 138. 
Sulpho-sinapisin, 317. 
Sulphur, 212. 

lotum, 212. 

prsecipitatum, 213. 

sublimatum, 212. 
Sulphurated antimony, 188. 
Sulphuret of mercury, red, 288. 
Sulphuric acid, 137. 

aromatic, 138. 
diluted, 138. 

ether, 78. 
Sulphurous acid, 138. 
Suppositories, 41. 
Suppurants, 316, 327. 
Sus scrofa, 347. 
Sweet flag, 176. 

orange, 178. 

spirit of nitre, 193. 
Sydenham's laudanum, 50. 
Symplocarpus foetidus, 91. 
Syrup, 32. 

of almond, 72. 

citric acid, 194. 

garlic, 358. 

ginger, 175. 

gum Arabic, 335. 

iodide of iron, 127. 

ipecacuanha, 203. 

lactucarium, 52. 

orange flower, 178. 

poppies, 44. 

rhatany, 146. 

rhubarb, 221. 

aromatic, 221. 

rose, 152. 

sarsaparilla, compound, 240. 

seneka, 256. 



382 



INDEX. 



Syrup of squill, 246. 

compound, 246, 256. 

Tolu, 270. 

wild-cherry bark, 121. 
Syrups, 32. 
Syrupus, 32. 

amygdalae, 72. 

ferri iodidi, 127. 

fuscus, 330. 

Tabacum, 58. 
Tablespoon, 35. 
Tamarinds, 208. 
Tannate of iron, 130. 
Tannic acid, 141. 
Tapioca, 343. 
Tar, 261. 

water, 262. 
Taraxacin, 251. 
Taraxacum, 250. 

dens-leonis, 250. 
Tartar emetic, 186, 206. 
Tartaric acid, 193, 194. 
Tartrate of antimony and potassa, 185. 

iron and ammonia, 130. 
potassa, 128. 

potassa, 218. 

potassa and soda, 218. 
Tea, 92. 
Teacup, 35. 
Teaberry, 177. 
Teaspoon, 35, 

Temperament, influence of, 36. 
Terchloride of formyl, 82. 
Terebinthina, 259. 
Terra Japoniea, 143. 
Testa praeparata, 315. 
Tetrachloride of carbon, 85. 
Thea, 92. 

Chinensis, 92. 
Thebolactic acid, 45. 
Theina, 92, 93. 
Theobroma, 92. 

cacao, 348. 
Theobromia, 92, 348. 
Thornapple, 55, 
Thoroughwort, 107. 
Thyme, 179. 
Thymus, 179. 

vulgaris, 179. 
Tinctura, ferri chloridi, 127. 

opii, 49. 

opii acetata, 50. 

camphorata, 50. 
deodorata, 50. 
Tincture of aconite leaf, 65. 
root, 65. 

aloes, 224. 

and myrrh, 224. 



Tincture of American hellebore, 184. 
arnica, 167. 
assafetida, 89. 
belladonna, 55. 
benzoin, compound, 268, 270. 
black hellebore, 231. 

snake-root, 258. 
blood root, 204. 
calabar bean, 76. 
cantharides, 253. 
capsicum, 169. 
cardamun, 175. 

compound, 175. 
castor, 95. 
catechu, 144. 
chloride of iron, 127. 
cinnamon, 170. 
colchicum, 248. 
columbo, 103. 
coptis, 100. 
cranesbill, 149. 
cubeb, 265. 
foxglove, 183. 
gentian, compound, 101. 
•ginger, 174. 
guaiac, 241. 

ammoniated, 241. 
hemlock, 64. 
henbane, 58. 
hops, 68. 
Indian hemp, 67. 
iodine, 292. 

compound, 292. 
jalap, 228. 
kino, 145. 
lobelia, 62. 
lupulin, 68. 
myrrh, 268. 
nutgall, 143. 
nux vomica, 196. 
opium, 49. 

acetated, 50. 

camphorated, 50. 

deodorized, 50. 
Peruvian bark, 116. 

compound, 116. 
quassia, 99. 
rhatany, 146. 
rhubarb, 221. 

and aloes, 221. 

and gentian, 221. 

and senna, 221. 
squill, 246. 
stramonium, 56. 
Tolu, 270. 
valerian, 90. 

ammoniated, 90. 
Virginia snake-root, 105. 
yellow jasmine, 185. 



INDEX. 



383 



Tincturae, 30. 
Tinctures, 30. 
Tinnivelly senna, 225. 
Tobacco, 58, 206. 
Tolu, balsam of, 270. 
Tonics, 42, 96. 

mineral, 97, 122. 

vegetable, 97, 98. 
Topical medicines, 42, 316. 
Tormentil, 153. 
Tormentilla, 153. 
Tous les mois, 343. 
Toxicodendron, 197. 
Tragacanth, 335. 
Tragacantha, 335. 
Tragacanthin, 335. 
Tremor mercurialis, 275. 
Tripoli senna, 225. 
Troches, 28. 

of bicarbonate of soda, 312. 

chalk, 315. 

cubeb, 265. 

ginger, 175. 

ipecacuanha, 203. 

liquorice and opium, 49. 

magnesia, 313. 

subcarbonate of iron, 124. 
Trochisci, 28. 

ferri subcarbonatis, 124. 

glycyrrizas et opii, 49. 
Troy weight, 35. 
Tulip-Tree, 109. 

bark, 109. 
Turkey gum, 333. 

opium, 44. 

rhubarb, 219. 
Turner's cerate, 120. 
Turpentine, 259. 

American, 259. 

Bordeaux, 259. 

Canada, 259. 

Chian, 259. 

Venice, 259. 

white, 259. 
Turpeth mineral, 287. 

Ulcers, application of medicines to, 

41, 50. 
Ulmus fulva, 337. 
Unguenta, 33. 

Unguentum adipis, 33, 347. 
antimonii, 188, 327. 
belladonnae, 55. 
cantharidis, 326. 
hydrargyri, 280. 

ammoniati, 287. 
nitratis, 288. 
oxidi rubri, 282. 
iodinii, 292. 



Unguentum iodinii compositum, 292. 

picis liquidas, 262. 

plumbi carbonatis, 145. 

tabaci, 60. 
Uva ursi, 149, 244. 

Valerian, 90. 
Valeriana, 90. 

officinalis, 90. 
Valerianate of ammonia, 91. 

iron, 130. 

quinia, 118. 

zinc, 134. 
Valerianic acid, 90. 
Vallet's ferruginous pills, 124. 
Vanilla, 180. 

aromatica, 180. 
Vapors, 34. 

Veins, injection of medicines into, 41, 
Vegetable acids, 193. 
Venesection, 17. 
Vera Cruz sarsaparilla, 238. 
Veratria, 184. 
Veratrum album, 184. 

sabadilla, 184. 

viride, 183. 
Verdigris, 131. 
Vermilion, 288. 
Vesicants, 162, 321. 
Vesicating taffetas, 326. 
Vienna paste, 329. 
Vina, 31. 
Vinegar, 193. 

of colchicum, 248. 

lobelia, 62. 

opium, 50. 

squill, 246. 
Vinegars, 32. 
Vinum, 164. 

antimonii, 188. 

ergotae, 200. 

ipecacuanhas, 203. 

opii, 50. 

Portense, 164. 

tabaci, 60. 

Xericum, 164. 
Virgin scammony, 230. 
Virginia snakeroot, 104. 
Voltaic electricity, 23. 
Volatile alkali, 166. 

liniment, 166, 319. 

oils, 168. 

"Warming plaster, 320. 
Warner's gout cordial, 221. 
Washed sulphur, 212. 
Water avens, 122. 

of ammonia, 165,327. 
stronger, 165, 327. 



384 



INDEX. 



Waters, 29. 

Wax, 347. 

Weights and measures, 35. 

Whisky, 165. 

White arsenic, 297. 

ginger, 174. 

hellebore, 184. 

lead, 159. 

mustard, 317. 

oak bark, 147. 

pepper, 169. 

precipitate, 287. 

vitriol, 132. 

wax, 347. 
Wild carrot, 252. 

chamomile, 106. 

cherry bark, 120. 
Willow, 120. 
Wine, 164. 

of aloes, 224. 

antimony, 188. 

colchicum root, 248. 
seed, 248. 

ergot, 200. 

ipecacuanha, 203. 

measure, 35. 

opium, 50. 

rhubarb, 204. 

tobacco, 60. 

white hellebore, 184. 
Wineglass, 35. 
Wines, 31. 
Wirie-whey, 164. 
Wistar's cough lozenges, 49. 
Wolfsbane, 64. 
Woody nightshade, 69. 



Woorali, 77. 
Woorara, 77. 
Woorari, 77. 
Wormseed, 355. 
Wormwood, 108. 
Wort, 345. 

Wounds, application of medicines to, 
41. 

Xanthorriza, 104. 
apiifolia, 104. 

Yarrow, 111. 

Yeast, 350. 

Yellow bark, 111, 112. 

jasmine, 185. 

lady's slipper, 91. 

pine, 259. 

root, 103, 253. 

sulphate of mercury, 287, 

wash, 282. 

wax, 347. 
Young's scheme for doses, 35. 

Zinc, preparations of, 132. 
Zinci acetas, 132. 

carbonas praecipitata, 133. 

chloridum, 133, 330. 

iodidum, 133. 

oxidum, 132. 

praeparata, 132. 

sulphas, 132. 

valerianas, 134. 
Zingiber, 174. 

officinale, 174. 



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Have removed to the SECOND FLOOR of the Building long 
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New Works on tne Diseases of Women. 

GRAILY HEWITT'S NEW EDITION 

The Diagnosis, Pathology, and Treatment of 
Diseases of Women, 

Including the Diagnosis of Pregnancy. By Graily Hewitt, M.D., London, 
F.R.C.P., Professor of Midwifery and Diseases of Women, University Col- 
lege, &c. &c. First American from the Second London Edition. With 
numerous Illustrations. One volume, octavo. Price, $6.00. 
The first edition of Dr. Hewitt's book was received with great favor by the profes- 
sion, and had a very rapid sale both in this country and in England. It has now 
been out of print about one year. The present edition has been thoroughly revised, 
and in great part rewritten. More attention has been paid to Pathology in connec- 
tion with the Treatment of Diseases of Women, and many other additions and 
changes made which have been necessitated by further experience and observation of 
the diseases treated of. The work is also now enriched by numerous illustrations, 
upwards of sixty of which are original, the greater portion of them being carefully 
planned representations of cases coming under the author's own observation. 

PROF. BYFORD'S NEW EDITION 

JUST PUBLISHED. 

The Practice of Medicine and Surgery, 

Applied to the Diseases and Accidents Incident to Women. By W. H. Byford, A.M., 
M.D., Professor Of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in the 
Chicago Medical College, &c. &c. The Second Edition, revised and en- 
larged, with additional illustrations. One volume, octavo. Price, $5.00. 

The rapid sale of the first edition of this book, which was exhausted in a little more 
than a year, has enabled the author to carefully revise the whole work, add many 
improvements, and to make a large addition of new matter, without, however, ma- 
terially increasing the size of the volume. 

" Professor Byford's book may safely be said to fill a gap in a most important department 
of the healing art. The treatise is as complete a one as the present state of our science will 
admit of being written, and not only gives us tho cases in which the knife is to be called into 
requisition, but fully discusses all those uterine ailmento which are to be benefited by medical 
treatment. In this latter respect, the work has a peculiar value to every general practitioner. 
The author speaks from experience, evidently with the sole object of presenting his subject in 
a strictly impartial and scientific light. The present edition is much enlarged in pointof mat- 
ter contained in the work, although the volume itself is very little, if any, increased in bulk. 
We commend it to the diligent study of every practitioner and student, as a work calculated 
to inculcate sound principles, and lead to enlightened practice." — N. Y. Med. Record. 

" This work treats well-nigh all the diseases incidental to women, diseases and accidents of 
the vulva and perineum, stone in the bladder, inflammation of the vagina, menstruation and 
its disorders, the uterus and its ailments, ovarian tumors, diseases of the mammae, puerperal 
convulsions, phlegmasia alba dolens, puerperal fever, &c. Its scope is thus of the most ex- 
tended character, yet the observations are concise, but convey much practical information." — 
London Lancet. 

" This is a second and enlarged edition of a treatise which has been before the medical pub- 
lic for two years, during which time it has received the commendation of the medical press, 
and the approbation of the profession generally, as an exponent of sound pathological views in 
respect to the diseases and accidents of which it treats, and of those therapeutical and surgical 
means best adapted to their treatment." — Am. Journal of Med. Sciences, Jan. 1868. 



BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 

On the Chronic Inflammation and Displace- 
ments of the Unimpregnated Uterus. 

Octavo. Price, $2.00. 






ALPHABETICAL INDEX 

TO 



LINDSAY & BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 



MEDICAL. page 

Aitken's Practice of Medicine ... 4 
Acton on the Reproductive Organs . . 4 
Anstie on Stimulants and Narcotics . 4 
Byford on Diseases of Women ... 5 

" on the Uterus 5 

Biddle's Materia Medica 5 

Branston's Practical Receipts ... 5 
Beale's How to Work the Microscope . 6 
" Microscope in Practical Medicine 6 
Beale on Urine and Urinary Deposits . 6 
Beasley's Book of Prescriptions . . 7 
" Druggist's Receipt Book . . 7 

Baith & Roger's Auscultation ... 7 
Bauer's Orthopedic Surgery .... 7 
Bell on Baths and Bathing .... 8 
Bourchadat's Annual of Therapeutics, 

Pharmacology, &c 

Bull's Maternal Management of Children 8 
Braithvvaite's Epitome, 2 vols. ... 8 

" Retrospect 8 

British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical 

Review 9 

Chambers' Lectures. Renewal of Life 9 
Chew on Medical Education .... 9 
Cohen's Therapeutics of Inhalation . 9 
Cazeaux's Obstetrical Text-Book . . 10 
Canniff's Principles of Surgery ... 10 
Cleaveland's Pronouncing Medical Lex- 
icon 10 

Canochan's Operative Surgery ... 11 
Coxe's Epitome of Hippocrates and 

Galen 11 

Craigie's General and Pathological Anat- 
omy 11 

Dixon on Diseases of the Eye ... 11 
De Boismont's Hallucinations ... 11 
Durkee on Gonorrhoea and Syphilis . 12 
Duchenne on Localized Electrization . 12 

Fuller on Rheumatism 12 

Flint on Continued Fever 12 

Gross' American Medical Biography . 13 

Gardner on Sterility 13 

Garratt on Medical Batteries ... 13 
Hewitt on the Diseases of Women . . 13 
Headland on the Action of Medicine . 14 

Hilles' Pocket Anatomist 14 

Hewson's Surgical Diagnosis . . . . 14 
Henle's General Pathology . . . 14 
Hufeland's Art of Prolonging Life . . 14 
Jameson on Epidemic Cholera ... 14 
Mackenzie on the Laryngoscope . . 15 
" on Diseases of the Throat . 15 

Morris on Scarlet Fever 15 

Meigs 6n Diseases of Children ... 15 
Murphy's Review of Chemistry ... 15 
Maxson's Practice of Medicine ... 16 
Mendenhall's Medical Student's Vade 

Mecum 16 

Pennsylvania Hospital Reports . . . 
Paget's Lectures on Surgical Pathology 1 6 
Pereira's Physician's Prescription Book 17 

Physician's Visiting List 17 

Prince's Orthopedic Surgery .... 17 
Prince's Plastic Surgery. Illustrated 
Renouard's History of Medicine . . 17 



Radcliffe on Epilepsy, Pain, Paralysis. 18 
Robertson on Extracting Teeth ... 18 
Richardson on Local Anaesthesia . . 18 
Remak's Electro-Therapeutics ... 18 
Ryan's Philosophy of Marriage ... 19 
Ranking's Half-Yearly Abstract . . 19 
Reese's Analysis of Physiology ... 19 
Reese's American Medical Formulary. 19 
Reese's Syllabus of Chemistry ... 19 
Sydenham Society's Biennial Retrospect 2 
Stifle's Epidemic Meningitis .... 

Sansom on Chloroform 20 

Scanzoni on Diseases of Women ... 20 
Stokes on Diseases of the Heart ... 20 
Spratt's Obstetric Tables. 4to. col'd pi. 
Skoda on Auscultation and Percussion 20 

Skey on Hysteria 25 

Tanner's Practice of Medicine ... 21 
Tanner on Diseases of Children ... 21 
Tanner's Index of Diseases .... 21 
Tanner's Memoranda of Poisons . . 21 
Trousseau's Clinical Medicine ... 22 

Tyler Smith's Obstetrics 22 

Thompson on Pulmonary Consumption. 22 
Tilt's Elements of Female Hygiene . . 22 

Taylor's Movement Cure 23 

Virchow's Cellular Pathology ... 23 
Virchow on Morbid Tumors .... 23 

Walker on Intermarriage 23 

Wythe's Pocket, Dose, and Symptom 

Book 24 

Waring's Practical Therapeutics . . 24 
Walton's Operative Ophthalmosurgery . 25 
Watson's Practice, Abridged . . . .25 

Wright on Head-Aches 25 

Zander on the Ophthalmoscope ... 25 

DENTAL. 

Harris's Dictionary of Medical Termi- 
nology and Dental Surgery ... 26 
Harris's Principles and Practice of Den- 
tal Surgery 26 

Bond's Dental Medicine 26 

Robertson on Extracting Teeth ... 26 

Tail's Operative Dentistry .... 27 

Fox on the Human Teeth 27 

Richardson's Mechanical Dentistry . 27 
Handy's Text-Book of Anatomy ... 27 
Piggott's Dental Chemistry and Metal- 
lurgy 27 

Tomes' System of Dental Surgery . . 27 

SCIENTIFIC. 

Cooley's Toilet and Cosmetic Arts . . 28 
Ott on the Manufacture of Soap and 

Candles 28 

Piesse on Perfumery 28 

Overman's Mineralogy, Assaying, and 

Mining 28 

Piggott on Copper Mining . . . . 28 
Morfit's Chemical Manipulations . . 29 
Wetherill on the Manufacture of Vin- 
egar 29 

Campbell's Agriculture 29 

Darlington's Flora Cestrica .... 29 
Miller & Lizars on Alcohol and Tobacco. 29 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Aitken's Science and Practice of Medicine, 

In 2 Volumes, containing over 2000 Royal octavo pages, with a Map showing 
the Geographical Distribution of Disease over the Globe, and numerous 
Illustrations. 

Price, handsomely bound in cloth, bevelled boards, . . . $12.00 
Do. do. leather, 14.00 

Dr. Aitken's Practice, by almost universal consent, is acknowledged to be in 
advance of all other works on " The Science and Practice of Medicine." Numerous 
additions, amounting in all to 320 pages, of the London Edition, have been added by 
the American Editor, Meredith Clymer, M.D., thus giving great additional value to 
the work. 

" The author's plan has heen carried out to that perfection that this treatise is as complete a one as can b« 
found in any language. Every department of medicine, whether relating to pathology, nosology, diagnosis, 
or treatment, is most elaborately and thoroughly discussed. One of the most important features of the work 
is that assigned to the department of medical geography, or the geographical distribution of health and 
disease. This important branch, which has lately received so much attention, is here for the first time regu- 
larly incorporated in a systematic work. The editor has contributed his share to the work, by many judi- 
cious additions to the original text, which makes it particularly valuable to the American practitioner. The 
work, as a whole, now forms a complete cyclopaedia of medicine, and commends itself to those practitioners 
and students who have a desire to perfect their knowledge of our art, and gain mnch of that information 
which is crowded out of the smaller text-books." — N. Y. Medical Record. 



Acton on the Functions and Disorders of the 
Reproductive Organs. 

Second American from the Fourth London Edition. Carefully revised by 
the author, with additions. Just Ready, octavo, . . . . $3.00 

" We think Mr. Acton has done good service to society by grappling manfully with sexual rice, and we 
trust that others, whose position as men of science and teachers enable them to speak with authority, will 
assist in combating and arresting the evils which it entails. We are of the opinion that the spirit which 
pervades it is one that does credit equally to the head and to the heart of the author." — The Britith and 
Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review. 

Anstie on Stimulants and Narcotics. 

Tlwir Mutual Relations, with Special Researches on the Action of Alcohol, 
Ether, and Chloroform on the Vital Organism. By Francis E. Anstie, 
M.D., Assistant Physician to Westminster Hospital, Lecturer on Materia 
Medica and Therapeutics, etc., etc. Octavo, .... $3.50 

" The author of this volume lias given us, as the result of very many careful observations, an instructive, 
Interesting, and valuable treatise upon one of the most important departments of therapeutics — the 
relations between stimulants and narcotics. Stimulation, according to his view, not merely includes the 
impulse to act, but a supply of the materials which are necessary for action; that is to say, the physiological 
activity of a given organ is not. only increased, but its tissue at the same time actually receives nourishment. 
The argument in favor of the position which he assumes is well and clearly presented, and deserves a degree 
of attention from the reader which is only commensurate with the amount of thought and careful ptudy 
bestowed upon it by the author. His researches in reference to alcohol, chloroform, and ether, are especially 
valuable to the practitioner. The numerous well recorded cases scattered throughout the volume fix in the 
mind of the reader very many important points which might otherwise be lost sight of." — New York Medical 
.Record- 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 5 

Byford on the Diseases of Females. 

Second Edition. Enlarged and Improved. 

The Practice of Medicine and Surgery, applied to the Diseases and Acci- 
dents incident to Women, By Wm. H. Byford, A.M., M.D., Author 
of "A Treatise on the Chronic Inflammation and Displacement of the 
Unimpregnated Uterus," and Professor of Obstetrics end Diseases of 
Women and Children in the Chicago Medical College. Octavo. $5.00 

M The very favorable manner in which this work has been received by the medical press must be regarded 
as highly flattering to the author. Prof. Byford has long been known as a teacher, and as a practitioner of 
much experience in the particular branch to which he has devoted the best energies of his life. This work 
has extended his reputation far beyond the immediate sphere of his labors. . . . Its high order of merit 
commends it to the special notice of all practitioners." — Chicago Medical Journal. 

Byford on the Chronic Inflammation and 
Displacements of the Unimpregnated 
Uterus. 

By W. H. Byford, A.M., M.D., &c. Octavo. . . . $2.00 

"This is a carefully written, practical monograph, in every chapter of which may be seen evidence that the 
author has not only a theoretical but also a practical familiarity with the subject upon which he writes. 
He speaks positively from experience and rejects what he has found worthless, retaining for the instruction 
of others whatever is valuable and true. It constitutes one of the most plain, practical, and valuable works 
upon this department of practical medicine." — Buffalo Medical and SurgicaUournai. 

Branston's Hand-Book of Practical Receipts. 

A Manual for the Chemist, Druggist, Medical Practitioner, &c, &c. Com- 
prising the Officinal Medicines, their Uses, and Modes of Preparation, 
and Formula?, for Trade Preparations, Mineral Waters, Powders, Bever- 
ages, Dietetic Articles, Perfumery, &c. ; with a Glossary of Medical and 
Chemical Terms, and a copious Index. By Thomas F. Branston. From 
the Second Revised and Enlarged Edition. 12mo. . . $1.50 

Biddle's Materia Medica. The Third Edition Enlarged. 

For the Use of Students. A New Enlarged Edition. With Illustrations. 
By J. B. Biddle, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
in the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, &c, Sec. Octavo. 

This is a thoroughly revised and enlarged edition of Prof. Biddle's work on Materia 
Medica. It is designed to present the leading facts and principles usually comprised 
under this head, as set forth by the standard authorities, and to fill a vacuum which 
geems to exist in the want of an elementary work on the subject. The larger works 
usually recommended as Text-Books in our Medical Schools are too voluminous for 
convenient use. This work will be found to contain, in a condensed form, all that is 
most valuable, and will supply students with a reliable guide to the courses of lectures 
on Materia Medica, as delivered at the various Medical Schools in the United States. 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Beale on the Microscope in Practical Medicine. 500 Illustrations. 

The Microscope in its Application to Practical Medicine ; by Lionel S. Beale, M.B.F.R.S., 
&c. The Third Edition, thoroughly Revised by the Author, with nearly 100 pages of 
New Matter and numerous additional Illustrations. 

CONTENTS. 

Chapter 1. — On the Apparatus necessary for Microscopical Research — Reagents — Of Examining 
Objects — Of Drawing, Engraving, and Measuring Objects. 

" 2. — Methods of Examining Tissues, of Cutting Thin Sections, of Injecting Tissues — Micro- 

scopical Examination of Living Things — On Examining Deposits from Fluids. 

* 5. — Of the Chemical and Microscopical Examination of the Solids and Fluids of the Animal 

Body, Apparatus, Reagents, Method of Applying Tests, Effects of Reagents — Of Ob- 
taining Crystalline Substances, Ac. — Spectrum Analysis. 

M 4. — Of the Simplest Structural Elements in Health and Disease — Of Elementary Parts or Cells. 

" 5. — Lymph, Chyle, Blood, Saliva, Milk, Serum, Sputum, Vomit, Fooces, Pus, Tubercle. 

" 6. — Urine, Urinary Deposits and Calculi — Of Urinary Deposits, Urinary Calculi — On Preser- 

vation of Urinary Deposits. 

" 7. — The General Nature and Origin of Morbid Growths — Structure of Morbid Growths. 

'* 8. — Animal and Vegetable Parasites, Suggestions for taking Cases and making Post-mortem 

Examinations. 

In One Volume Octavo. Price, $7.50. 

Doctor Bealo'3 work may be read by studying the drawings, with occasional reference to the Text; a description of 
each figure is appended, and in many cases the section or page in which the subject is treated, is uoticed. The author is 
of opinion that the student can obtain more correct views by the examination of well executed figures than by read- 
ing lengthy descriptions. Experience has taught him that Minute Anatomy can only be taught by actual specimens 
or careful drawings. 

Beale 1 s How to Work the Microscope. 250 Illustrations. 

A Guide to the Practical Use of the Microscope, with directions for examining and 
preserving specimens, &o. &c. Illustrated by 56 Plates, containing over 250 dis- 
tinct figures and a Photographic Plate or Frontispiece. 

CONTENTS. 

I. — The Simple and Compound Microscope — Choice of a Microscope — Travelling and Dissecting Microscopes — 
Clinical, Pocket, and Class Microscope. 

II. — Examination of Objects by Reflected, Transmitted, and Polarized Light — Dark Ground Illumination — Illu. 
mination — On Drawing and Measuring Objects — Ascertaining the Magnifying Power of Object Glasses. 

III. — Instruments required for Dissoctiou — Valentin's Knife, &c. — Cements. — Preservative Solutions. 

IV. — On making Cells — Brunswick Black, and different forms of Glass and other Cells for preserving Specimons. 
V. — On examining Objects in the Microscope — Muscular Tissue — Of making Miuuto Dissections — Hardening 

Textures — Of examining Objocts in Air, Water, and Canada Balsam. 

VI. — Of Preserving different Structures permanently — Of separating Deposits from Fluids. 

VII. — Of Injecting — Apparatus, &c. — Of Natural and Artificial Injections — Of the Advantages of Transparent 
Injections — Of the Prussian Blue Injecting Fluid — Injecting Molusca, Insects, Ac. 

VIII. — Of the use of Chemical Reagents in Microscopical Investigation — Fallacies to be guarded against — Presenct 
of Extraneous Substances — Conclusion. 

IX. — Of taking Photographs of Objects. 

X. — New Method of preparing all Tissues for Microscopical Investigation. • 

XI. — On the Use of very high Magnifying Powers. 

XLT. — Of making and recording Microscopical Observations. 

TjiblcN for practising the Use of the Microscope and Manipulation. • 

Apparatus required in Microscopical Investigation. 

In One Volume. Price, $6.00. 

"The author, both in the text and in the explanations to the engravings, has endeavored to restrict himself, as far he 
possible, to giving hints and directions which may be practically useful to the student while he is at work. — Extraui 
from the Preface. 

Urine, Urinary Deposits and Calculi. 

And on the Treatment of Urinary Diseases. The Third Edition. Illustrated by 
nearly 100 Plates, and very much Enlarged. Uniform in size with "The Miorusoope 
in Practical Medicine." Nearly Ready. 

On the Structure of the Simple Tissues of the Human Body. 

. With some Observations on their Development, Growth, Nutrition and Decay, and 
on certain changes occurring in Disease, with Observations on Vital Pow^r. A 
Nevf Edition. In Preparation. 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATION'S. 



Beasley's Book of Prescriptions. 

A NEW, REVISED, AND ENLARGED EDITION. 

Containing 3000 Prescriptions, collected from the Practice of the most 
Eminent Physicians and Surgeons — English, French, and American ; 
comprising also a Compendious History of the Materia Medica, Lists of 
the Doses of all Officinal and Established Preparations, and an Index of 
Diseases and their Remedies. By Henry Beasley. Second American 
from the last London Edition. Octavo. .... $4.00 

" The editor, carefully selecting from the mass of materials at his disposal, has compiled a volume, in which 
both physician and druggist, prescriber and compounder, may find, under the head of each remedy, the man- 
ner in which that remedy may be most effectively administered, or combined with other medicines in the 
treatment of various diseases. The alphabetical arrangement adopted renders this easy; and the value of the 
volume is still further enhanced by the short account given of each medicine, and the lists of doses of its 
several preparations. It is really a most useful and important publication, and, from the great aid which it 
is capable of affording in prescribing, should be in the possession of overy medical practitioner. Amongst 
other advantages is, that, by giving the prescriptions of some of the most able and successful practitioners of 
the day, it affords an insight into the methods of treatment pursued by them, and of the remedies which they 
chiefly employed in the treatment of different diseases." — Lancet. 

Beasley's Druggists' General Receipt Book. 

FIFTH AMERICAN EDITION. 

Comprising a copious Veterinary Formulary, numerous Receipts of Patent 
and Proprietary Medicines, Druggists' Nostrums, etc.; Perfumery and 
Cosmetics, Beverages, Dietetic Articles and Condiments, Trade Chemicals, 
Scientific Processes, and an Appendix of Useful Tables, by Henry 
Beasley, Author of the Booh of Prescriptions, etc., etc. Fifth American 
from the Last London Edition. Octavo $3.50 

"This is one of the class of books that is indispensable to every Druggist and Pharmaceutist as a book of 
reference for such information as is wanted, not contained in works used in the regular line of his business, 
and we can recommend it as one of the best of the kind." — American Druggists' Circular. 

Barth & Roger's Manual of Auscultation and 
Percussion. 

A new American Translation from the Sixth French Edition. 16mo. $1.25. 

" This is one of the most useful and practical manuals of its sort that has ever yet appeared, and we can- 
not too strongly recommend it to overy student of medioine. It Is sufficiently comprehensive without being 
lengthy, and the principles, which are eminently sound, can easily be mastered and understood." — Medical 
Record. 

Bouchardat's Annual Abstract 

Of Therapeutics, Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Toxicology, 
for 1867, with an Original Memoir of Gout, Gravel, Urinary Cal- 
culi, &c. By A. Bouchardat, Professor of Hygiene to the Faculty 
of Medicine, Paris, &c. Translated and Edited by M. J. De Rosset, 
M. D., Adjunct to the Professor of Chemistry in the University of 
Maryland. In one Volume. Price, $1.75 



8 LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 

Bell on Baths and Bathing. 

12mo $1.50 

Bull on the Maternal Management of Chil- 
dren in Health and Disease. 

A New and Improved Edition. By Thomas Bull, M. D., Member of the 
Eoyal College of Physicians. 12rno $1.25 

Biennial Retrospect of Medicine, Surgery, 
and their Allied Sciences, containing: — 

1. Report on Physiology, by Henry Power, F.R.C.S., M.B. Lond. 

2. Report on Practical Medicine, by Francis Edmund Anstie, M.D., etc. 

3. Report on Surgery, by T. Holmes, Esq., M.A., F.R.C.S., etc. 

4. Report on Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery, by Tbomas Windsor, M.D. 

5. Report on Midwifery and the Diseases op Women and Children, by R. Barnes, 
M.D.. F.R.C.P. 

6. Report on Medical Jurisprudence, by C. Hilton Fagge, M.D., F.R.C.P. 

7. Report on Materia Medica and General Therapeutics, by C. Hilton Fag°-e, M.D., 
F.R.C.P. 

8. Report on Public Health, by C. Hilton Fagge, M.D., etc. 

In One Volume Octavo. Price, $3.50 

"This volume, published under the auspices of the New Sydenham Society, now makes its welcome appear- 
ance biennially instead of yearly, as heretofore. It is the most carefully prepared retrospect with which 
we are acquainted. Each department is in charge of a gentleman of reputation, and everything is done to 
summarize, in a very readable way, all the more important advances of medicine over the globe. It is hand- 
somely bound and elegantly printed." — N. Y. Medical Record. 

Braithwaite's Epitome of the Retrospect of 
Practical Medicine and Surgery. 

Being a Condensed Summary of all the most Important Cases ; their Treat- 
ment, the Remedies, and of all other Useful Matters contained in the 
forty parts or volumes published up to January^ 1860. Edited by Wal- 
ter S. Wells, M.D. Two large Octavo Volumes of 900 pages 
each $10.00 

"The 'Epitome' is a condensation — an extract of the active principles of the whole first forty parts of 
this invaluable ' Retrospect.' All the matter that could be spared from them has been eliminated ; and we 
have in these two large volumes the indispensable residue. The 'Epitome' is worth ten times the subscrip- 
lioo price." — Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal. 

Braithwaite's Retrospect of Practical Medi- 
cine and Surgery. 

"The cream of medical literature." 

Published half-yearly, in January and July, at $2.50 per annum, if paid in 
advance; or $1.50 for single parts. 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 9 

British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Re- 
view, and Quarterly Journal of Practical 
Medicine and Surgery. 

Published in London on the 1st of January, April, July, and October, at 
6 shillings per number, or 24 shillings per annum, and furnished in this 
country at $10.00 per annum; being much less than the present cost of 
importation of English books. Containing Analytical and Critical Re- 
views, a Bibliographical Record, Original Communications, and a Chron- 
icle of Medical Science, chiefly Foreign and Contemporary. 

This is considered the leading Medical Review in the English language. It is every- 
where looked upon as high authority. It presents in its pages a large amount of valu- 
able and interesting matter, and will post the physician who reads it, fully up to the 
present day in medical literature. 

Chambers's Lectures. The Renewal of Life. 

Second American from the Fourth London Edition. 

Lectures chiefly Clinical, illustrative of a Restorative System of Medicine. 
By Thos. K. Chambers, M.D. Octavo. . . . . $5.00 

" This work is of the highest merit, written in a clear, masterly style, and devoid of technicalities. It is 
simply what it professes to be, Lectures Clinical, delivered from cases observed at the bedside; therefore 
more valuable as enunciating the views and experiences of a practical mind aided by actual observation. 

They are of deep interest, and replete with facts having a practical bearing, and will well repay perusal 

We can recommend Dr. Chambers' book freely and with confidence, as the work of a great mind practical in 
its bearing, and simple to the understanding of all." — Canada Medical Journal. 

Chew on Medical Education. 

A Course of Lectures on the Proper Method of Studying Medicine. By 
Samuel Chew, M.D., Professor of the Practice and Principles of 
Medicine and of Clinical Medicine in the University of Maryland. 
12mo. . $1.00 

" The topics discussed in this volume are of books — of time to be devoted to study — and the manner — of 
the order of medical studies — of the taking of notes — of clinical instruction — dissections — auscultation — 
medical schools, &c. 

"Dr. Chew was an eminent member of the medical profession, and a well-Known teacher of medicine. He 
was. therefore, well fitted for the judicious performance of this task, upon which he seems to have entered 
*rith intwest and pleasure. It is a well-timed book, and will serve as a most excellent manual for the student, 
as well aB a refreshing and suggestive one to the practitioner." — Lancet and Observer. 

Inhalation. Its Therapeutics and Practice. 

A Treatise on the Inhalation of Gases, Vapors, Nebulized Fluids, and 
Powders ; including a Description of the Apparatus employed, and a 
Record of Numerous Experiments, physiological and pathological ; 'with 
Cases. By I. Solis Cohen, M.D. With Illustrations. 12mo. $2,50 



JO LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Cazeaux's Obstetrical Text Book. 

A Theoretical and Practical Treatise on Midwifery. Including the Dis- 
eases of Pregnancy and Parturition, and the attention required by the 
Child from its Birth to the Period of Weaning. By P. Cazeaux, 
Member of the Imperial Academy of Medicine, Adjunct Professor in the 
Faculty of Medicine of Paris, &c, &c. Fourth American, from the 
Sixth French Edition, by W. R. Bullock, M.D. With Lithographic 
and numerous other Illustrations on Wood. A large royal octavo volume. 

Price, in cloth, $6.00 

" leather, 7.00 

"Written expressly for the tise of students of medicine, and those of midwifery especially, its teachings are 
Dlain and explicit, presenting a condensed summary of the leading principles established by the masters of 
toe obstetric art, and such clear, practical directions for the management of the pregnant, parturient, and 
puei r>eral states, as have been sanctioned by the most authoritative practitioners, and confirmed by the 
authors own experience. Collecting his materials from the writings of the entire body of antecedent writers, 
carefully testing their correctness and value by his own daily experience, and rejecting all such as were falsi- 
fied by the numerous cases brought under his own immediate observation, he has formed out of them a body 
of doctrine, and a system of practical rules, which he illustrates and enforces in the clearest and most simple 
manner possible." — Examiner. 

Canniff 's Manual of the Principles of Surgery. 

Based on Pathology, for Students, by Wm. Canniff, Licentiate of the 
Medical Board of Upper Canada; M.D. of the University of New 
York ; MP. C.S. of England ; formerly House Surgeon to the Seamen's 
Hospital, New York; late Professor of General Pathology and the 
Principles and Practice of Surgery, University Victoria College, C. W. 

, Octavo $4.50 

"This manual is evidently the production of a man who is well informed on his subject, and who moreover 
has had experience as a teacher and as a practitioner. He has profited by the study of the best authors on 
the principles of surgery, tested practically their doctrines, and has presented his own views, well arranged 
and clearly expressed, for the advantage of others." — American Journal of Med. Science. 

CleavelancTs Pronouncing Medical Lexicon. 

TENTH EDITION. 

Containing the Correct Pronunciation and Definition of most of the Terms 
used by Speakers and Writers of Medicine and the Collateral Sciences. 
By C. H. Cleaveland, M.D., Member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, etc., etc. A small Pocket Volume $1.25 

This little work is both brief and comprehensive ; it is not only a Lexicon of all the 
words in common use in Medicine, but it is also a Pronouncing Dictionary, a feature 
of great value to Medical Students. To the Dispenser it will prove an excellent aid, 
and also to the Pharmaceutical Student. This edition contains a List of the Abbrevia- 
tions used in Prescriptions, together with their meaning; and also of Poisons and their 
Antidotes: two valuable additions. It has received strong commendation both from tbe 
Medical Press and from the profession. 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 11 

Carnochan's Contributions to Operative Sur- 
gery and Surgical Pathology. 

By J. M. Caenochan, Professor of Surgery in the New York Medical 

College, &c, &e. The Illustrations are drawn from Nature, and 

printed on large Plate Paper, Colored and Tinted. To be completed 

in Ten Parts. Parts 1, 2, and 3 now ready. Price per Part, 75 cents. 

Each part is complete in itself, and sold separately. 

Coxe's Epitome of the Writings of Hippo- 
crates and Galen. 

Translated by John Redman Coxe, M.D., late Professor in the Univer- 
sity of Pennsylvania, Sec., &c. Octavo. .... $3.00 

Oraigie's General and Pathological Anatomy. 

Presenting a View of the Present State of Knowledge in these Branches of 
Science. By David Ceaigie, M.D., F.R.S. Second Edition. Oc- 
tavo ' $3.00 

Dixon's Guide to the Practical Study of Dis- 
eases of the Eye. 

The Third Edition, carefully Revised, with Test Types and Illustra- 
tions $2.50 

"All who have attended Mr. Dixon's cliniques will be prepared for the remarkable excellence of this work. 
The style is excellent. It is both copious and precise. The author knows his subject, writes unaffectedly? 
eticks to his point, and avoids repetition. It is a work of sterling and permanent value, carrying all the 
weight that belongs to years of skilful experience, and deserving, even as a hand-book, to rank with the best 
practical monographs in our language." — London Lancet. 

De Boismont's Hallucinations. 

A Rational History of Apparitions, Visions, Dreams, Ecstasies, Magnetism^ 
and Somnambulism. By M. Beieeee de Boismont. Translated from 
the French. Octavo. . $2.50 

The contents of this very curious philosophical and interesting volume offers attrac- 
tions to many classes of readers. The Theologian will admire the vein of reverence 
and morality which pervades it ; the Philosopher will find much food for study and 
contemplation ; the Practical Physician will avail himself of the knowledge and expe- 
rience detailed in a great variety of cases ; the Lawyer will be deeply impressed by 
the necessity of vigilance, and the close study of the case before he gives in his verdict 
of insanity ; whilst the lover of the marvellous will find ample food for the gratifica- 
tion of his taste in the number of strange and picturesque authenticated facts thus 
carefully collected. 



12 LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Durkee on Gonorrhoea and Syphilis. 

A Treatise on Gonorrhoea and Syphilis. By Silas Durkee, M.D., Fel- 
low of the Massachusetts Medical Society, &c, &c. A New and Revised 
Edition, with Eight Colored Illustrations. Octavo. . . $5.00 

" Dr. Durkee's production is one of those, the perusal of which impresses the reader in favor of the author. 
The general tone, the thorough honesty everywhere evinced, the philanthropic spirit observable in many pas- 
sages, and the energetic advocacy of professional rectitude, speak highly of the moral excellence of the 
writer; nor is the reader less attracted bj' the skill with which the book is arranged, the manner in which 
th*> facts are cited, the clever way in which the author's experience is brought in, and the lucidity of the 
reasoning, the frequent and extremely fair allusions to the labors of others, and the care with which the the- 
rapeutics of venereal complaints are treated." — Lancet. 

Duchenne on Localized Electrization. 

IN PREPARATION. 

Localized Electrization, and its Application to Pathology and Therapeutics. 
Translated from the French by Jr N. Radcliffe, M.R.C.S., &c, &c. 
To be completed in Three Parts, octavo. With numerous Illustrations. 

The researches of Dr. Duchenne have justly earned for him the designation among 
Continental writers of "The Father of Electro-Therapeutics." His great work on 
Localized Electrization is the most complete treatise that has yet been written on the 
Medical Uses of Electricity, and the application of this agent to diagnosis. 

Fuller on Rheumatism, Rheumatic Gout, and 
Sciatica. 

Their Pathology, Symptoms, and Treatment. By Henry William 
Fuller, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London; 
Physician to St. George's Hospital, etc. From the last London Edition. 
Octavo. $3.00 

This work has passed through Three Editions in England, and one in this country. 
Its favorable reception has induced the author, in preparing the present Edition, to 
bestow more than ordinary care in its revision, endeavoring to make it as complete and 
useful as possible by adding many practical suggestions, and by carefully recording 
the result of his experience as to the action of Remedies recently introduced. Through- 
out the work much additional matter has been inserted, founded upon personal obser- 
vation, and information obtained from other sources, of great practical value. 

Flint's Clinical Reports on Continued Fever. 

Based on Analysis of one hundred and sixty-four Cases, with Remarks on 
the Management of Continued Fever, the Identity of Typhus and Typhoid 
Fever, Relapsing Fever, Diagnoses, &c, &c. By Austin Flint, M.D., 
Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine in the Bellevue Hos- 
pital Medical College, &c., &c. Octavo. .... $2.00 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 13 

Gross' American Medical Biography of the 
Nineteenth Century. 

Edited by Samuel D. Gross, M.D., Professor of Surgery in the Jefferson 
Medical College, Philadelphia, &c, &c. With a Portrait of Benjamin 
Rush, M.D. Octavo $3.50 

This is a book which strongly commends itself to the notice of the Profession. It 
contains biographies of more than thirty physicians who flourished at the beginning 
of the nineteenth century, all known to fame, and most of them pleasantly remembered 
by the present generation of physicians as accomplished teachers in medical science. 
The plan pursued by Dr. Gross in getting up the work appears to be judicious. He 
enlisted among his contributors those who were most competent, by acquaintance and 
sometimes by relationship, to give a correct portrayal of character and statement of 
facts ; so that there are almost as many writers as biographies. There is therefore 
diversity of style in the book, and more comprehensive biographical sketches than we 
could expect from the pen of one man. The writers are among the most eminent 
physicians of this country, furnishing an array of names which would not compare 
unfavorably with those of whom they write. 

Gardner on Sterility. Its Causes and Cura- 
tive Treatment. 

With a Preliminary Statement of the Physiology of Generation, and 
numerous Colored and other Illustrations. By A. K. Gardner, M.D., 
Fellow of the N. Y. Academy of Medicine, &c, &c. Octavo. . $3.00 

This somewhat remarkable book has had quite a large sale ; but few copies of it now 
remain in print, the plates having been recently destroyed by fire. 

Garratt's (Alfred C.) Guide for Using Medical 
Batteries. 

Shoiving the most approved Apparatus, Methods, and Rules for the Medical 
Employment of Electricity in the Treatment of Nervous Diseases, &c, &c. 
With numerous Illustrations. One Volume, octavo. . . $2.00 

" The large work on the same subject, and by the same author, is pretty well known to the Profession, but 
it is bulky and cumbrous, and by no means so practically useful. The present comparatively brief volume 
contains every thing of importance in regard to the various apparatuses useful to the Medical Electrician 
and the various modes of application for therapeutic purposes." — Lancet and Observer. 

Hewitt on the Diseases of Women. 

SECOND EDITION, ENLAEGED AND REWRITTEN. 

Their Diagnosis, Pathology, and Treatment, including the Diagnosis of 
Pregnancy. By Graily Hewitt, M.D., Professor of Midwifery and 
The Diseases of Women, University College, &c. From the Second 
London Edition. Enlarged and in great part rewritten. With numerous 
Illustrations. Octavo. Price, $1-00 



14 LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON's PUBLICATIONS. 



Headland on the Action of Medicines in the 
S)^stem. 

By F. W. Headland, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, 
&c, &c. Sixth American from the Fourth London Edition. Revised 
and enlarged. One Volume, octavo $3.00 

Dr. Headland's work lias been out of print in this country nearly two years, await- 
ing the revisions of the author, which now appear in this edition. It gives the only 
scientific and satisfactory view of the action of medicine ; and this not in the way of 
idle speculation, but by demonstration and experiments, and inferences almost as in- 
disputable as demonstrations. It is truly a great scientific work in a small compass, 
and deserves to be the handbook of every lover of the Profession. It has received the 
most unqualified approbation of the Medical Press, both in this country and in Europe, 
and is pronounced by them to be the most original and practically useful work that has 
been published for many years. 

Hille's Pocket Anatomist. 

Being a Complete Description of the Anatomy of the Human Body ; for the 
Use of Students. By M. "W. Hilles, formerly Lecturer on Anatomy and 
Physiology at the Westminster Hospital School of Medicine. 

Price, in cloth, $1.00 

" in Pocket-book form, ...... 1.25 

"Mr. Hilles, who has for some time been favorably known to us by his excellent little work or Regional 
Anatomy issued in London in 1S57, now offers for the use of students the most complete book of the kind we 
have ever seen. It is not intended to take the place of the larger and more finished text-book, but the au- 
thor's aim has been to furnish a brief description of the different tissues and organs cf the human body. As 
stated in the Preface, the work is based upon a treatise known to the Profession as Savage's Anatomist, and, 
from its enlarged and altered form, it should be considered rather a new work than as a new edition of a 
former treatise. It is vastly superior in every respect to the Anatomical Remembrancer, so much used in this 
country; and Ave can, therefore, safely recommend it to the attention of students." — North American Medico- 
Chirurgical Review. 

Hewson's Surgical Diagnosis. 

By Addinel Hewson, M.D., one of the Surgeons to the Pennsylvania 
Hospital, &c, &c. (In preparation.) 

Henle's Treatise on General Pathology. 

Translated from the German, by Henry C. Preston, M.D. Octavo. $2.00 

HufelancTs Art of Prolonging Life. 

Edited by Erasmus Wilson, M.D., F. R. S. Author of "A System of 
Human Anatomy," "Diseases of the Skin," &c, &o. 12mo. Cloth. $1.25 

" The work is a charming one — the style is plain and unassuming, but is enriched 
by the soundest philosophy and the broadest common-sense. The anecdotes of long- 
lived celebrities are well told, and no one can read the work for profit without gaining 
from it much that is entertaining and amusing. It is a book well calculated to win 
favor with the profession and the reading public." — N. Y. Medical Record. 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 15 



Mackenzie on the Laryngoscope. 

The Use of the Laryngoscope in Diseases of the Throat. With an Appen- 
dix on Rhinoscopy, and Illustrations. By Morell Mackenzie, M.D., 
Physician to the Dispensary for Diseases of the Throat, etc., etc. In One 
Volume. Octavo. . . . . . . . $2.0C 

" While lar3 r ngoscopy was in its infancy, and before it had begun to engage to any extent the attention of 
the Profession, it was studied with the greatest care and enthusiasm by the author of this treatise. A personal 
friend of Czermak's, who has done more than any other continental physician to introduce the laryngoscope 
into practice, he has profited by the opportunities which he thus possessed of becoming acquainted with the 
anatomy and morbid anatomy of the larynx. But he has done much more than this. As will be seen by s 
perusal of this treatise, he has modified the instruments at present in use for the examination of the larynx, 
and has invented others for therapeutical purposes. Those who are anxious to study the diseases of the 
larynx and the mode of using the laryngoscope, cannot do better than purchase the treatise before us, as it 
is by far the best which has been published, and is thoroughly to be relied upon." — Glasgow Medical Journal.. 

Mackenzie on Diseases of the Throat. 

Part I, Diseases of the Pharynx; Part II, Diseases of the (Esophagus; 
Part III, Diseases of the Larynx and Trochea. Being the Jacksonian 
Prize Essay for 1863. Beautifully Illustrated. (In preparation.) 

Morris on the Pathology and Therapeutics 
of Scarlet Fever. 

By Casper Morris, M.D., Fellow of the College of Physicians of Phila- 
delphia, &c, &c. A New Enlarged Edition. Octavo. . $1.50 

" He who has been longest engaged in the observation and treatment of this disease, will look with respect 
•ind gratitude to any one who can throw light upon its nature and furnish hints for its successful treatment; 
While the younger practitioner will seek for counsel with an avidity proportioned to the violence of the cases 
he is called to treat, and will welcome every, even the feeblest, effort to aid him in the management of a dis- 
ease than which none is more formidable in its character and uncertain in its results. The following pages are 
the result of more than thirty years' observation in various public institutions, as well as private practice; 
and each year of enlarged experience confirms me in the truth of the principles here inculcated." — Preface 
to Second Edition. 

Meig's Practical Treatise on the Diseases of 
Children. 

Thoroughly Revised, and in great part rewritten. By J. Forsyth Meigs, 
M.D. Octavo. (In preparation.) 

urphy's Review of Chemistry for Students. 

Adapted to the Courses as Taught in the Principal Medical Schools in the 
United States. By John G. Murphy, M.D. In One Volume. $1.25. 

" This is an exceedingly well-arranged and convenient Manual. It gives the most important facts and 
principles of Chemistry in a clear and very concise manner, so as to subserve most admirably the object for 
which it was designed." — North Western Medical and Surgical Journal. 



16 LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Maxson's Practice of Medicine. 

A New Text-Booh on the Practice of Medicine. ' By Edwin R. Maxson, 
M.D., formerly Lecturer on the Institutes and Practice of Medicine in the 
Geneva Medical College. In One Volume. Royal 8vo. . $4.00 

"Judging from his work, he must be a correct observer, of plain, strong common sense, having the pro- 
gress and perfection of the healing art, and the amelioration of suffering, earnestly at heart, free from pre- 
judice, and open to conviction. The fact of employing, and thei-eupon recommending valuable remedial 
agents, as yet, for various reasons, under the ban, and misunderstood by many physicians, is an honor to 
him, and gives a certain additional value to his book." — American Medical Monthly. 

Mendenhall's Medical Student's Yade Mecum. 

A Compendium of Anatomy, Physiology, Chemistry, The Practice of Medi- 
cine, Surgery, Obstetrics, Diseases of the Skin, Materia Medica, Phar- 
macy, Poisons, &c, &c. By George Mendenhall, M.D., Professor of 
Obstetrics in the Medical College of Ohio, Member of the American 
Medical Association, &c, &c. The Eighth Edition, Revised and En- 
larged ; with 224 Illustrations $2.50 

"This volume puts the student in possession of a condensed medical library. Its accuracy is a strong 
recommendation, while the portability of a volume containing the whole circle of medical science is a matter 
that will have weight with those for whose service the book was originally designed. The work is offered, 
too, extremely cheap, and will be found a valuable assistant even to a well-informed practitioner of any 
branch of medicine." — Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 

Paget's Lectures on Surgical Pathology. 

Delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, by James Paget, 
F.R.S., Surgeon to Bartholomew and Christ's Hospital, &c, &c. The 
Third American from the Second London Edition, Edited and Revised 
by William Turner, M.B., Lond. Senior Demonstrator of Anatomy in 
the University of Edinburgh, &c, &c. In One Volume, Royal Octavo; 
with Numerous Illustrations. 

Price, in bevelled cloth, . . . . . $6.00 
" in leather, 7.00 

In bringing the new Edition of Mr. Paget's work before the Medical Profession of 
this country, the publishers feel that but little is required to be said by them in refer- 
ence to it. Wherever the English Language is read or spoken, the work is highly 
valued and has been favorably received. Two large editions have been sold in the 
United States within a short period, which speaks volumes in its favor ; both the Pro- 
fession and the Medical Press unite in pronouncing it one of the most original works 
that has for a long time appeared in the English Language. 

Powell's Pocket Formulary 

and Physician's Manual, embracing the Art of Combining and Prescribing 
Medicines. With many Valuable Recipes, Tables, &c. Bound in 
Leather, with Tucks and Pocket, . . . . . . . $1.00 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 17 



Pereira's Physician's Prescription Book. 

Containing Lists of Terms, Phrases, Contractions, and Abbreviations, used 
in Prescriptions, with Explanatory Notes, the Grammatical Constructions 
of Prescriptions, Pules for the Pronunciation of Pharmaceutical Terms, 
A Prosodiacal Vocabulary of the Names of Drugs, etc., and a series of 
Abbreviated Prescriptions illustrating the use of the preceding terms, etc. ; 
to which is added a Key, containing the Prescriptions in an unabbreviated 
Form, with a Literal Translation, intended for the use of Medical and 
Pharmaceutical Students. By Jonathan Peeeiea, M.D., F.R.S., etc. 
From the Fourteenth London Edition. 

Price, in cloth, $1.25 

" in leather, with Tucks and Pocket, . . . 1.50 

This little work has passed through fourteen editions in London and several in this 
country. The present edition of which this is a reprint has been carefully revised 
and many additions made to it. Its great value is proven both by its large sale and 
the many favorable notices of it in the Medical Press. 

Physicians Visiting List. Published annually. 



SIZES AND PRICE. 

For 25 patients weekly, bound in cloth, 

25 " " " leather, with Tucks and pocket, 

50 « . " " cloth, 

50 " " " leather, with Tucks and pocket 



0.75 
1.25 
1.00 
1.50 
2.50 



inft tl . t • 9 i / Jan'y to June. \ bound in leather, with 

1UU m 4 V01S ' \ July to Dec'r. / Tucks and pocket, 3.00 

INTERLEAVED EDITION. 

25 patients weekly, interleaved and bound in cloth, .... 1.00 

25 " " " " " Tucks, with pocket, . . 1.50 

60 " " " " " cloth, . ' . . . 1.50 

50 " " " " " Tucks, with pocket, . . 2.00 

Prince's Orthopedic Surgery. 

Oethopedics: A Systematic Work upon the Prevention and Cure of 
Deformities. By David Peince, M.D. With Numerous Illustrations. 
Octavo. $3.00 

"This is a good book, upon an important practical subject; carefully written, abundantly illustrated, and 
well printed. It goes over the whole ground of deformities of all degrees — from cleft-palate and club-foot, to 
epinal curvatures and ununited fractures. It appears, moreover, to be an original book, so far as one chiefly 
of compilation can be so. Such a book was wanted, and it deserves success." — Med. <£ Surg. Beporter. 

Plastics. 

A New Classification and a Brief Exposition of Plastic Surgery. By 
David Prince, M. D. In One Volume Octavo. With Numerous Illus- 
trations . Price, $1.50 



18 LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS* 

Radcliffe's Lectures on Epilepsy, Pain, Pa- 
ralysis, 

And certain other Disorders of the Nervous System, by Chaeles Bland 
Radcliffe, M.D., Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 
Physician to the Westminster Hospital, etc., etc. With Illustrations. 
12mo % . $2.25 

"The reputation which Dr. Radcliffe possesses as a very able authority on nervous affections, will commend 
his work to every medical practitioner. Disorders of the nervous sj'stem are very imperfectly comprehended, 
much concerning them being involved in mystery; and while Dr. Radcliffe has taken advantage of the ample 
room to theorize, which his subject afforded, he has not failed to bring forward strong and formidable facts to 
prove the deductions he attempts to draw. We recommend it to the notice of our readers as a work that will 
throw much light upon the Physiology and Pathology of the Nervous System." — Canada Medical Journal-. 

Robertson's Manual on Extracting Teeth. 

Founded on the Anatomy of the Parts involved in the Operation; the Kinds 
and Proper Construction of the Instruments to be used ; the Accidents 
liable to occur from the Operation, and the Proper Remedies to retrieve 
such Accidents. By Abraham Robeetson, D.D.S., M.D., Author of 
"Prize Essay on Extracting Teeth," &c. In One Volume, with Illustra- 
tions, ........... $1.50 

" The author is well known as a contributor to the literature of the Profession ; and, as a clear, terse, for- 
cible writer, he has devoted considerable care to the subject, and treated it with his usual ability. The work 
is valuable, not only to the dental student and practitioner, but also to the medical student and surgeon ; and 
especially so to the military surgeon, who, in times like the present, is called upon so frequently to perform 
the operation of extracting teeth." — Dental Cosmos. 

Richardson on Local Anaesthesia. 

IN PEEPAEATION. 

Remak's Electro-Therapeutics. 

IN PEEPAEATION. 

Renouard's History of Medicine. 

History of Medicine from its origin to the Nineteenth Century. With an 
Appendix containing a Philosophical and Historical Review of Medi- 
cine to< the present time. By P. V. Renouard, M. D. Translated 
from the French by Cornelius G. Comegys, M. D., Professor of the 
Institutes of Medicine in the Medical College of Ohio, etc. In One 
Volume Octavo. Price, $4.00 

"From the pages of Dr. Renouard, a very accurate acquaintance may be obtained with the history of medi- 
cine — its relation to civilization, its progress compared with other sciences and arts, its most distinguished 
cultivators with the several theories and systems proposed by them, and its relationship to the reigning phil- 
osophical dogmas of the several periods. His historical narration is clear and concise, tracing the progress 
of medicine through its three ages or epochs — that of foundation or origin, that of tradition, and that of 
renovation." — American Journal of Medical Science. 

"The best history of medicine extant, and one that will find a place in the library of every physician who 
aims at an acquaintance with the past history of his profession. There are many items in it we should like 
to offer, for the instruction and amusement of our readers." — American Journal of Pharmacy. 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 19 



Ryan's Philosophy of Marriage. 

In its Social, Moral, and Physical Relations, with an Account of the Dis- 
eases of the Genito- Urinary Organs. The Physiology of Generation in the, 
Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms, &c, &c. By Michael Ryan, M.D., 
Member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons in London, &e. 
12mo $1.25 

"Dr. Ryan is above reproach or suspicion; and with a singular degree of candor and independence, explains, 
in a true and philosophical manner, every branch of the subject which he considers essential to be tmder- 
Btood by all intelligent persons." — Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 

Banking's Half-yearly Abstract of the Medi- 
cal Sciences, 

Being an Analytical and Critical Digest of the Principal British and Conti- 
nental Medical Works published in the preceding Six Months. Published 
in Half-yearly Volumes {paper covers), each containing about three hun- 
dred large octavo page?. 

Price, per annum, if paid in advance, .... $2.50 

Single volumes, 1.50 

The first thirty-two volumes, bound in sixteen volumes, leather, 

can be furnished each at 2.00 

Odd volumes, in paper covers, from 1 to 34, each at . 1.00 

Beese's Analysis of Physiology. 

Being a Condensed View of the most important Facts and Doctrines, de- 
signed especially for the Use of Students. By John J. Reese, M.D., 
Professor of Medical Jurisprudence, including Toxicology, in the Uni- 
versity of 'Pennsylvania, &c.,&c. Second Edition, Enlarged. 12mo. $1.50. 

Beese's American Medical Formulary. 

12mo $1.50 

Beese's Syllabus of Medical Chemistry. 

$1.00 

Stille's Epidemic Meningitis ; 

Or, Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. By Alfred Stille, M.D., Professor of 
the Theory and Practice of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania. 
&c. &c. In One Volume Octavo. $2.25 

Stille's Elements of General Pathology. 

A Practical Treatise on the Causes, Forms, Symptoms, and Results of Dis- 
ease. By Alfred Stille, M.D., Professor of the Theory and Practice 
of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, &e. (In Preparation.) 



20 LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Sansom on Chloroform. 

Its Action and Administration, by Arthur Ernest Sansom, M.B., 

Physician to King's College Hospital, etc., etc. 12mo. . . $2.25 

•* The work of Dr. Sansom may be characterized as most excellent. Written not alone from a theoretical 
point of view, but showing very considerable experimental study, and an intimate clinical acquaintance wilh 
the administration of these remedies, — passing concisely over the whole ground, giving the latest Niformctior. 
upon every point, — it is just the work for the student and practitioner. The author may rest assured that, 
although in his preface he objects to the 'hackneyed expression of endeavoring to supply a want,' this is just 
what he has done — supplied and well supplied a want, for no such book existed before in our language."— 
American Medical Journal. 



Scanzoni's Practical Treatise on the Diseases 
of the Sexual Organs of Women, 

Translated from the French of Drs. H. Dor and A. Socin, and annotated 
with the approval of the authors. By A. K. Gardner, A.M., M.D., 
Professor of Clinical Midwifery, &c, &c, in the New York Medical Col- 
lege, With Numerous Illustrations. Octavo. • . . $5.00 

In the etiology, pathology, and therapeutics of female diseases, with all the im- 
provements which have been realized during the last twenty years, this volume is ex- 
ceedingly rich ; while in its arrangement it is so methodical that it must constitute 
one of the best text-books for students, and one of the most reliable aids to the busy 
practitioner. 



Stokes on the Diseases of the Heart and the 
Aorta. 

By William Stokes, Regius Professor of Physic in the University of 
Dublin ; Author of the Treatment and Diagnosis of the Diseases of tJie 
Chest, &c, &c. Second American Edition. Octavo. . . $3.00 

Spratt's Obstetrical Tables. 

Comprising Graphic Illustrations, with Descriptions and Practical 
Remarks exhibiting on Dissected Plates many important subjects in 
Midwifery. By Gr. Spratt, Surgeon Accoucheur. First American from 
the Fourth and Greatly Improved London Edition, carefully Revised, 
with Additional Notes and Colored Plates. One Volume Quarto. 
Price, . $8.00 

Skoda on Auscultation and Percussion. 

By Joseph Skoda. Translated from the Fourth German Edition, by 
W. O. Markham, M. D., Assistant Physician to St. Mary's Hospital. 
12mo $1.50 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 21 

Tanner's Practice of Medicine. 

A REVISED AND GREATLY ENLARGED EDITION. 

The Practice of Medicine, by Thomas Hawkes Tanner, M.D., Fellow of 
the Royal College of Physicians, Author of A Practical Treatise on the 
Diseases of Infancy and Childhood, etc., etc. Fourth American from the 
Fifth London Edition. Royal Octavo. 

Price, bound in cloth, ........ $6.00 

" in leather, . » ." • . . . . 7.00 

Dr. Tanner's work on the Practice of Medicine is so well known in this country, and 
has had such an extensive and rapid sale, that it seems almost unnecessary to say any- 
thing in reference to it ; the present edition, however, contains such substantial addi- 
tions and alterations as almost to constitute it a new work, and from being a com- 
paratively small volume it now forms a handsome octavo of nearly 1000 pages ; all 
that was useful and practical in the smaller volume has been retained and much new 
matter added, written in the same condensed and easy style. 

" The leading feature of this book is its essentially practical character. Dr. Tanner has produced a more 
complete System of Medicine than any with which we are acquainted. It is the result of long experience and 
hard practice, and it is therefore valuable as a guide, and trustworthy as an exemplar." — London Lancet. 

Tanner's Practical Treatise on the Diseases 
of Infancy and Childhood. 

Octavo. . $3.00 

This book differs from other works of the kind, in embracing a wider range of sub- 
jects than is usually contained in treatises on children's diseases ; besides the ordinary 
complaints of those subjects, it includes many affections which, though common to 
adults and children, yet offer some modification in form, or in the indications for treat- 
ment, when occurring in the latter. Thus, we have an account of diseases of the eye, 
ear, and skin, of small-pox. scrofula, tuberculosis, syphilis, bronchocele, and cretinism, 
diseases of the kidneys and genital organs, and some of the accidents common to child- 
hood. The style of the work is condensed, and the book might with truth be called 
a manual, rather than a treatise, but there is nothing superficial about it ; — every- 
thing really important is given, while the discussion of disputed subjects, and, in 
fact, of everything which is not of practical importance in the study and treatment of 
children's diseases, is omitted. 

Tanner's Index of Diseases and their Treat- 
ment. 

With upwards of 500 Formula for Medicines, Baths, Mineral Waters, 
Climates for Invalids, &c, &c. Octavo. .... $3.00 

"Dr. Tanner has been peculiarly happy in appreciating and supplying the wants of the Profession. His 
Index of Diseases gives the derivation of words after the manner of a good Medical Dictionary; an outline of 
every disease, including many surgical diseases, with their symptoms and mode of treatment; an admirable 
collection of Formulae, and an account of the climates of the various parts of the world suitable for invalids. It 
also contains at the beginning of the work a tabular synopsis of subjects, which does double duty at once, a 
Nosology and an index. It will be found a most valuable companion to the judicious practitioner." — Lancet. 

Tanner's Memoranda of Poisons. 

From the Second London Edition. $0.50 



22 LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Trousseau's Lectures on Clinical Medicine. 

Delivered at the Hotel Dieu, Paris, by A. Trousseau, Professor of Clini- 
cal Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine, Paris. Translated and edited, 
with Notes and Appendices, by P. Victoee Baziee, M.D., Assistant 
Physician to the National Hospital for the Paralyzed and Epileptic, &c. 
Parts 1, 2, and 3. Price of each Part. . . . $2.00 

Yoliime One of Trousseau's Lectures. Cloth, . . < ■ 6.00 

" This book furnishes us with an example of the best kind of clinical teaching, and we are much indebted 
to the translator for supplying the Profession with these admirable Lectures. It is a book which deserves to 
be popularized. We scarcely know of any work better fitted for presentation to a young man when entering 
upon the practical work of his life. The delineation of the recorded cases is graphic, and their narration de- 
void of that prolixity which, desirable as it is for purposes of extended analysis, is highly undesirable whe* 
the object is to point to a practical lesson." — London Medical Times and Gazette. 



Tyler Smith's Obstetrics. 



A Course of Lectures. By William Tyler Smith, M.D., Physician, Ac- 
coucheur, and Lecturer on Midwifery, and the Diseases of Females, in St. 
Mary's Hospital, Medical School, &c, &c. With Numerous Illustrations. 
Edited by A. K. Gardner, M.D., Fellow of the New York Academy of 
Medicine, &c, &c. Octavo. $5.00 

These Lectures were first published in the columns of the London Lancet, and after 
being carefully revised by the author, and with many additions, was republished in 
book-form as one of Churchill's celebrated Manuals for Students. The high character and 
reputation of the work caused its publication in this country, where it has been received 
with much favor, and been adopted as a text in many of our medical schools and colleges. 

Thompson's Clinical Lectures on Pulmonary 
Consumption. 

By Theophiltjs Thompson, M.D., F.R.S., Fellow of the Royal College 
of Physicians, London, &c, &c. With Illustrations. Octavo. $1.25. 

"Here will be found a clear exposition of the symptoms and their complications, — the details whereon to 
establish an unexceptionable diagnosis, from which naturally flows the prognosis and sound data for the 
treatment of the many complications which, as a whole, constitute Phthisis. We cannot notice these 
Lectures at the length commensurate with their great importance and high value. They form one of the most 
practical and useful works on the subject now before the Profession." — Lancet. 

Tilt's Elements of Health, and Principles of 
Female Hygiene. 

By F. J. Tilt, M.D., Senior Physician to the Lying-in Charity, Author 
of Works on the Diseases of Menstruation, Uterine Therapeutics, &c. t 
&c. 12mo. ' . . . $1.50 

"Dr. Tilt divides life into the septennial epochs so long adopted by philosophers and medical men, discuss- 
ing, under the different ages, the physical and moral relations, diseases, &c, peculiar to each. The chapter 
devoted to the age from fourteen to twenty-one years contains much valuable advice respecting the menstrual 
function during that period. Tables showing the value of life at each of the different periods of life, are 
appended in their proper places; and the work also contains other statistics of value and interest. The 
whole work has been prepared with great care, and contains a large amount of valuable information, which 
professional men may consult with profit." — N. Y. Medical Times. 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PLBLICATIONS. 23 

Taylor's Theory and Practice of the Move- 
ment-Cure. 

Or, the Treatment of Lateral Curvature of the Spine, Paralysis, Indigestion, 
Constipation, Consumption, Angular Curvatures, and other Deformities, 
Diseases Incident to Women, Derangements of the Nervous System, and 
other Chronic Affections, by the Swedish System of Localized Movements. 
By Charles Taylor, M.D. With Illustrations. 12mo. . $1.50 

The work of Dr. Taylor is a systematic treatise, containing the principles on which 
this treatment is based, and full and explicit directions in their application to indi- 
vidual diseases. The author discusses the nutritive processes, muscular contraction, 
and the physiology of general exercise, the subjects of the first three chapters, in a 
most satisfactory manner. The work is purely of a scientific character, and commends 
itself as such to the attention of all physicians. 

Virchow's Cellular Pathology. 

As based upon Physiological and Pathological History. Translated from 
the Second Edition of the Original. By Frank Chance, B.A., M.A., 
Cantab Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, &c, &c. With 
Notes and Numerous Emendations, principally from MSS. Notes of the 
Author, and Illustrated by 144 Engravings. Octavo. . . $5.00 

Prof. Virchow and his writings are well known wherever the science of medicine is 
studied. This work has been selected by the Medical Bureau of the United States for 
general distribution in the hospitals and medical stations of the army; recording, as 
it does, the researches in this branch of science down to the present time. 

The importance of the subject, the new ideas advanced, and the established repu- 
tation of the author, induced the publication of this book, and has made it a standard 
work throughout Europe and in this country. 

Virchow on Morbid Tumors. 

IN PREPARATION. 

Walker on Intermarriage. 

Or, the Mode in which, and the Causes why, Beauty, Health, and Intellect 
result from certain Unions, and Deformity, Disease, and Insanity from 
others. With Illustrations. By Alexander Walker, Author of 
"Woman," "Beauty," &c, &c. 12mo $1.50 

" The author is evidently a careful observer, and a proper thinker, and has presented us with a vast amount 
of information, derived both from man and the inferior animals.. He has aimed to be useful, by pointing out 
how bodily deformities and mental infirmities may be forestalled; and how marriages among blood relations 
tend to the degeneracy of the offspring. He also shows how, by carefully assorted marriages, the means of 
improving general organization and beauty of countenance, as well as mental and physical vigor, are, in a 
great degree, under the control of man. Although not strictly a medical work, we cannot refrain from com- 
mending it to the perusal of the Profession, as it contains much that is valuable in a hygienic point of view." — 
Medical Examiner. 



24 LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON's PUBLICATIONS. 

Wythes' Physician's Pocket, Dose, and Symp- 
tom Book. 

Containing the Doses and Uses of all the Principal Articles of the Materia 
Medica, and Original Preparations; A Table of Weights and Mea- 
sures, Pules to Proportion the Doses of Medicines, Common Abbre- 
viations used in Writing Prescriptions, Table of Poisons and Antidotes, 
Classification of the Materia Medica, Dietetic Preparations, Table of 
Symptomatology, Outlines of General Pathology and Therapeutics, &c. 
By Joseph H. Wythes, A.M., M.D., &c. The Seventh Revised Edition. 

Price, in cloth, $1.00 

" leather, tucks, with pockets, . . . . 1.25 

This little manual has been received with much favor, and a large number of copies 
Bold. It was compiled for the assistance of students, and to furnish a vade mecum for 
the general practitioner, which would save the trouble of reference to larger and more 
elaborate works. The present edition has undergone a careful revision. The thera- 
peutical arrangement of the Materia Medica has been added to it, together with such 
other improvements as it was thought might prove of value to the work. 



Waring's Manual of Practical Therapeutics. 

Considered chiefly with reference to Articles of the Materia Medica. By 
Edward John Waring, F.K.C.S., F.L.S., &c, &c. From the Second 
London Edition. Royal Octavo. 

Price, in cloth, $6.00 

" in leather, 7.00 

There are many features in Dr. Waring's Therapeutics which render it especially 
valuable to the Practitioner and Student of Medicine, much important and reliable in- 
formation being found in it not contained in similar works ; it also differs from them 
in its completeness, the convenience of its arrangement, and the greater prominence 
given to the medicinal application of the various articles of the Materia Medica in the 
treatment of morbid conditions of the Human Body, &c, &c. It is divided into two 
parts, the alphabetical arrangement being adopted throughout the volume. For the 
further convenience of the reader there is also added an Index of Diseases, with a 
list of the medicines applicable as remedies, and a full Index of the medicines and 
preparations noticed in the work. 

" Our admiration, not only for the immense industry of the authdr, but also of the great practical value of 
the volume, increases with every reading or consultation of it. We wish a copy could he put in the hands 
of every student or practitioner in the country. In our estimation it is the best book of the kind ever 
written." — N. Y. Medical Journal, 

" We have greatly enjoyed the examination of this volume. It is, indeed, one of the most practical works 
that has ever attracted our attention. Combining the merits of Wood, Beck, Still6, and the U. S. Dispen- 
satory, it forms a volume which no young physician can afford to be without." — Chicago Medical Journal. 

" Mr. Waring has produced a volume which entitles him to the thanks of students as well as of all who 
need a work on Therapeutics ; it implies very extensive reading and pains-taking industry in its preparation. 
We commend it to the attention of the Profession." — American Medical Journal. 

" This work is a monument of industry and perseverance. As a work of reference, it is invaluable both 
to the practitioner and student." — Canada Medical Journal. 



LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON's PUBLICATIONS. 25 



Walton's Operative Ophthalmic Surgery. 

By Haynes Walton, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to the Central London Ophthal- 
mic Hospital, &c. With 169 Illustrations. Edited by S. Littell, 
M.D., Surgeon to the Wills Hospital for tlie Diseases of the Eye, &e. 

Octavo. . . $4.00 

v 

" It is eminently a practical work, evincing in its author great research, a thorough knowledge of his sub- 
ject, and an accurate and most observing mind," — Dublin Quarterly Journal. 

Watson's Practice abridged. 

A Synopsis of the Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic. De- 
livered at King's College, London, by Thomas Watson, M.D., Fellow 
of the Royal College of Physicians, &c, &c. From the last London 
Edition. With a concise but Complete Account of the Properties, Uses, 
Preparations, Doses, &c, of all the Medicines mentioned in these Lectures, 
and other Valuable Additions, by J. J. Meylor, A.M., M.D., &c, &c. 
A neat Pocket Volume bound in cloth flexible. . . . $2.00 
The merits of this Abridgment and the advantages claimed for it are : 1, that it is of 
pocket-size ; 2, that it contains every thing of importance to be found in the large 
work; 3, that the lectures, being short, can be read in a few minutes; 4, that the 
matter of each lecture is divided, according to the subject, into parts, by such side- 
heads as Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Diagnosis, Prognosis, &c, thus rendering it easy 
to obtain at a glance any required information ; 5, that, being numbered as in the large 
work, the lectures can readily be compared with the original ; 6, that, in addition to 
the various tables, and the List of Poisons, their Symptoms and Treatment, it contains 
a short account of the Uses, Preparations, Doses, &c. (taken from the United States 
Dispensatory) of the many medicines mentioned in the work. 

Zander on the Ophthalmoscope. 

Its Varieties and its Use. Translated from the German of Adolf Zander, 
by Robt. B. Carter, F.R.C.S., etc., etc. With Notes and Additions 
by the Translator. Containing three full-page Colored Illustrations, and 
Numerous other Illustrations engraved on wood. Royal Octavo. $4.00 

u Thirteen years have elapsed since the discovery of the Ophthalmoscope. An instrument that afforded 
methods of research so new and so extensive, rested for a while, of necessity, in the hands of a small number 
of observers, wbo by the possession of special knowledge and special opportunities were enabled thoroughly 
to test its usefulness, and rightly to appreciate its value. The knowledge laboriously obtained and perfected 
by a few, has now to be diffused through and utilized by the great bulk of the Profession. Specialists may 
yet effect improvements in matters of detail, and refinements in methods of observation, but the great prin- 
ciples on which these must depend are already ascertained and established. In this belief I have thought it 
desirable to prepare an English version of Dr. Zander's exhaustive and masterly treatise." — Translator's 
Preface. 



Wright on Headaches. 



Their Causes and their Cure. By Henry G. Wright, M.D., Member 
of the Royal College of Physicians, &c. &e. From the Fourth London 
Edition. 12mo. Cloth. $1.25 



26 LINDSAY AND BLAKISTOSf's PUBLICATIONS. 



Harris's Dictionary of Medical Terminology, 

Dental Surgery, and the Collateral Sciences. By Chapin A. 
Harris, M.D., D.D.S., Professor of the Principles of Dental Surgery in 
the Baltimore College, Member of the American Medical Association, &c, 
&c. The Third Edition, carefully revised and enlarged, by Ferdi- 
nand J. S. Gorgas, M.D., D.D.S., Professor of Dental Surgery in the 
Baltimore College, &c, &c. Royal octavo. Cloth, $6.50. Leather, $7.50 

This Dictionary has been for a long time out of print; a new edition has been much 
needed by the Profession, a constant and increasing demand existing for it. The pres- 
ent edition has been thoroughly revised by Professor Gorgas, Dr. Harris's successor in 
the Baltimore Dental College. Many additions and corrections have been made, and 
some vwo to three thousand new words added. The doses of the more prominent medici- 
nal agents have also been added, and in every way the book has been greatly im- 
proved, and its value enhanced. 

Harris's Principles and Practice of Dental 
Surgery. 

The Ninth Edition, with 320 Illustrations, Royal octavo. 
Price, bound in cloth, bevelled boards, .... $6.00 
" leather, 7.00 

This edition of Dr. Harris's work has been subjected to a very thorough revision 
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by new drawings, and many new ones have been added. The publishers therefore 
offer it with the confident assurance that it will now be found a thorough elementary 
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practitioner. 

Bond's Practical Treatise on Dental Medicine. 

Being a Compendium of Medical Science, as Connected with the Study of 
Dental Surgery. By Thomas E. Bond, M.D., Professor of Special 
Pathology and Therapeutics in the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. 
The Third Edition. Octavo $3".00 

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Robertson's Manual on Extracting Teeth. 

Founded on the Anatomy of the Parts involved in the Operation, the Kinds 
and Proper Construction of the Instruments to be Used, the AccidenU 
likely to occur from the Operation, and the Proper Remedies to be Used. 
By A. Kobertson, M.D., D.D.S., &c. 12mo. . . . $1.50 

M This work is valuable not only to the dental student and practitioner, but also to the medical student emC 
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LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS, 27 



Taft's Practical Treatise on Operative Den- 
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A NEW EDITION, THOROUGHLY REVISED. 

By Jonathan Taft, D.D.S., Professor of Operative Dentistry in the Ohio 
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with additions, and fully brought up to the present state of the Science. 
Containing over 100 Illustrations. Octavo. $3~f6 Vr 

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reflects much credit on the publishers." — Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 

Fox on the Human Teeth. 

Their Natural History and Structure, the Treatment of the Diseases to 
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by Chapin A. Harris, M.D., D.D.S., &c. With 250 Illustrations. 
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Handy's Text-Book of Anatomy, 

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Dental Surgery. By Washington R. Handy, M.D., late Professor of 

Anatomy and Physiology in the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. 

With 312 Illustrations. Octavo $4.00 

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Piggot's Dental Chemistry and Metallurgy. 

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Snowden Piggot, M.D., Professor of Practical and Analytical Chem- 
istry, &c. In one Volume, octavo. $3.50 

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Tomes' System of Dental Surgery. 

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of " Tomes' Dental Physiology," &c, &c. With 208 beautifully executed 
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for their Preparation. By Arnold J. Cooley, Author of " Cyclopaedia 
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or Caution. Demi-Octavo $5.00 

Ott on the Manufacture of Soaps and Candles. 

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Piesse's Whole Art of Perfumery. 

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Piggott on Copper Mining and Copper Ore, 

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Morfit's Chemical and Pharmaceutical Man- 
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A Manual of the Chemical and Chemico-Mechanical Operations of the 
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Wetherill on the Manufacture of Yinegar. 

Theoretical and Practical, with Especial Reference to the Quick Process. 
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Charles Wetherill, M.D. 12mo $1.50 

The purity of vinegar is of more importance to the public generally even than alco- 
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Campbell's Manual of Scientific and Practical 
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A Systematic Arrangement of all Scientific Knowledge bearing in any man- 
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By Prof. J. L. Campbell, of Washington College, Va. 12ino. With 
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This volume has been prepared to supply those already engaged in the culture of the 
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Darlington's Flora Cestrica; 

Or, Herborizing Companion. Containing all the Plants of the Middle 
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Miller on Alcohol, and Lizars on Tobacco. 

Alcohol: Its Place and Power. By James Miller, F.R.S.E., Professor 
of Surgery in the University of Edinburgh; President of the Medico- 
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Two Essays in One Volume. 12mo $1.00 

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and Practice of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania, &c. &c. In 
one volume, octavo. Price, $2.25. 

" Dr. Stille has here given his experience of the disease, and, what will be of special value to 
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"This monograph is a timely publication, comprehensive in it's scope, and presenting within 
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works. ;; — Am. Journal Med. Sciences. 

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Psychological Medicine. 



— 

.BOUCHAKDAT'S ANNUAL OF THERAPEUTICS, &c. 

An Annual Abstract of Therapeutics, Materia Medica, Pharmacy, and Toxicology, for 
1867, with an original Memoir on Gout, Gravel, and Urinary Calculi. By A. 
Botjchardat, Professor of Hygiene, &c, to the Faculty of Medicine, Paris. 
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The eminently practical character of this publication, which appears yearly in 
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The original is now in its 28th year, and consists of gleanings from all the periodi- 
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I 



COHEN ON INHALATION. 

Inhalation ; its Therapeutics and Practice. 

A Treatise on the Inhalation of Gases, Vapors, Nebulized Fluids and Powders, includ- 
ing a Description of the Apparatus employed, and a Record of numerous Ex- 
periments, Physiological and Pathological ; with Cases. By J. Sous Cohen, 
M.D. In one volume, with Illustrations. Price, $2.50. 

" It goes over the ground very thoroughly, describing and portraying the various instru 
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iiscussing at length the diseases in which nebulized inhalations are applicable, and have been 
applied by various physicians. The French and German sources have been carefully exaui- 
..ned, and many facts and experiences have been gleaned not elsewhere accessible in our 
ongue. The amount of original matter is also large, drawn both from the author's own prac- 
:ice and from unpublished cases. It is unquestionably the best book which has yet appeared 
Dn the topic." — Medical and Surgical Reporter. 



Lindsay & Blakiston's 
PHYSICIAN'S VISITING LIST. 

PUBLISHED ANNUALLY. 

NOW READY FOR 1868. 



This is the Original "Visiting IAst," the first published in the United States. 

It forms an invaluable Pocket Companion for every Physician, compact, easily car- 
ried in the pocket, methodical in its arrangement, and so useful that the Physician 
once using it will never afterwards be without it. "It will cost the Physician a dol- 
lar or two ; it will save him as many hundreds." 

COUTEIsTTS. 



1. Table of Signs, or Guide for Registering Visits, En- 

gagements, &c. 

2. An Almanac for 1868. 

3. Marshall Hall's Ready Method in Asphyxia. 

4. Poisons and their Antidotes. 

6. Table for Calculating the Period of Utero-Gestation. 
6. The Visiting List arranged for 25, 60, or 100 
Patients. 



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9. " Bills and Accounts asked for and de- 

livered. 

10. ** Obstetric Engagements. 

11. " Vaccination u 

12. « Recording Obstetric Cases, Deaths, and 

for General Memoranda. 



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or furnish Medicines to their patients. The additional pages can also be used for Spe- 
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For 25 patients weekly, interleaved and bound in cloth, . . . . $1 00 

25 " " " " " tucks, with pocket, . 1 50 

- 50 * " " " " cloth, . . . . 1 50 

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This Visiting List has now been published for Seventeen Years, and has met with 
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necessary to prepare it for circulation several months previous to the first of the year. 
Physicians who are in the habit of using it, or intend doing so, should give their 
orders in advance for it, that no disappointment or inconvenience may result from 
being without it. It can be procured from the principal booksellers in any of the large 
cities of the United States and Canada, or copies will be forwarded by mail,/ree of 
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In ordering the work from other booksellers, order 

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LINDSAY AND BLAKISTON'S PUBLICATIONS. 



Aitken's Science and Practice of Medicine. 

The Science and Practice of Medicine, by William Aitken, M.D., Pro 
fessor of Pathology, &c, &c. Illustrated by Diagrams, Engravings 
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bution of Health and Disease over the Globe. Reprinted from the Fourth London 
Edition. Revised and portions re-written by the author, and edited with additions 
and an American Preface by Meredith Clymer, M.D., late Professor of the Insti- 
tutes and Practice of Medicine in the University of New York, Medical Director of 
the U. S. Army, Department of the South, &c, &c. In Two Volumes, containing 
nearly 2000 Royal Octavo pages, printed from a clear and distinct type. 

Vol. I. containing General and Special Pathology and Zymotic Diseases. 
" II. " Constitutional Diseases and Medical Geography. 

Price, handsomely bound in cloth, bevelled boards $12.00 

" in leather binding 14.00 

Dr. Aitken's "Practice of Medicine" has rapidly attained a well-deserved and extended 
popularity, having within a few years reached the fourth edition, the last two editions 
(the 2d and 3d) having been exhausted within a period of twelve months. In Great 
Britain it has been adopted as a Text-Book in all the leading Schools of Medicine. This 
great success proves it to be a work of no common order of merit. It is in fact a pleas- 
antly written, clear, accurate, and well digested compendium of the Practice of Medi- 
cine, presenting a faithful view of all forms of Disease as now treated, arranged according 
to a Scientific Classification. In it many diseases are described that have heretofore 
found no place in any systematic work on Practice. A special department is appropriated 
to Medical Geography, or the Geographical Distribution of Health and Disease, illus- 
trated by & finely executed Map. Diagrams are introduced showing the typical ranges of 
Temperature in Febrile Diseases, and finely executed Engravings on Wood are furnished 
whenever the text can be thereby rendered more intelligible. 

The American Editor has made such additions to the text as were found necessary to 
describe forms or types of Disease peculiar to this country, and their usual mode of 
treatment. The author in his preface to this edition says : 

"A Fourth Edition of this work having been as suddenly called for to succeed the third, as the third edition was 
called for to succeed the second, I have again submitted every page to a careful revision, endeavoring as before, by 
condensing some parts, re-writing others, and adding new matter, to render the work still more worthy of the very 
favorable reception which it has received from the Profession and the Medical Press." 

In reference to its extraordinary and rapid sale, he also remarks : 

"That the last two (large) editions should have been exhausted in less than twelve months, the author cannot but 
regard as one of the greatest honors which the profession could bestow upon one of its members, implying, as it may 
be presumed to do, a certain approbation of the method of the Text and of the management of its matter, and thus 
also conferring at the same time weight and authority to the work." 

OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 

"We can unhesitatingly recommend Dr. Aitken's book to the Student and Practitioner as containing an admirable 
exposition of the present condition of the Science and Practice of Medicine." — Edinburgh Medical Journal. 

"All the light which recent advances have made in the method of examining, diagnosing, and treating of diseases 
are here imparted." — British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review. 

"Itfomns the latest and most scientific work on medicine yet published." — London Medical Times and Gazette. 

" It is the most comprehensive work that has evor been published on the practice of medicine." — British Mcdvodl 
Journal. 

"By the student it will be found to be the most useful and comprehensive text-book extant." — Glasgow Med. Jour. 

" The great merit of this work of Dr. Aitken's is, that it treats the various forms of disease according to a scientific 
classification, and follows the nosology of the Registrar-General." — Athenaeum. 

"Dr. Aitken's work at once took the first placo among text-books, and will hold that position for years to come." 
Medical Mirror. 

" Dr. Aitken's work is an admirable compilation, and we have much pleasure in recommending it to the studeat and 
busy practitioner. A more excellent work we really do not know." — London Lancet, May 13, 1865. 

" In Dr. Aitken's book, diseases are described which have hitherto found no place in any English systematic work." 
Westminster Review. 



THE 



PEMSYLYAMA HOSPITAL REPORTS 

Volume One, for 1868, Now Ready. 

CONTENTS. 



Art. I. — The Pennsylvania Hospital: and Rem- 
iniscences of the Physicians and Surgeons who 
have served it. By Charles D. Meigs, M.D. 

Art. II. — Laceration of the Female Perineum, 
&o. By D. Hayes Agnew, M.D. 

Art. III. — On the Morphological Changes of the 
Blood in Malarial Fever, &c. By J. Forsyth 
M::igs, M.D., assisted by Edward Rhoads, 
M.D., and William Pepper, M.D. 

Art. IV. — On Acupressure. By Addinell Hew- 
son, M.D. 

Art. V. — Statistical Account of the Cases of Am- 
putation performed at the Pennsylvania Hos- 
pital for ten years, &o. &c. By George "W. 
Norris, M.D. 

Art. VI. — Physiological Observations and Ex- 
periments on a case of Large Artificial Anus, 
&c. By William Hunt, M.D. 

Art. VII. — Observations on the Action of Nar- 
cein. By J. M. Da Costa, M.D. 

Art. VIII. — Review of the Ligations of Large 
Arteries at the Pennsylvania Hospital for twen- 
ty-three years, &c. By Thomas George Mor- 
ton, M.D. 

Art. IX. — A Case of Aneurism of the Arteria 
Innominata, &c. &c. By Addinell Hewson, 
M.D. 

Art. X. — On the Treatment of Continued Fevers. 
By W. W. Gerhard, M.D. 

Art. XL — A Contribution toward our Knowl- 
edge of the Pathological Changes in the Fluor- 



escence of the Tissues. By Edward Rhoads, 
M.D., and William Pepper, M.D. 

Art. XII. — Case of Penetrating Wound of the 
Skull, &g. &g. By T. II. Andrews, M.D. 

Art. XIII. — A Contribution to the History of 
Toxa3inia. By William Hunt, M.D. 

Art. XIV. — Notes on Medical Cases. By Ho- 
ratio C. Wood, M.D. 

Art. XV. — Cases of Progressive Locomotor 
Ataxia. By James H. Hutchinson, M.D. 

Art. XVI. — Poisoning from Atropia, treated by 
Opium. By D. H. Agnew, M.D. 

Art. XVII. — Brief Note on Fracture of the Ac- 
romion Process of the Scapula. By A. D. 
Hall, M.D. 

Art. XVIII. — A Case of Retroversion of the 
Uterus. By George Pepper, M.D. 

Art. XIX. — Heat Fever (Sunstroke). By James 
J. Levick, M.D. 

Art. XX. — On the Use of Paper for Surgical 
Dressings. By Addinell Hewson, M.D. 

Art. XXI. — Extracts from a Clinical Lecture on 
Certain Forms of Muscular Rheumatism. By 
J. M. Da Costa, M.D. 

Art. XXII. — List of the more Important Speci- 
mens added to the Pathological Museum. With 
Descriptions. By William Pepper, M.D. 

Art. XXIII. — Extract from the Statistical Re- 
port of the Hospital, for the y«ar ending April. 
27, 1867. 



Dr. 
Dr. 
Dr. 
Dr. 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Official Seal of Pennsylvania Hospital. 
Dr. Morton's Case of Subclavian Aneurism. 
Dr. Morton's Case of Gluteal Aneurism. 

Longitudinal Section of Vagina and Rectum and Recto-vaginal Space. 
Anatomy of Female Perineum. 

Instruments for the Operation for Lacerated Perineum. 
Dr. B. Brown's Quilled Suture Operation for Lacerated Perineum. 
B. Brown' s Position of Patient after Closure of the Parts. 
D. H. Agnew' s Operation for Lacerated Perineum. 
Agnew' s Operation Completed and Patient in Position. 
W. Hunt's Case of Procidentia from Lacerated Perineum. 
First Stage of Operation hi Dr. Hunt's Case. 
Last Stage of Operation in Dr. Hunt's Case. 
Enlarged View of the Modus Operandi of Acupressure on the Radial and Ulnar Arteries, 

in Dr. Addinell Hewson' s Case. 
Diagram Illustrating the Effects of Acupressure. 

Wood-cut from Photograph of Patient under Treatment by Acupressure. 
Magnified View of Brachial Artery on which Acupressure teas used. 
P)k-mortem Appearances in Dr. Morton's Case of Femoral and Popliteal Aneurism. 
Sphygmographic Illustrations of Dr. Hewson' s Case of Aneurism of Arteria Innominata. 
Section of Multilocular Ovarian Cyst. 
Gangrenous Ovarian Cyst. 
Ball of Hair from interior of same Cyst. 

Forming a very handsome octavo volume, printed on fine paper, and 

bound in cloth. r\l 

Price to Subscribers paying in advance, .... $4.00 

Price to Non-subscribers, 5.00 

LINDSAY & BLAKISTON, Publishers, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



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